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CİNSİYET EŞİTSİZLİĞİ VE ULUSLARARASI FİNANSAL İLİŞKİLER: NİCELİKSEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 120 - 130, 15.12.2020

Öz

Resmi kalkınma yardımları, göçmen transferleri, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, ticari açıklık ve özel
sermaye akımlarını uluslararası finansal ilişkiler olarak ele alan bu çalışma, finansal ilişkilerdeki yoğunlaşmanın
cinsiyet eşitsizliği üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, seksen ülkeden oluşan ve
2010-2017 dönemini kapsayan bir panel veri setinden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen ampirik bulgular,
finansal ilişkilerde meydana gelen yoğunlaşmanın genel olarak cinsiyet eşitsizliğini artırdığına işaret etmektedir.
Resmi kalkınma yardımları, göçmen transferleri ve ticari açıklık değişkenlerinin hem cinsiyet gelişim endeksini
hem de cinsiyet eşitsizlik endeksini olumsuz etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu üç değişkene ilave olarak
doğrudan yabancı yatırımların da yalnızca cinsiyet eşitsizlik endeksi üzerinde olumsuz etkilere sahip olduğu
anlaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Barnett, M., & Finnemore, M. (2004). Rules for the world: International organizations in global politics. Cornell University Press
  • Blanton, R. G., & Blanton, S. L. (2015). Is foreign direct investment “Gender Blind”? Women's rights as a determinant of US FDI. Feminist Economics, 21(4), 61-88.
  • Busse, M., & Nunnenkamp, P. (2009). Gender disparity in education and the international competition for foreign direct investment. Feminist Economics, 15(3), 61-90.
  • Bui, T. M. H., Vo, X. V., & Bui, D. T. (2018). Gender inequality and FDI: empirical evidence from developing Asia–Pacific countries. Eurasian Economic Review, 8(3), 393-416.
  • Braunstein, E. (2006). Foreign direct investment, development and gender equity: a review of research and policy (No. 12). UNRISD Occasional Paper.
  • Brzozowski, M. (2013). Gender equality as the determinant of FDI flows to Central European Countries. Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo, (33), 101-125.
  • Coleman, I. (2010). The global glass ceiling: Why empowering women is good for business. Foreign Aff., 89, 13.
  • De Haas, H. (2007). Remittances, migration and social development. A conceptual review of the literature.
  • Engberg-Pedersen, L. (2016). Policy making in foreign aid: Gender equality and Danish development policy. The Journal of Development Studies, 52(7), 933-949.
  • Esplen, E., & O’Neill, P. (2017). From Commitment to Action: Aid in Support of Gender Equality and Women’s Rights in the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. In Financing for Gender Equality (pp. 205-225). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Hanson, G. H. (2003). What has happened to wages in Mexico since NAFTA? (No. w9563). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • International Organization for Migration. (2008). World migration 2008: Managing labour mobility in the evolving global economy (Vol. 4). Hammersmith Press.
  • Karabaeva, J. (2014). Remittances and Gender Equality. The role of remittances in reducing gender inequality in migrants’ countries of origin (Master's thesis).
  • Campos, N. F., & Kinoshita, Y. (2003). Why does FDI go where it goes? New evidence from the transition economies.
  • Lancaster, C. (2008). Foreign aid: Diplomacy, development, domestic politics. University of Chicago Press.
  • Levinsohn, J. (1999). Employment responses to international liberalization in Chile. Journal of international Economics, 47(2), 321-344.
  • Lopez-Ekra, S., Aghazarm, C., Kötter, H., & Mollard, B. (2011). The impact of remittances on gender roles and opportunities for children in recipient families: Research from the International Organization for Migration. Gender & Development, 19(1), 69-80.
  • Neumayer, E., & De Soysa, I. (2011). Globalization and the empowerment of women: an analysis of spatial dependence via trade and foreign direct investment. World development, 39(7), 1065-1075.
  • Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD). (2013). Gender Equality and Women’s Rights in the Post‐2015 Agenda—A Foundation for Sustainable Development.
  • Esplen, E., & Hedman, J. (2014). From ambition to results: Delivering on gender equality in donor institutions.
  • Özler, S. (2007). Export-led industrialization and gender differences in job creation and destruction. The feminist economics of trade, 164-84.
  • Quarles van Ufford, P. (1988). The hidden crisis in development: development bureaucracies in between intentions and outcomes. The hidden crisis in development: Development bureaucracies, 9-38.
  • Schultz, P. (2006). Does the Liberalization of Trade Advance Gender Equality in Schooling and Health? Economic Growth Center Yale University (No. 935). Center. Discussion Paper.
  • Seguino, S. (2000). The effects of structural change and economic liberalisation on gender wage differentials in South Korea and Taiwan. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 24(4), 437-459.
  • Seguino, S. (2010). Gender, distribution, and balance of payments constrained growth in developing countries. Review of Political Economy, 22(3), 373-404.
  • Swiss, L. (2012). The adoption of women and gender as development assistance priorities: An event history analysis of world polity effects. International Sociology, 27(1), 96-119.
  • Desa, U. N. (2016). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development.
  • UNDP (2010) Human Development Report 2010. The Real Wealth of Nations
  • OECD, U. (2014). Making development co-operation more effective: 2014 progress report.
  • UNDP Türkiye Temsilciliği, http://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/tr/home.html (Erişim Tarihi, 10 Mart 2019)
  • Van der Veen, A. M. (2011). Ideas, interests and foreign aid (Vol. 120). Cambridge University Press.
  • Rogers, J. O. E. L., & Wright, E. (2010). American society: How it really works. New York: WW Norton.
  • Wong, Y. N. (2012, November). World development report 2012: Gender equality and development. In Forum for Development Studies (Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 435-444). Routledge.
  • World Bank. (2003). World development report 2003: sustainable development in a dynamic economy. World Bank; New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Swamy, G. (2004). The Impact of International Trade on Gender Equality.
  • Prospects, G. E. (2006). Economic implications of remittances and migration. The World Bank, Washington, DC.Statistical Data:
  • UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) http://hdr.undp.org/en/data (Erişim Tarihi, 11 Mart 2019)

GENDER INEQUALITY AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL RELATIONS: A QUALITATIVE ASSESMENT

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 120 - 130, 15.12.2020

Öz

Considering official development assistance, remittances, foreign direct investment, trade openness, and
private capital flows as international financial relations, this paper aims at evaluating the influences of
concentration of international financial relations on the gender inequality. To this end, a panel dataset, which
consists of eighty countries, and covers the time span 2010-2017, are employed. Empirical findings of the paper
imply that the concentration of financial relations generally promotes the gender inequality. It is concluded that
official development assistances, remittances and trade openness have negative influences on both the gender
development index and the gender inequality index. In addition to the above-mentioned three variables, it is
found out that foreign direct investments negatively affect the gender inequality index.

Kaynakça

  • Barnett, M., & Finnemore, M. (2004). Rules for the world: International organizations in global politics. Cornell University Press
  • Blanton, R. G., & Blanton, S. L. (2015). Is foreign direct investment “Gender Blind”? Women's rights as a determinant of US FDI. Feminist Economics, 21(4), 61-88.
  • Busse, M., & Nunnenkamp, P. (2009). Gender disparity in education and the international competition for foreign direct investment. Feminist Economics, 15(3), 61-90.
  • Bui, T. M. H., Vo, X. V., & Bui, D. T. (2018). Gender inequality and FDI: empirical evidence from developing Asia–Pacific countries. Eurasian Economic Review, 8(3), 393-416.
  • Braunstein, E. (2006). Foreign direct investment, development and gender equity: a review of research and policy (No. 12). UNRISD Occasional Paper.
  • Brzozowski, M. (2013). Gender equality as the determinant of FDI flows to Central European Countries. Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo, (33), 101-125.
  • Coleman, I. (2010). The global glass ceiling: Why empowering women is good for business. Foreign Aff., 89, 13.
  • De Haas, H. (2007). Remittances, migration and social development. A conceptual review of the literature.
  • Engberg-Pedersen, L. (2016). Policy making in foreign aid: Gender equality and Danish development policy. The Journal of Development Studies, 52(7), 933-949.
  • Esplen, E., & O’Neill, P. (2017). From Commitment to Action: Aid in Support of Gender Equality and Women’s Rights in the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. In Financing for Gender Equality (pp. 205-225). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Hanson, G. H. (2003). What has happened to wages in Mexico since NAFTA? (No. w9563). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • International Organization for Migration. (2008). World migration 2008: Managing labour mobility in the evolving global economy (Vol. 4). Hammersmith Press.
  • Karabaeva, J. (2014). Remittances and Gender Equality. The role of remittances in reducing gender inequality in migrants’ countries of origin (Master's thesis).
  • Campos, N. F., & Kinoshita, Y. (2003). Why does FDI go where it goes? New evidence from the transition economies.
  • Lancaster, C. (2008). Foreign aid: Diplomacy, development, domestic politics. University of Chicago Press.
  • Levinsohn, J. (1999). Employment responses to international liberalization in Chile. Journal of international Economics, 47(2), 321-344.
  • Lopez-Ekra, S., Aghazarm, C., Kötter, H., & Mollard, B. (2011). The impact of remittances on gender roles and opportunities for children in recipient families: Research from the International Organization for Migration. Gender & Development, 19(1), 69-80.
  • Neumayer, E., & De Soysa, I. (2011). Globalization and the empowerment of women: an analysis of spatial dependence via trade and foreign direct investment. World development, 39(7), 1065-1075.
  • Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD). (2013). Gender Equality and Women’s Rights in the Post‐2015 Agenda—A Foundation for Sustainable Development.
  • Esplen, E., & Hedman, J. (2014). From ambition to results: Delivering on gender equality in donor institutions.
  • Özler, S. (2007). Export-led industrialization and gender differences in job creation and destruction. The feminist economics of trade, 164-84.
  • Quarles van Ufford, P. (1988). The hidden crisis in development: development bureaucracies in between intentions and outcomes. The hidden crisis in development: Development bureaucracies, 9-38.
  • Schultz, P. (2006). Does the Liberalization of Trade Advance Gender Equality in Schooling and Health? Economic Growth Center Yale University (No. 935). Center. Discussion Paper.
  • Seguino, S. (2000). The effects of structural change and economic liberalisation on gender wage differentials in South Korea and Taiwan. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 24(4), 437-459.
  • Seguino, S. (2010). Gender, distribution, and balance of payments constrained growth in developing countries. Review of Political Economy, 22(3), 373-404.
  • Swiss, L. (2012). The adoption of women and gender as development assistance priorities: An event history analysis of world polity effects. International Sociology, 27(1), 96-119.
  • Desa, U. N. (2016). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development.
  • UNDP (2010) Human Development Report 2010. The Real Wealth of Nations
  • OECD, U. (2014). Making development co-operation more effective: 2014 progress report.
  • UNDP Türkiye Temsilciliği, http://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/tr/home.html (Erişim Tarihi, 10 Mart 2019)
  • Van der Veen, A. M. (2011). Ideas, interests and foreign aid (Vol. 120). Cambridge University Press.
  • Rogers, J. O. E. L., & Wright, E. (2010). American society: How it really works. New York: WW Norton.
  • Wong, Y. N. (2012, November). World development report 2012: Gender equality and development. In Forum for Development Studies (Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 435-444). Routledge.
  • World Bank. (2003). World development report 2003: sustainable development in a dynamic economy. World Bank; New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Swamy, G. (2004). The Impact of International Trade on Gender Equality.
  • Prospects, G. E. (2006). Economic implications of remittances and migration. The World Bank, Washington, DC.Statistical Data:
  • UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) http://hdr.undp.org/en/data (Erişim Tarihi, 11 Mart 2019)
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Melis Çil 0000-0002-5576-2075

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Nisan 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çil, M. (2020). CİNSİYET EŞİTSİZLİĞİ VE ULUSLARARASI FİNANSAL İLİŞKİLER: NİCELİKSEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. Journal of Business Innovation and Governance, 3(2), 120-130.

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