Unearthing pre-service teachers’ attitudes towards coursebooks might well have important implications both for pre- and in-service teacher education since of all the wide range of materials used in English language teaching (ELT), coursebooks are still the most widely used materials in school settings. In this regard, this study aims to surface pre-service English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers’ beliefs on coursebooks through metaphorical language. Data gathered from 129 Turkish pre-service teachers of English are presented and discussed in the present study. Qualitative content analysis was employed in this study to analyze the metaphors provided by the pre-service EFL teachers. The participants produced 70 different metaphors for coursebooks and data analysis revealed seven conceptual categories: Guidance, Resource, Support, Access to New Opportunities, Worthlessness, Restrictions and Boredom. The participants produced mostly positive metaphors for coursebooks and saw coursebooks as a support and guide for language education.
Akınoğlu, O. (2017). Pre-service teachers’ metaphorical perceptions regarding the concept of curriculum. International Journal of Instruction, 10(2), 263–278. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2017.10217
Allen, C. (2015). Marriages of convenience? Teachers and coursebooks in the digital age. ELT Journal, 69(3) 249–263. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccv005
Allwright, D. (1981). What do we need teaching materials for? ELT Journal, 36(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/36.1.5
Arıkan, A. (2009). Problems with course books in EFL classrooms: Prospective teachers' opinions. EKEV Academic Review 38(1), 309–317. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED506597.pdf
Arslan, P. (2020). Okul kavramına ilişkin metaforlar [Metaphors about the concept of school]. International Journal of Leadership Studies: Theory and Practice, 3 (1), 1–14. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1038100
Aslan, O. (2019). Velilerin ‘öğretmen’ kavramına ilişkin metaforik algılarının incelenmesi [Metaphoric perceptions of parents for the concept of “teaching”]. International Journal of Education Technology and Scientific Researches, 4(8), 78–95. https://www.ijetsar.com/Makaleler/1418152145_6.%2078-95%20osman%20aslan.pdf
Aydın, S. (2012). Pre-service teachers' perceptions of the presentation of language skills in a course book. Journal of Graduate School of Social Sciences, 16(3), 249–264. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED541474.pdf
Aykaç, N., & Çelik, Ö. (2014). Comparison of methaphoric perception of teachers and pre-service teachers about curriculum. Education and Science, 39(173), 326–339.
http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/2161/695
British Council (2013). The English effect [online] https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/english-effect-report-v2.pdf Open document
Cunningsworth, A. (1995). Choosing your coursebook. MacMillan Heinemann
Çırak Kurt, S. (2017). Ortaokul öğretmenlerinin “öğretim programı” kavramına ilişkin metaforik algıları [Secondary school teachers’ metaphoric perceptions of the concept of curriculum]. Dicle University Journal of Ziya Gökalp Faculty of Education, 31, 631–641. http://dx.doi.org/10.14582/DUZGEF.654
Duru, S. (2017). Öğretmen olmak: ilkokul öğretmenlerinin öğretimle ilgili (yanliş) kavramsallaştırmaları ve inançları [Being a teacher: elementary teachers’ (mis)conceptions and (illstructured) beliefs about teaching]. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 42, 135–147. http://dx.doi.org/10.9779/PUJE843
Gao, Y., & Cui, Y. (2021). To arrive where you are: A metaphorical analysis of teacher identity change in EAP reform. Teaching and Teacher Education, 104, 103374 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103374.
Garton, S., & Graves, K. (2014). Materials in ELT: current issues. In S. Garton, & K. Graves (Eds.), International perspectives on materials in ELT (pp. 1–15). Palgrave Macmillan.
Gencer, M. (2020). Öğrenci ve velilerin öğretmen kavramına ilişkin metaforik algıları [Metaphoric perceptions of students and parents regarding the concept of teacher]. Balıkesir University The Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 23(44), 805–825. https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.742089
Global English Education Policy (n.d.). Countries in which English language is a mandatory or an optional subject (interactive). https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/global-english-education/countries-in-which-english-is-mandatory-or-optional-subject.html
Grossman, P., & Thompson, C. (2008). Learning from curriculum materials: Scaffolds for new teachers? Teaching and Teacher Education 24(8), 2014–2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2008.05.002
Gültekin, M. (2013). İlköğretim öğretmen adaylarının eğitim programı kavramına yükledikleri metaforlar [The metaphors that primary education teacher candidates use regarding curriculum]. Eğitim ve Bilim, 38(169), 126–141. http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/1825/501
Hutchinson, T., & Torres, E. (1994). The textbook as agent of change. ELT Journal, 48(4), 315–328. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/48.4.315
Israelsson, J. (2007). Teachers' attitudes to teaching aids and authentic materials. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
Kayapınar, U. (2009). Coursebook evaluation by English teachers. Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 10(1), 69–78. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/92310
Kesen, A. (2010). Turkish EFL learners’ metaphors with respect to English language coursebooks. Novitas-ROYAL (Research on Youth and Language), 4(1), 108–118. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/111867
Kimsesiz, F. (2023). The EFL teachers’ self-perceptions of professional teacher identity in Turkey. Kastamonu Education Journal, 31(2), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.1271468
Koca, İ., Kaya, M., & Gökçimen, S. (2021). Türkiye’de okul kavramına ilişkin metafor araştırmalarının değerlendirilmesi: bir meta sentez çalışması [Evaluation of metaphor research about school concept in Turkey: a meta synthesis study]. Medeniyet Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 15–26.
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1733740
Kütük, S. İ., & Su-Bergil, A. (2021). The effectiveness of English textbooks at MoNE from teachers’ aspects. Kastamonu Education Journal, 29(5), 965–973. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.764273
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press
Leavy, A. M., McSorley, F. A., & Bote, L. A. (2007). An examination of what metaphor construction reveals about the evolution of pre-service teachers’ beliefs about teaching and learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(7), 1217–1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2006.07.016
Levine, P. M. (2005). Metaphors and images of classrooms. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 41(4), 172–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/00228958.2005.10532066
Littlejohn, A. P. (1998). The analysis of language teaching materials: inside the Trojan Horse. In B. Tomlinson (Ed.) Materials development in language teaching (pp. 179-211). Cambridge University Press.
McDonough, J., Shaw, C., & Masuhara, H. (2013). Materials and methods in ELT: A teacher’s guide (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
McGrath, I. (2002). Materials evaluation and design for language teaching. Edinburgh University Press.
McGrath, I. (2006a). Teachers’ and learners’ images for coursebooks. ELT Journal, 60(2), 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/cci104
McGrath, I. (2006b). Using insights from teachers' metaphors. Journal of Education for Teaching, 32(3), 303–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607470600782443
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks.
Neyişçi, N., & Özdiyar, Ö. (2019). Öğretmen adaylarının okul, öğretmen ve öğrenci kavramlarına ilişkin metaforik algıları [Metaphorical perceptions of prospective teachers about concepts of school, teacher and student]. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 50–67. https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.464080
Nguyen, C. D. (2016). Metaphors as a window into identity: A study of teachers of English to young learners in Vietnam, System 60, 66–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2016.06.004.
O’Neill, R. (1982). Why use textbooks? ELT Journal, 36(2), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/36.2.104
Oxford, R. L., Tomlinson, S., Barcelos, A., Harrington, C., Lavine, R. Z., Saleh, A., & Longhini, A. (1998). Clashing metaphors about classroom teachers: towards a systematic typology for the language teaching field. System, 26(1), 3–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(97)00071-7
Özdemir, S. M. (2012). Eğitim programı kavramına ilişkin öğretmen adaylarının metaforik algıları [Metaphoric perceptions of prospective teachers regarding the concept of curriculum]. Kuramsal Eğitimbilim Dergisi, 5(3), 369–393. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/akukeg/issue/29346/314041
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks.
Saban, A. (2006). Functions of metaphor in teaching and teacher education: A review essay. Teaching Education, 17(4), 299–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210601017386
Saban, A. (2008). Okula ilişkin metaforlar [Metaphors about school]. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 55, 459–496. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/kuey/issue/10342/126702
Sarıkaya, B. (2018). Türkçe öğretmeni adaylarının öğretmen kavramına ilişkin metaforik algıları [prospective Turkish teachers’ metaphorical perceptions of the concept “teacher”]. Türkiye Eğitim Dergisi, 3(2), 1–16. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/turkegitimdergisi/issue/41487/478058
Seferoğlu, G., Korkmazgil, S., & Ölçü, Z. (2009). Gaining insights into teachers’ ways of thinking via metaphors. Educational Studies, 35(3), 323–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055690802648135
Semerci, N., & Özçelik, C. (2018). Okul yöneticilerinin eğitim programı kavramına ilişkin algıları [Perceptions of school managers on the concept of curriculum]. Bartın University Journal of Educational Research, 2(2), 1–12. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bujer/issue/41557/420193
Shaw, D. M., & Mahlios, M. (2011). Literacy metaphors of pre-service teachers: do they change after instruction? Which metaphors are stable? How do they connect to theories? Journal of Education for Teaching, 37(1), 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2011.538274
Şahin, H. İ. (2022). An evaluation of EFL coursebooks used in state schools in Turkey based on teachers' opinions. Futuristic Implementations of Research in Education (FIRE), 3(1), 40–56. http://www.firejournal.org/index.php/fire/article/view/49/39
Şener, S., & Mulcar, V. (2018). An investigation of teachers’ perceptions on English textbooks: A case study of teachers teaching 10th graders in Mugla. Western Anatolia Journal of Educational Sciences, 9(1), 15–37. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/baebd/issue/35175/358650
Şimşek, M. R. (2017). Confronting culture in local and global English coursebooks: student teachers’ preferences in materials adaptation. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 13(2), 277–300. https://doi.org/10.17244/eku.310224
Tham, J. C. K., Burnham, K. D., Hocutt, D. L., Ranade, N., Misak, J., Duin, A. H., Pedersen, I., & Campbell, J. L. (2021). Metaphors, mental models, and multiplicity: understanding student perception of digital literacy. Computers and Composition, 59, 102628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compcom.2021.102628
Thomas, L., & Beauchamp, C. (2011). Understanding new teachers’ professional identities through metaphor. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(4), 76–769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2010.12.007.
Thornbury, S. (1991). Metaphors we work by: EFL and its metaphors. ELT Journal, 45(3), 193–200. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/45.3.193
Tomlinson, B. (2012). Materials development for language learning and teaching. Language Teaching, 45(2), 143–179. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444811000528
Tsui, A. (2003). Understanding expertise in teaching: Case studies of second language teachers. Cambridge University Press.
Ungar, O. A. (2016). Understanding teachers’ attitude toward educational reforms through metaphors International Journal of Educational Research 77, 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2016.03.008
Ur, P. (1996). A course in language teaching: Practice and theory. Cambridge University Press.
Yeşilbursa, A. (2012). Using metaphor to explore the professional role identities of higher education English language instructors. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 468–472.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.143
Yıldız, H., & Korkmazgil, S. (2021). İngilizce öğretmenlerinin İngilizce dersi eğitim programına ilişkin algılarının metaforlar yoluyla incelenmesi [Exploring English language teachers’ perceptions about English language curriculum through metaphors] Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Education Faculty, 60, 302–330. https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.916712
Yılmaz, H., & Aydın, S. (2015). A brief review of literature on EFL teachers’ perceptions of coursebooks. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications, Special Issue 30, 110–114.
https://www.ijtra.com/special-issue-view.php?paper=a-brief-review-of-literature-on-efl-teachersrsquo-perceptions-of-course-books.pdf
Yüksel, P., & Yıldırım, S. (2015). Theoretical frameworks, methods, and procedures for conducting phenomenological studies in educational settings. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 6(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.17569/tojqi.59813
Akınoğlu, O. (2017). Pre-service teachers’ metaphorical perceptions regarding the concept of curriculum. International Journal of Instruction, 10(2), 263–278. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2017.10217
Allen, C. (2015). Marriages of convenience? Teachers and coursebooks in the digital age. ELT Journal, 69(3) 249–263. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccv005
Allwright, D. (1981). What do we need teaching materials for? ELT Journal, 36(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/36.1.5
Arıkan, A. (2009). Problems with course books in EFL classrooms: Prospective teachers' opinions. EKEV Academic Review 38(1), 309–317. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED506597.pdf
Arslan, P. (2020). Okul kavramına ilişkin metaforlar [Metaphors about the concept of school]. International Journal of Leadership Studies: Theory and Practice, 3 (1), 1–14. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1038100
Aslan, O. (2019). Velilerin ‘öğretmen’ kavramına ilişkin metaforik algılarının incelenmesi [Metaphoric perceptions of parents for the concept of “teaching”]. International Journal of Education Technology and Scientific Researches, 4(8), 78–95. https://www.ijetsar.com/Makaleler/1418152145_6.%2078-95%20osman%20aslan.pdf
Aydın, S. (2012). Pre-service teachers' perceptions of the presentation of language skills in a course book. Journal of Graduate School of Social Sciences, 16(3), 249–264. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED541474.pdf
Aykaç, N., & Çelik, Ö. (2014). Comparison of methaphoric perception of teachers and pre-service teachers about curriculum. Education and Science, 39(173), 326–339.
http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/2161/695
British Council (2013). The English effect [online] https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/english-effect-report-v2.pdf Open document
Cunningsworth, A. (1995). Choosing your coursebook. MacMillan Heinemann
Çırak Kurt, S. (2017). Ortaokul öğretmenlerinin “öğretim programı” kavramına ilişkin metaforik algıları [Secondary school teachers’ metaphoric perceptions of the concept of curriculum]. Dicle University Journal of Ziya Gökalp Faculty of Education, 31, 631–641. http://dx.doi.org/10.14582/DUZGEF.654
Duru, S. (2017). Öğretmen olmak: ilkokul öğretmenlerinin öğretimle ilgili (yanliş) kavramsallaştırmaları ve inançları [Being a teacher: elementary teachers’ (mis)conceptions and (illstructured) beliefs about teaching]. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 42, 135–147. http://dx.doi.org/10.9779/PUJE843
Gao, Y., & Cui, Y. (2021). To arrive where you are: A metaphorical analysis of teacher identity change in EAP reform. Teaching and Teacher Education, 104, 103374 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103374.
Garton, S., & Graves, K. (2014). Materials in ELT: current issues. In S. Garton, & K. Graves (Eds.), International perspectives on materials in ELT (pp. 1–15). Palgrave Macmillan.
Gencer, M. (2020). Öğrenci ve velilerin öğretmen kavramına ilişkin metaforik algıları [Metaphoric perceptions of students and parents regarding the concept of teacher]. Balıkesir University The Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 23(44), 805–825. https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.742089
Global English Education Policy (n.d.). Countries in which English language is a mandatory or an optional subject (interactive). https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/global-english-education/countries-in-which-english-is-mandatory-or-optional-subject.html
Grossman, P., & Thompson, C. (2008). Learning from curriculum materials: Scaffolds for new teachers? Teaching and Teacher Education 24(8), 2014–2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2008.05.002
Gültekin, M. (2013). İlköğretim öğretmen adaylarının eğitim programı kavramına yükledikleri metaforlar [The metaphors that primary education teacher candidates use regarding curriculum]. Eğitim ve Bilim, 38(169), 126–141. http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/1825/501
Hutchinson, T., & Torres, E. (1994). The textbook as agent of change. ELT Journal, 48(4), 315–328. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/48.4.315
Israelsson, J. (2007). Teachers' attitudes to teaching aids and authentic materials. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
Kayapınar, U. (2009). Coursebook evaluation by English teachers. Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 10(1), 69–78. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/92310
Kesen, A. (2010). Turkish EFL learners’ metaphors with respect to English language coursebooks. Novitas-ROYAL (Research on Youth and Language), 4(1), 108–118. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/111867
Kimsesiz, F. (2023). The EFL teachers’ self-perceptions of professional teacher identity in Turkey. Kastamonu Education Journal, 31(2), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.1271468
Koca, İ., Kaya, M., & Gökçimen, S. (2021). Türkiye’de okul kavramına ilişkin metafor araştırmalarının değerlendirilmesi: bir meta sentez çalışması [Evaluation of metaphor research about school concept in Turkey: a meta synthesis study]. Medeniyet Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 15–26.
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1733740
Kütük, S. İ., & Su-Bergil, A. (2021). The effectiveness of English textbooks at MoNE from teachers’ aspects. Kastamonu Education Journal, 29(5), 965–973. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.764273
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press
Leavy, A. M., McSorley, F. A., & Bote, L. A. (2007). An examination of what metaphor construction reveals about the evolution of pre-service teachers’ beliefs about teaching and learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(7), 1217–1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2006.07.016
Levine, P. M. (2005). Metaphors and images of classrooms. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 41(4), 172–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/00228958.2005.10532066
Littlejohn, A. P. (1998). The analysis of language teaching materials: inside the Trojan Horse. In B. Tomlinson (Ed.) Materials development in language teaching (pp. 179-211). Cambridge University Press.
McDonough, J., Shaw, C., & Masuhara, H. (2013). Materials and methods in ELT: A teacher’s guide (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
McGrath, I. (2002). Materials evaluation and design for language teaching. Edinburgh University Press.
McGrath, I. (2006a). Teachers’ and learners’ images for coursebooks. ELT Journal, 60(2), 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/cci104
McGrath, I. (2006b). Using insights from teachers' metaphors. Journal of Education for Teaching, 32(3), 303–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607470600782443
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks.
Neyişçi, N., & Özdiyar, Ö. (2019). Öğretmen adaylarının okul, öğretmen ve öğrenci kavramlarına ilişkin metaforik algıları [Metaphorical perceptions of prospective teachers about concepts of school, teacher and student]. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 50–67. https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.464080
Nguyen, C. D. (2016). Metaphors as a window into identity: A study of teachers of English to young learners in Vietnam, System 60, 66–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2016.06.004.
O’Neill, R. (1982). Why use textbooks? ELT Journal, 36(2), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/36.2.104
Oxford, R. L., Tomlinson, S., Barcelos, A., Harrington, C., Lavine, R. Z., Saleh, A., & Longhini, A. (1998). Clashing metaphors about classroom teachers: towards a systematic typology for the language teaching field. System, 26(1), 3–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(97)00071-7
Özdemir, S. M. (2012). Eğitim programı kavramına ilişkin öğretmen adaylarının metaforik algıları [Metaphoric perceptions of prospective teachers regarding the concept of curriculum]. Kuramsal Eğitimbilim Dergisi, 5(3), 369–393. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/akukeg/issue/29346/314041
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks.
Saban, A. (2006). Functions of metaphor in teaching and teacher education: A review essay. Teaching Education, 17(4), 299–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210601017386
Saban, A. (2008). Okula ilişkin metaforlar [Metaphors about school]. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 55, 459–496. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/kuey/issue/10342/126702
Sarıkaya, B. (2018). Türkçe öğretmeni adaylarının öğretmen kavramına ilişkin metaforik algıları [prospective Turkish teachers’ metaphorical perceptions of the concept “teacher”]. Türkiye Eğitim Dergisi, 3(2), 1–16. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/turkegitimdergisi/issue/41487/478058
Seferoğlu, G., Korkmazgil, S., & Ölçü, Z. (2009). Gaining insights into teachers’ ways of thinking via metaphors. Educational Studies, 35(3), 323–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055690802648135
Semerci, N., & Özçelik, C. (2018). Okul yöneticilerinin eğitim programı kavramına ilişkin algıları [Perceptions of school managers on the concept of curriculum]. Bartın University Journal of Educational Research, 2(2), 1–12. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bujer/issue/41557/420193
Shaw, D. M., & Mahlios, M. (2011). Literacy metaphors of pre-service teachers: do they change after instruction? Which metaphors are stable? How do they connect to theories? Journal of Education for Teaching, 37(1), 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2011.538274
Şahin, H. İ. (2022). An evaluation of EFL coursebooks used in state schools in Turkey based on teachers' opinions. Futuristic Implementations of Research in Education (FIRE), 3(1), 40–56. http://www.firejournal.org/index.php/fire/article/view/49/39
Şener, S., & Mulcar, V. (2018). An investigation of teachers’ perceptions on English textbooks: A case study of teachers teaching 10th graders in Mugla. Western Anatolia Journal of Educational Sciences, 9(1), 15–37. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/baebd/issue/35175/358650
Şimşek, M. R. (2017). Confronting culture in local and global English coursebooks: student teachers’ preferences in materials adaptation. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 13(2), 277–300. https://doi.org/10.17244/eku.310224
Tham, J. C. K., Burnham, K. D., Hocutt, D. L., Ranade, N., Misak, J., Duin, A. H., Pedersen, I., & Campbell, J. L. (2021). Metaphors, mental models, and multiplicity: understanding student perception of digital literacy. Computers and Composition, 59, 102628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compcom.2021.102628
Thomas, L., & Beauchamp, C. (2011). Understanding new teachers’ professional identities through metaphor. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(4), 76–769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2010.12.007.
Thornbury, S. (1991). Metaphors we work by: EFL and its metaphors. ELT Journal, 45(3), 193–200. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/45.3.193
Tomlinson, B. (2012). Materials development for language learning and teaching. Language Teaching, 45(2), 143–179. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444811000528
Tsui, A. (2003). Understanding expertise in teaching: Case studies of second language teachers. Cambridge University Press.
Ungar, O. A. (2016). Understanding teachers’ attitude toward educational reforms through metaphors International Journal of Educational Research 77, 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2016.03.008
Ur, P. (1996). A course in language teaching: Practice and theory. Cambridge University Press.
Yeşilbursa, A. (2012). Using metaphor to explore the professional role identities of higher education English language instructors. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 468–472.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.143
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