İklim Değişikliğinin Fitopatoloji Açısından İncelenmesi

Öz

Günümüz ve geleceğimizin en büyük sorunlarından biri olan küresel iklim değişikliği gün geçtikçe etkisini daha da şiddetli bir şekilde hissettirmektedir. Mevsimlerde yaşanan olağan dışı farklılıklar tarımsal üretimde belli başlı sorunları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Daha önce ülkemizde görülmeyen bitki hastalıklarının ülkemiz için sorun teşkil etmesi ya da yabancı otların iklim değişikliğine, kültür bitkilerinden daha fazla uyum sağlayarak üretimde düşüşlere yol açması bu sorunlardan sadece birkaçıdır. Bu çalışmada iklim değişikliğinin bitki hastalıkları ve yabancı otlara olan olumlu ya da olumsuz etkileri incelenmiş, gelecekte ne gibi sorunlarla karşı karşıya kalınacağına değinilmiş ve iklim değişikliğinin fitopatoloji açısından önemi vurgulanmıştır. İklimde yaşanan değişimlerin bitkisel üretim üzerinde direkt ya da dolaylı etkilerine dikkat çekilerek, gerekli adımların atılması hedeflenmiştir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bitki koruma
• hastalık
• yabancı ot

Examination of Climate Change in Terms of Phytopathology

Öz

Global climate change, which is one of the biggest problems of our day and future, is being felt more and more severely day by day. Unusual differences in seasons bring along certain problems in agricultural production. Plant diseases that have not been seen in our country before, posing a problem for our country or weeds adapting to climate change more than cultivated plants, causing decreases in production are just a few of these problems. In this study, the positive or negative effects of climate change on and weeds were examined, it was mentioned what kind of problems to be faced in the future and the importance of climate change in terms of phytopathology was emphasized. It is aimed to take necessary steps for this by drawing attention to the direct or indirect effects of changes in the climate on crop production.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Plant protection
• disease
• weed

Kaynakça

1. Agrios G.N., (2005). Plant Pathology. 5th Edition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA ,USA.
2. Akbaş B., Morca A.F., Coşkan S. (2021). İklim Değişikliğinin Tahıl Virüs Hastalıkları Üzerine Etkisi. Ziraat Mühendisliği (374), 4-14 DOI: 10.33724/zm.972677.
3. Akınerdem, F., (2013.) Türkiye Şeker Pancarı Tarımı ve Şeker Sanayi’nin Son Durumu. Agrotime Uluslararası Bitkisel ve Hayvansal Üretim Dergisi. Yıl:1, Sayı:3, Sayfa: 9-11.
4. Anonim (2008). Zirai Mücadele Teknik Talimatları, Cilt 4,Sayfa 69-74, Ankara
5. Aydoğdu G. (2020). İklim Değişikliği ve Tarımsal Uygulamalar Etkileşimi Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi Journal of Humanities 1/1, Haziran – June 2020 ss. 43 – 61
6. Babu, T.R., (2011). Changing insect pest scenario in field crops. In: Souvenir-Indian Seed Congress, Feb. 22nd–23rd, Hyderabad. pp. 87–90.
7. Bailey, S. W. (2004). Climate change and decreasing herbicide persistence. Pest Management Science: formerly Pesticide Science, 60(2), 158-162.
8. Bailey, S. W. (2004). Climate change and decreasing herbicide persistence. Pest Management Science: formerly Pesticide Science, 60(2), 158-162.

9. Baker, H.G. (1965). Characteristics and modes of origin of weeds . in the Genetics of Colonizing Species, Academic Press, New York, 147.
10. Black, C.C., Chen, T.M., Brown, R.H. (1969). The biochemical basis for plant competition . Weed Science, 17, 338.
11. Bozoğlu, M., Başer, U., Eroğlu, N. A., Topuz, B.K. (2019). Impacts of Climate Change on Turkish Agriculture. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science, 14 (3), 97-103
12. Cammel, M.E. and Knight, J.D., (1992). Effects of climatic change on the population dynamics of crop pests. Adv. Ecol. Res., 22, 117- 162.
13. Chakraborty S, Datta S (2003) How will plant pathogens adapt to host plant resistance at elevated CO2 under a changing climate? New Phytol 159:733–742.
14. Chakraborty, S. and Newton A.C. (2011) Climate change, plant diseases and food security; an overview. Plant Pathology, 60, 2-14
15. Chakraborty, S., Tiedemann, A.V., Tieng, P.S. (2000) Climate change: potential impact on plant diseases. Environmental Pollution. 108, 3, 317-326.
16. Demir G. & Gündoğdu M. (1993). Fireblight of pome fruit trees in Turkey: Distribution of the disease, chemical control of blossom infections and susceptibility of some cultivars, Acta Horticulture, 338, 67-74.
17. Eastburn DM, Degennaro MM, Delucia EH, Dermody O, Mc Elrone AJ (2010) Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and ozone alter soybean diseases at SoyFACE. Glob Chang Biol 16:320–330
18. Garret K.A. et al. (2011). Complexity in climate change impacts an analytical frame work for effects mediated by plant disease. Plant Pathology.60 (1). 15-30.
19. Gök, G. (2016) Iğdır ili elma ağaçlarında ateş yanıklığı hastalığına neden olan Erwinia amylovora (burr.) wınslow et al. etmeninin biyokimyasal ve moleküler (mıs) yöntemlerle tanısı (Master's thesis, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
20. Grime, J.P. (1979). Plant strategies and vegetation processes. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 1979, chap. 1&2.
21. Harrington, R., Fleming, R.A., Woiwod, P.(2001). Climate change impacts on insect management and conservation in temperate regions: can they be predicted?. Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 3: 233-240.
22. Hill, T.A. (1977). The biology of weeds. Edward Arnold, London, chap., 3,4.
23. Hunjan, M. S. & Lore, J. S. (2020).Climate Change: Impact on Plant Pathogens, Diseases, and Their Management. Crop Protection Under Changing Climate, 85–100. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46111-9_4 IPCC Basın Bülteni, İklim Değişikliği ve Arazi, Cenova, 2019, s. 13.
24. Işık, D. & Akça, A .(2018). Assessment of weed competition critical period in sugar beet. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 24(1), 82-89.
25. Jabran, K., Dogan, M. N. & Eren, Ö. (2015). Effect of ambient and simulated CO2 on the growth invasive weed Potentilla recta L. Poljoprivreda i Sumarstvo, 61(1), 107.
26. Kriticos, D. J., Sutherst, R. W., Brown, J. R., Adkins, S. W. & Maywald, G. F. (2003). Climate change and biotic invasions: a case history of a tropical woody vine. Biological Invasions, 5(3), 147-165.
27. Li, X., Waddington, S. R., Dixon, J., Joshi, A. K., & De Vicente, M. C. (2011). The relative importance of drought and other water-related constraints for major food crops in South Asian farming systems. Food Security, 3(1), 19-33.
28. Malmström C.M. & Field CB (1997): Virus induced differences in the response of oat plants to elevated carbon dioxide. Plant, Cell & Environment 20 (2): 178 – 188.
29. Manning, W.J., von Tiedemann, A., (1995). Climate change: potential effects of increased atmospheric atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) & ozone and ultraviolet-B (UV-B). Environ. Pollut. 88, 219–245.
30. Neumeister, L., (2010). Climate Change and Crop Protection: Anything Can Happen. Published by PAN Asia and the Pacific, pp. 42.
31. Özer, Z., Kadıoğlu, İ., Önen, H. ve Tursun, N., (2001). Herboloji (Yabanci ot bilimi). Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Yayınları, No:10, 409 s. Tokat.
32. Patterson, D.T. (1982). Effects of light and temperature on weed/crop growth and competition, in Biometeorology in integrated Pest Management, Hatfield, J.L. and Thomason I.J. Eds., Academic Press, New York, 407.
33. Patterson, D.T., (1995). Weeds in a changing climate. Weed Science, 43(4), 685-701.
34. Patterson, D.T., Westbrook, J.K., Joyce, R.J.V., Rogasik, J., (1999). Weeds, insects, and diseases. Climatic Change 43, 711–727.
35. Pautasso, M., Dehnen‐Schmutz, K., Holdenrieder, O., Pietravalle, S., Salama, N., Jeger, M. J., Lange, E., & Hehl‐Lange, S. (2010). Plant health and global change–some implications for landscape management. Biological Reviews, 85(4), 729-755.
36. Pimentel, (2009). Pesticides and pest control. In: Peshin, R., Dhawan, A.K. (Eds.), Integrated Pest Management: Innovation—Development Process, Vol. 1. Springer, Netherlands, pp. 83–89.
37. Prior, S. A., Runion, G. B., Marble, S. C., Rogers, H. H., Gilliam, C. H. & Torbert, H. A. (2011). A review of elevated atmospheric CO2 effects on plant growth and water relations: implications for horticulture. HortScience, 46(2), 158-162.
38. Radicetti, E. & Mancinelli, R. (2021). Sustainable Weed Control in the AgroEcosystems. Radicetti, E., & Mancinelli, R. (2021). Sustainable Weed Control in the AgroEcosystems.
39. Saraçoğlu, H., (2007). "Kuzey Afrika ve Asya Ülkelerinin Gelecekte Karşılaşabileceği Sorunlar Üzerine Bir Deneme."
40. Singh,M.K.; Singh, R.K. (2010). Alien InvasiveWeeds—An Emerging Threat to Agricultural Biodiversity in India. Souvenir-Cum-Abstract, SAARCWorkshop on Biodiversity Conservation; Department of Plant Physiology, Institute ofAgricultural Sciences, BHU: Varanasi, India, p. 91.
41. Türkeş, M., (2006). “Küresel iklimin geleceği ve Kyoto Protokolü” Jeopolitik, 29, s.3.
42. Vary Z, Mullins E, Mc Elwain C, Doohan FM (2015) The severity of wheat diseases increases when plants and pathogens are acclimatized to elevated carbon dioxide. Glob Chang Biol 21:2661–2669
43. Vilà, M., Beaury, E. M., Blumenthal, D. M., Bradley, B. A., Early, R., Laginhas, B. B., ... & Ibáñez, I. (2021). Understanding the combined impacts of weeds and climate change on crops. Environmental Research Letters, 16(3), 034043.
44. Weintraub, P.G., Beanland, L., (2006). Insect vectors of phytoplasmas. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 51, 91–111.
45. Wheeler, T.R., Craufurd, P.Q., Ellis, R.H., Porter, J.R., Prasad, P.V.V., (2000). Temperature variability and the annual yield of crops. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 82, 159–167.
46. Ziska, L. H. (2003). Evaluation of the growth response of six invasive species to past, present and future atmospheric carbon dioxide. Journal of Experimental Botany, 54(381), 395-404.
47. Ziska, L. H., Faulkner, S. & Lydon, J. (2004). Changes in biomass and root: shoot ratio of field-grown Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), a noxious, invasive weed, with elevated CO2: implications for control with glyphosate. Weed Science, 52(4), 584-588.
48. Ziska, L.H., (2008). Climate Change and Invasive Weeds. Powerpoint sunu, Northeastern Weed Science Society Meetings, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.