The relationship of burnout with workaholism mediated by work-family life conflict: A study on female academicians

Öz

Along with the teaching, institutional, and administrative responsibilities, female academicians carry out some other roles such as motherhood, being a wife, having responsibilities related to household issues, as well. Researchers of the study- from the very inside of the academy as females with many different roles- had the urge to examine the case of female academicians. The study investigated the case of female academicians -the relationship of burnout with workaholism mediated by work-family life conflict. On quantitative research design, a questionnaire was conducted on 207 female academicians of a state university. Frequency distribution, explanatory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and SEM were carried out. It was found out that 23% of work-family life conflict was related to workaholism; 32% of burnout was related to workaholism; 19% of burnout was related to work-family life conflict. Along with the purpose of the study, 11% of the female academicians’ burnout was found to be resulting from the effect of workaholism mediated by work-family life conflict. As female academicians were found to be victims of burnout resulting from workaholism mediated by work-family life conflict; female academicians should be supported by seminars, trainings, and guidance on self-confidence, time and stress management, raising awareness towards workaholism, strategies to cope with burnout. Further studies should be on the underlying reasons of the issue.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Female academicians; Burnout; Workaholism; Work-family life conflict; Structural Equation Model (SEM).

Kaynakça

1. Akın, U., & Oğuz, E. (2010). Öğretmenlerin işkoliklik ve tükenmişlik
2. düzeylerinin ilişkisi ve çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 16(3), 309-327.
3. Arslan, R., & Acar, B.N. (2013). A research on academics on life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and professional burnout. Suleyman Demirel University The Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 18(3), 281-298.
4. Andreassen, C., Ursin, H., & Eriksen, H. (2007). The relationship between strong motivation to work, "workaholism", and health. Psychology & Health, 22, 615-629.
5. Aziz, S., & Cunningham, J. (2008). Workaholism, work stress, work‐life imbalance: exploring gender's role. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 23(8), 553-566, https://doi.org/10.1108/17542410810912681
6. Bacharach, S.B., Bamberger, P., & Conley, S. (1991). Work‐home conflict among nurses and engineers: Mediating the impact of role stress on burnout and satisfaction at work. Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 12(1), 39-53, https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030120104
7. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Burke, R. (2009). Workaholism and relationship quality: A spillover-crossover perspective. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14, 23-33.
8. Bonebright, C. A., Clay, D. L., & Ankenmann, R. D. (2000). The relationship of workaholism with work–life conflict, life satisfaction, and purpose in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(4), 469-477, http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.47.4.469

9. Brady, B. R., Vodanovich, S. J., & Rotunda, R. (2008). The impact of workaholism on work-family conflict, job satisfaction, and perception of leisure activities. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 11, 241–263.
10. Budak, G., & Sürgevil, O. (2005). Tükenmişlik ve tükenmişliği etkileyen örgütsel faktörlerin analizine ilişkin akademik personel üzerinde bir uygulama. DEÜ İİBF Dergisi, 20(2), 95-108.
11. Burke, R. J. (1999). Work and extra work satisfactions. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 7(4), 352- 365.
12. Burke, R. J., & Greenglass, E.R. (2001). Hospital restructuring and psychological burnout in nursing staff. Equal Opportunities International, 20(1/2), 61-71, https://doi.org/10.1108/02610150110786714
13. Chan, D. W. (2007). Burnout, self-efficacy, and successful intelligence among Chinese prospective and in-service school teachers in Hong-Kong. Educational Psychology: An International Journal of Experimental Educational Psychology, 27(1), 33-49.
14. Çapri, B. (2006). Tükenmişlik ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: geçerlik ve güveirlik çalışması. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 62-77.
15. Doğan, T., & Tel, F. D. (2011). Duwas işkoliklik ölçeği Türkçe formunun (Duwas Tr) geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin incelenmesi. AİBÜ Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 61-69.
16. Doyle, C., & Hind, P. (1998). Occupational stress, burnout and job status in female academics. Gender, Work & Organisation. 5(2), 67-82.
17. Efeoğlu, İ. E. (2006). İş-aile yaşam çatışmasının iş stresi, iş doyumu ve örgütsel bağlılık üzerindeki etkileri: ilaç sektöründe bir araştırma. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, Turkey.
18. Engelbrecht, M., Berg, H., & Bester, C. (2009). Burnout and compassion fatique: the case of professional nurses in primary health care facilities in the free state province, South Africa. In R. Schwartzhoffer (Ed.), Psychology of Burnout: Predictors and Coping Mechanisms (pp.1-38). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
19. Ercan Demirel, E. E. (2014). A research study of teacher beliefs and teacher burnout (Ph.D dissertation, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
20. Ercan Demirel, E., & Cephe, P.T. (2015). Looking into burnout levels among English language instructors. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 11(1), 1-14.
21. Ergin, C. (1992). Doktor ve hemşirelerde tükenmişlik ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeğinin uyarlanması. VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
22. Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burnout. Journal of Social Issues, 30, 159-165.
23. Greenglass, E.R., Burke, R.J., & Konarski, R. (1998). Components of burnout, resources, and gender-related differences. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(12), 1088-1106.
24. Greenhaus, J., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. The Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76-88.
25. Gülova, A.A., İspirli, D., & Eryılmaz, İ. (2014). İşkoliklik ve tükenmişlik arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesine yönelik beyaz yakalılar üzerine bir çalışma. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19, 25-39.
26. Hooigard, R., Giske, R., & Sundsli, K. (2011). Newly qualified teachers’ work engagement and teacher efficacy influences on job satisfaction, burnout, and the intention to quit. European Journal of Teacher Education, 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2011.633993
27. Hill, E.J., Jacob, J.I., Shannon, L.L., Brennan, R.T., Blanchard, V.L., & Martinengo, G.M. (2008). Exploring the relationship of workplace flexibility, gender, and life stage to family-to-work conflict, and stress and burnout. Community, Work and Family, 11 (2), 165-181, https://doi.org/10.1080/13668800802027564
28. Khan, F., Khan, Q., & Naz, A. (2016). Female academicians are burnout in Pakistan Universities. Gomal University Journal of Research, Special Issue, 157-167.
29. Kossek, E. E., & Ozeki, C. (1998). Work-Family Conflict, Policies, and The Job-Life Satisfaction Relationship: A Review and Directions for Organizational Behavior-Human Resources Research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), 139-149.
30. Macit, M. (2015). İşkoliklik, iş-aile çatişmasi ve tükenmişlik ilişkileri üzerine bir araştırma, Ph. D. Dissertation, Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Tokat, Turkey.
31. Macit, M., & Ardıç, K. (2018), İşkoliklik, iş-aile çatışası ve tükenmişlik arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi üzerine bir araştırma, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 32 (3), 825-844.
32. Maslach, C. (1976). Burned-Out. Human Behavior, 9, 16-22.
33. Maslach, C. (1999). Progress in understanding teacher burnout. In R. Vandenberghe & A.M. Huberman (Eds.), Understanding and preventing teacher burnout: A sourcebook of international research and practice (pp.211-222). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
34. Maslach, C. (2003). Burnout: The cost of caring. California: ISHK.
35. Maslach, C. & Jackson, S.E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 2, 99-113.
36. Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annu. Rev. Psychol, 52, 397-422.
37. Melendez, W.A., & Guzman, R. M. (1983). Burnout: The New Academic Disease. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Research Report, 9.
38. Metin, Ü. B. (2010). The Antecedents and Consequences of Burnout, Work Engagement and Workaholism. ODTÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Unpublished MA thesis. Ankara, Turkey.
39. Naktiyok, A., & Karabey, C. N. (2005). İşkoliklik ve tükenmişlik sendromu, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 179-198.
40. Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J.S., & McMurrian, R. M. (1996). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology. 81(4), 400-410.
41. Oates, W. (1971). Confessions of a workaholic: The facts about work addiction. NewYork, NY: World Publishing.
42. Özkin, F. (2015). İş–aile yaşam dengesi ve yıldırmanın işten ayrılma niyetine etkisi: tükenmişliğin aracılık rolü, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, MA Thesis, Hatay, Turkey.
43. Porter, G. (1996). Organisational impact of workaholism: suggestions for researching the negative outcomes of excessive work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(1), 70-84.
44. Rampal, L., & Shahar, H.K. (2014). Prevalence of burnout and its associated factors among faculty academicians. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 10(1), 51-59.
45. Rupert, P. A., Stevanovıc, P., & Hunley, H. A. (2009), Work-family conflict and burnout among practicing psychologists, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(1), 54-61, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0012538
46. Schaufeli, W., & Enzmann, D. (1998). The burnout companion to study and practice. A critical analysis. London: Taylor&Francis.
47. Schaufeli, W., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: a two-sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71–92. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
48. Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T.W., & Bakker, A. (2006). Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hide: On the differences between work engagement and workaholism. In R. Burke (Ed.), Research companion to working time and work addiction (pp. 193-217). Edward Elgar: Northampton, MA.
49. Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W. & Rhenen, W. (2008a). Workaholism, burnout, and work engagement:three of a kind or three different kinds of employee well-being?. Applied Psychology: An International Review. 57(2), 173–203, doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00285.x
50. Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Bakker, A. B. (2008). It takes two to tango: Workaholism is working excessively and working compulsively. In R. J. Burke & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), The long work hours culture: Causes, consequences and choices (pp. 203-226). Bingley, UK: Emerald.
51. Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A.B. & M.M.A Van Der Heijden, F., Prins, J.T. (2009). Workaholism, burnout and well-being among junior doctors: the mediating role of role conflict, Work&Stress, 23(2), 155-172.
52. Shimazu, A., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Is workaholism good or bad for employee well-being? The distinctiveness of workaholism and work engagement among Japanese employees. Industrial Health, 47, 495-502.
53. Seçer, İ. (2013). SPSS ve LISREL ile pratik veri analizi, analiz ve raporlaştırma, Anı Yayıncılık, Ankara.
54. Skaalvik, E.M., & Skaalvik,S. (2010). Teacher self-efficacy and teacher burnout: a study of relations. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26, 1059-1069.
55. Stoeber J., Damian L. (2016) Perfectionism in employees: work engagement, workaholism, and burnout. In Sirois F., Molnar D. (Eds.) Perfectionism, Health, and Well-Being (pp.265-283). New York: Springer.
56. Taris, T.W., Beek, I., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2010). Why do perfectionaists have a higher burnout risk than others? the mediational effect of workaholism. Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology, 12(1), 1-7.
57. Taris, T. W., Van Beek, I., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Demographic and occupational correlates of workaholism, Psychological Reports, 110(2), 547-554.
58. Tuğsal, T., & Ülgen, B. (2017). Work-life balance and social support as predictors of burnout: an exploratory analysis. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7, 117-138, http://doi.10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i3/2699
59. Toker, B. (2011). Burnout among university academicians: an emprirical study on the üniversities of Turkey. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi. 12(1), 114-127.
60. Troppmann, K.M., & Troppmann, C. (2012). Work-Life Balance and Burnout. In Chen H., Kao L. (Eds.) Success in Academic Surgery:Part 1(219-234). New York: Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-313-8_14
61. Vandenberghe, R., & Huberman, A.M. (1999). Understanding and preventing teacher burnout. UK: Cambridge University Press.
62. Watts, J., & Robertson, N. (2011). Burnout in university teaching staff: a systematic literature review. Educational Research, 53(1), 33-50.