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MEDIA IN THEDIGITAL AGE: MACHINE LEARNING, ALGORITHMICREPORTINGAND NON-FUNCTIONAL HUMAN PROBLEMATICIN JOURNALISM

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 294 - 313, 27.01.2020

Öz

In the early 1900s, what can be imagined for many societies is easily experienced today. The technological process that deeply affects all life forms and fields has a profound impact on journalism and reporting as in many other professions. The algorithmic intervention eliminates the problem of time, effort and space, and provides news production processes much faster than ever. The machine learning in artificial intelligence brings aboutthe realization of a series of human abilities and reflexes by robots. Technological progress has created stressful and painful transformations in every period and left deep effects. The possible outcome of this progress in the future begins to appear more sharply. The widespread use of artificial intelligence software in professions leads to an emotional dissolution of populations in large populations. For this reason, people's lack of occupation and the risk of becoming a dysfunctional living have begun to be discussed. Thanks to machine learning, robot software starts to think and act like people and creates new solutions with the impression they gained from their previous experiences. A software technology that is close to the human mind and learning, increases the influence and the areas in which it occupies every day. This study discusses the effects of artificial intelligence development on society,professions and journalism based on the concepts of artificial intelligence software and machine learning.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoglu D ve Restrepo P (2018) The Race between Man and Machine: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares, and Employment, American Economic Review, 108(6), 1488-1542.
  • Anderson C W (2011) Between Creative and Quantified Audiences: Web Metrics and Changing Patterns of Newswork in Local U.S. Newsrooms, Journalism: Theory, Practice, Criticism, 22(5), 550-566.
  • Anderson C W Emily B ve Clay S (2012) Post-industrial Journalism: Adapting to the Present, New York: Tow Center for Digital Journalism, Columbia University.
  • Bakhshi H Frey C B ve Osbourne M (2015) Robotlara Karşı Yaratıcılık: Yaratıcı Ekonomi ve İstihdamın Geleceği, Nesta, Londra.
  • Bilge N (2017) Uzman Görüşleri Bağlamında Haber Üretiminde Otomatikleşme: Robot Gazetecilik, Galatasaray Üniversitesi İleti-ş-im Dergisi, 27, 79-108.
  • Bruckner M Lafleur M ve Pitterle I (2017) Frontier Issues: The Impact of The Technological Revolution on Labour Markets and Income Distribution, https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/2017_Aug_Frontier-Issues-1.pdf, erişim tarihi: 14.05.2019
  • Carlson M (2015) The Robotic Reporter: Automated Journalism and the Redefinition of Labor, Compositional Forms, and Journalistic Authority, Digital Journalism, 383), 416–431.
  • Caswell D ve Dörr K N (2018) Automated Journalism 2.0: Event-driven narratives, From simple descriptions to real stories, Journalism Practice, 12(4), 477-496, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1320773
  • Clerwall C (2014) Enter the Robot Journalist: Users’ Perceptions of Automated Content, Journalism Practice 8(5), 519–531.
  • Davenport T H ve Kirby J (2015) Beyond Automation, https://hbr.org/2015/06/beyond-automation, erişim tarihi: 09.07.2019.
  • Dörr K N (2016) Mapping the Field of Algorithmic Journalism. Digital Journalism, Digital Journalism, 486), 700-722.
  • Fengler S ve ark. (2015) How Effective Is Media Self-Regulation? Results from a Comparative Survey of European Journalists. European Journal of Communication, 30(3), 249-266.
  • Fındık H K (2016) Robot Gazetecilik: Gazetecilik İçin Tehdit mi Yoksa Fırsat mı?”, https://digitalage.com.tr/robot-gazetecilik-gazetecilik-icintehdit-mi-yoksa-firsat-mi/, erişim tarihi: 06.01.2019.
  • Frey C B ve Michael A O (2017) The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 114, 254‐280.
  • Garbade M (2018) A Simple Introduction to Natural Language Processing, https://becominghuman.ai/a-simple-introduction-to-natural-language-processing-ea66a1747b32, erişim tarihi: 26.05.2019.
  • Ghuman R ve Ripmi K (2013) Narrative Science: A Review, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 289), 205–207.
  • Graefe A (2016) Guide to Automated Journalism. New York: Tow Center for Digital Journalism, Columbia University. Habertürk (2017) Robotların Yaratacağı İşsizlik Böyle Finanse Edilecek, https://www.haberturk.com/robotlarin-yaratacagi-issizlik-boyle-finanse-edilecek-1741455-ekonomi, erişim tarihi: 14.05.2019.
  • Habertürk (2017) Robotların Yaratacağı İşsizlik Böyle Finanse Edilecek, https://www.haberturk.com/robotlarin-yaratacagi-issizlik-boyle-finanse-edilecek-1741455-ekonomi, erişim tarihi: 14.05.2019.
  • Harari Y N (2018) 21. Yüzyıl İçin 21 Ders, Selin Siral (çev), Kolektif Kitap, İstanbul.
  • Is T (2013) Could Artificial Intelligence Create an Unemployment Crisis?, Communications of the ACM, 56(7), 37-39, DOI: 10.1145/2483852.2483865
  • Jarrahi M H (2018) Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work: Human-AI Symbiosis in Organizational Decision Making, Business Horizons, 6184), 577-586.
  • Kiser M (2016) Introduction to Natural Language Processing (NLP), https://blog.algorithmia.com/introduction-natural-language-processing-nlp/, erişim tarihi: 26.05.2019.
  • Köse U (Nisan 2019) Yapay Zeka ve Geleceğin Siber Savaşları, Bilim ve Teknik, 76-84.
  • Krasadakis G (2018) Artificial Intelligence: The Impact on Employment and the Workforce, https://medium.com/innovation-machine/artificial-intelligence-3c6d80072416, erişim tarihi: 14.05.2019.
  • Latar N L (2016) Can Robot Journalists replace Human Journalists in the Coverage of Wars? I Saleh and T Knieper (eds), Visual Politics of Wars, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Cambridge, 171-196.
  • Levy S (2012) Can an Algorithm Write A Better News Story Than a Human Reporter?, https://www.wired.com/2012/04/can-an-algorithm-write-a-better-news-story-than-a-human-reporter/, erişim tarihi: 09.07.2019.
  • Lewis S C ve Zamith R (2017) On the Worlds of Journalism, P J Boczkowski and C W Anderson (eds), Remaking The News: Essays on The Future of Journalism Scholarship In The Digital Age, MIT Press, Cambridge, 111-128.
  • Linden C G (2017) Algorithms for Journalism: The Future of News Work, The Journal of Media Innovations, 4.1, 60-76. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/jmi.v4i1.2420, erişim tarihi: 09.07.2019.
  • Manyika J ve ark. (2017) A Future That Works: Automation, Employment And Productivity, McKinsey Global Institute.
  • Marconi F ve Houshmand K (2019) The Role of Journalists in An Era of Algorithms a Guide to Preparing the Newsroom for Humans and Machines, http://digitaltransmedia.digitaltransformers.cat/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ap_insights_the_role_of_journalists_in_an_era_of_algorithms.pdf, erişim tarihi: 19.05.2019.
  • Mohri M Afshin R ve Ameet T (2018) Foundations of Machine Learning, The MIT press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London.
  • Montal T ve Zvi R (2017) I, Robot. You, Journalist. Who Is The Author? Authorship, Bylines and Full Disclosure in Automated Journalism, Digital Journalism, 5(7), 829-849.
  • Napoli P M (2011) Audience Evolution: New Technologies and the Transformation of Media Audiences, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Napoli P M (2014) Automated Media: An Institutional Theory Perspective on Algorithmic Media Production and Consumption, Communication Theory, 24(3), 340-360.Örnebring H (2010) Technology and Journalism-As-Labour: Historical Perspectives, Journalism, 11(1), 57-74.
  • Örnebring H (2010) Technology and Journalism-As-Labour: Historical Perspectives, Journalism, 11(1), 57-74.
  • Petropoulos G (2018) The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment, M Neufeind, J O Reilly, and F Ranft (eds), Work in the Digital Age. Challenges of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd, 119-132.
  • Tartakoff J (2010) AOL’s Patch Aims to Quintuple in Size by Year-End, http://paidcontent.org/2010/08/17/419-aols-patch-aims-to-quintuplein-size-by-year-end/, erişim tarihi: 19.05.2019.
  • Tegmark M (2017) Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, Alfred a. Knopf, New York.
  • Verzunov M (2018) Unemployment in the AI Era, https://medium.com/iveyfintechclub/unemployment-in-the-ai-era-fe4548cdbeda, erişim tarihi: 09.06.2019.
  • Weeks L (2014) Media Law and Copyright Implications of Automated Journalism, NYU Journal of Intellectual Property and Entertainment Law, 4, 67-94.

DİJİTAL ÇAĞDA MEDYA: MAKİNE ÖĞRENMESİ, ALGORİTMİK HABERCİLİK VE GAZETECİLİKTE İŞLEVSİZ İNSAN SORUNSALI

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 294 - 313, 27.01.2020

Öz

Bugün yapay zekâ
teknolojisi alanında yaşananlar, 1900’lü yılların başlarında birçok toplum için
hayal denilebilecek şeylerdir. Tüm yaşam formlarını ve alanlarını derinden
etkileyen teknolojik süreç, birçok mesleği olduğu gibi gazetecilik ve
habercilik mesleklerini de derinden etkilemektedir. Zaman, emek ve mekân
bağımlılığını ortadan kaldıran, her zaman olduğundan çok daha hızlı bir biçimde
haber üretim süreçleri sağlayan algoritmik etki, yapay zekâda makine öğrenmesi
ile insana özgü bir takım yetenek ve reflekslerin, robotlar tarafından da
gerçekleşmesini beraberinde getirmektedir. Teknolojik ilerleme her dönemde
stresli ve sancılı dönüşümler yaratmış ve derin etkiler bırakmıştır. Bu
ilerlemenin gelecekte ortaya koyabileceği sonuç ise çok daha keskin biçimde
belirmeye başlamaktadır. Yapay zekâ yazılımlarının mesleklerde yaygın kullanımı,
toplumları büyük nüfuslar halinde duygusal bir çözülmeye götürmektedir. Bu
nedenle insanların mesleksiz kalmaları ve işlevsiz birer canlıya dönüşme riski
tartışılmaya başlamıştır. Özellikle makine öğrenmesi sayesinde robot yazılımlar
insanlar gibi düşünmeye ve hareket etmeye başlamakta ve yeni çözümlerini önceki
deneyimlerinden kazandıkları izlenimleri ile oluşturmaktadır. Deyim yerindeyse
insan aklına ve öğrenmesine yakın bir yazılım teknolojisi etkisini, iş
kollarında ve yer edindiği alanlarda her geçen gün arttırmaktadır. Bu çalışma,
yapay zekâ yazılımları ile makine öğrenmesi kavramlarından hareketle yapay zekâ
gelişmelerinin insanlar ve meslekler üzerindeki etkisini tartışmaktadır. 

Kaynakça

  • Acemoglu D ve Restrepo P (2018) The Race between Man and Machine: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares, and Employment, American Economic Review, 108(6), 1488-1542.
  • Anderson C W (2011) Between Creative and Quantified Audiences: Web Metrics and Changing Patterns of Newswork in Local U.S. Newsrooms, Journalism: Theory, Practice, Criticism, 22(5), 550-566.
  • Anderson C W Emily B ve Clay S (2012) Post-industrial Journalism: Adapting to the Present, New York: Tow Center for Digital Journalism, Columbia University.
  • Bakhshi H Frey C B ve Osbourne M (2015) Robotlara Karşı Yaratıcılık: Yaratıcı Ekonomi ve İstihdamın Geleceği, Nesta, Londra.
  • Bilge N (2017) Uzman Görüşleri Bağlamında Haber Üretiminde Otomatikleşme: Robot Gazetecilik, Galatasaray Üniversitesi İleti-ş-im Dergisi, 27, 79-108.
  • Bruckner M Lafleur M ve Pitterle I (2017) Frontier Issues: The Impact of The Technological Revolution on Labour Markets and Income Distribution, https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/2017_Aug_Frontier-Issues-1.pdf, erişim tarihi: 14.05.2019
  • Carlson M (2015) The Robotic Reporter: Automated Journalism and the Redefinition of Labor, Compositional Forms, and Journalistic Authority, Digital Journalism, 383), 416–431.
  • Caswell D ve Dörr K N (2018) Automated Journalism 2.0: Event-driven narratives, From simple descriptions to real stories, Journalism Practice, 12(4), 477-496, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1320773
  • Clerwall C (2014) Enter the Robot Journalist: Users’ Perceptions of Automated Content, Journalism Practice 8(5), 519–531.
  • Davenport T H ve Kirby J (2015) Beyond Automation, https://hbr.org/2015/06/beyond-automation, erişim tarihi: 09.07.2019.
  • Dörr K N (2016) Mapping the Field of Algorithmic Journalism. Digital Journalism, Digital Journalism, 486), 700-722.
  • Fengler S ve ark. (2015) How Effective Is Media Self-Regulation? Results from a Comparative Survey of European Journalists. European Journal of Communication, 30(3), 249-266.
  • Fındık H K (2016) Robot Gazetecilik: Gazetecilik İçin Tehdit mi Yoksa Fırsat mı?”, https://digitalage.com.tr/robot-gazetecilik-gazetecilik-icintehdit-mi-yoksa-firsat-mi/, erişim tarihi: 06.01.2019.
  • Frey C B ve Michael A O (2017) The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 114, 254‐280.
  • Garbade M (2018) A Simple Introduction to Natural Language Processing, https://becominghuman.ai/a-simple-introduction-to-natural-language-processing-ea66a1747b32, erişim tarihi: 26.05.2019.
  • Ghuman R ve Ripmi K (2013) Narrative Science: A Review, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 289), 205–207.
  • Graefe A (2016) Guide to Automated Journalism. New York: Tow Center for Digital Journalism, Columbia University. Habertürk (2017) Robotların Yaratacağı İşsizlik Böyle Finanse Edilecek, https://www.haberturk.com/robotlarin-yaratacagi-issizlik-boyle-finanse-edilecek-1741455-ekonomi, erişim tarihi: 14.05.2019.
  • Habertürk (2017) Robotların Yaratacağı İşsizlik Böyle Finanse Edilecek, https://www.haberturk.com/robotlarin-yaratacagi-issizlik-boyle-finanse-edilecek-1741455-ekonomi, erişim tarihi: 14.05.2019.
  • Harari Y N (2018) 21. Yüzyıl İçin 21 Ders, Selin Siral (çev), Kolektif Kitap, İstanbul.
  • Is T (2013) Could Artificial Intelligence Create an Unemployment Crisis?, Communications of the ACM, 56(7), 37-39, DOI: 10.1145/2483852.2483865
  • Jarrahi M H (2018) Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work: Human-AI Symbiosis in Organizational Decision Making, Business Horizons, 6184), 577-586.
  • Kiser M (2016) Introduction to Natural Language Processing (NLP), https://blog.algorithmia.com/introduction-natural-language-processing-nlp/, erişim tarihi: 26.05.2019.
  • Köse U (Nisan 2019) Yapay Zeka ve Geleceğin Siber Savaşları, Bilim ve Teknik, 76-84.
  • Krasadakis G (2018) Artificial Intelligence: The Impact on Employment and the Workforce, https://medium.com/innovation-machine/artificial-intelligence-3c6d80072416, erişim tarihi: 14.05.2019.
  • Latar N L (2016) Can Robot Journalists replace Human Journalists in the Coverage of Wars? I Saleh and T Knieper (eds), Visual Politics of Wars, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Cambridge, 171-196.
  • Levy S (2012) Can an Algorithm Write A Better News Story Than a Human Reporter?, https://www.wired.com/2012/04/can-an-algorithm-write-a-better-news-story-than-a-human-reporter/, erişim tarihi: 09.07.2019.
  • Lewis S C ve Zamith R (2017) On the Worlds of Journalism, P J Boczkowski and C W Anderson (eds), Remaking The News: Essays on The Future of Journalism Scholarship In The Digital Age, MIT Press, Cambridge, 111-128.
  • Linden C G (2017) Algorithms for Journalism: The Future of News Work, The Journal of Media Innovations, 4.1, 60-76. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/jmi.v4i1.2420, erişim tarihi: 09.07.2019.
  • Manyika J ve ark. (2017) A Future That Works: Automation, Employment And Productivity, McKinsey Global Institute.
  • Marconi F ve Houshmand K (2019) The Role of Journalists in An Era of Algorithms a Guide to Preparing the Newsroom for Humans and Machines, http://digitaltransmedia.digitaltransformers.cat/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ap_insights_the_role_of_journalists_in_an_era_of_algorithms.pdf, erişim tarihi: 19.05.2019.
  • Mohri M Afshin R ve Ameet T (2018) Foundations of Machine Learning, The MIT press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London.
  • Montal T ve Zvi R (2017) I, Robot. You, Journalist. Who Is The Author? Authorship, Bylines and Full Disclosure in Automated Journalism, Digital Journalism, 5(7), 829-849.
  • Napoli P M (2011) Audience Evolution: New Technologies and the Transformation of Media Audiences, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Napoli P M (2014) Automated Media: An Institutional Theory Perspective on Algorithmic Media Production and Consumption, Communication Theory, 24(3), 340-360.Örnebring H (2010) Technology and Journalism-As-Labour: Historical Perspectives, Journalism, 11(1), 57-74.
  • Örnebring H (2010) Technology and Journalism-As-Labour: Historical Perspectives, Journalism, 11(1), 57-74.
  • Petropoulos G (2018) The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment, M Neufeind, J O Reilly, and F Ranft (eds), Work in the Digital Age. Challenges of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd, 119-132.
  • Tartakoff J (2010) AOL’s Patch Aims to Quintuple in Size by Year-End, http://paidcontent.org/2010/08/17/419-aols-patch-aims-to-quintuplein-size-by-year-end/, erişim tarihi: 19.05.2019.
  • Tegmark M (2017) Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, Alfred a. Knopf, New York.
  • Verzunov M (2018) Unemployment in the AI Era, https://medium.com/iveyfintechclub/unemployment-in-the-ai-era-fe4548cdbeda, erişim tarihi: 09.06.2019.
  • Weeks L (2014) Media Law and Copyright Implications of Automated Journalism, NYU Journal of Intellectual Property and Entertainment Law, 4, 67-94.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme Makaleler
Yazarlar

Serkan Bulut 0000-0001-8252-5262

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Ocak 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Ağustos 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Bulut, S. (2020). DİJİTAL ÇAĞDA MEDYA: MAKİNE ÖĞRENMESİ, ALGORİTMİK HABERCİLİK VE GAZETECİLİKTE İŞLEVSİZ İNSAN SORUNSALI. Selçuk İletişim, 13(1), 294-313.