Determination of Element Contents and Health Risk Assessment of Some Commercial Coffees in Türkiye

Öz

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide, which has become an integral part of people's daily lives. The increasing demand for coffee consumption has led to the creation of many coffee brands producing various types of coffee around the world. One of the reasons for the widespread consumption of coffee is that it contains elements necessary for human health. Supplementation of food intake with essential minerals, which are present in large quantities in the body, and trace minerals, which are present in smaller quantities, is an important parameter in nutrition. Determining the total concentrations of the elements in coffee allows the assessment of its nutritive quality and at the same time, its adverse effects on human health can be decided. In the present study, essential- zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), calcium (Ca) and boron (B)- and non-essential - titanium (Ti), antimony (Sb), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), cadmium (Cd), barium (Ba), arsenic (As) and aluminium (Al)- element content in some coffee types from different brands was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and the results were interpreted in terms of human health. Percentages of elements ingested with daily consumption of 300 mL of selected coffee types were also calculated on a person-by-person basis according to gender. Health risk assessment was performed involving carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk evaluation. In all coffee types, K element concentration has been reported as the highest element. As, Cd, Mo, Sb, and Ti elements were not detected in all types of coffees. A female's highest daily element intake percentage is Mg for all types of coffee with the highest concentration of 15.561% (decaffeinated coffee, P1). For a male, the Mg element daily intake percentage is also the highest except Milicano and filter coffee of P2 and Turkish coffee of P4. The hazard index (HI) of all samples was less than 1, thus, daily consumption of 300 mL of these coffees is defined in a low-risk group. The target carcinogenic risk (TCR) value was calculated below 1×10-4 for all coffee types except Classic (Product 1). Classic coffee of Product 1 should be consumed less than 300 mL/day since its TCR value is higher than 1×10-4.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Coffee
• Essential and non-essential elements
• ICP-OES
• Risk assessment

Etik Beyan

There is no need to obtain permission from the ethics committee for this study.

Türkiye'deki Bazı Ticari Kahvelerin Element İçeriklerinin Belirlenmesi ve Sağlık Riski Değerlendirmesi

Öz

Kahve, insanların günlük yaşamlarının ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelen ve dünya çapında en çok tüketilen içeceklerden biridir. Kahve tüketimine yönelik artan talep, dünya çapında çeşitli kahve türleri üreten birçok kahve markasının oluşmasına yol açmıştır. Kahvenin yaygın olarak tüketilmesinin nedenlerinden biri de insan sağlığı için gerekli elementleri içermesidir. Vücutta büyük miktarlarda bulunan başlıca mineraller ve daha küçük miktarlarda bulunan eser minerallerin gıda alımıyla desteklenmesi beslenmede önemli bir parametredir. Kahvede bulunan elementlerin toplam konsantrasyonlarının belirlenmesi, kahvenin besleyici kalitesinin değerlendirilmesini sağlar ve aynı zamanda insan sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerine karar verilebilir. Bu çalışmada, farklı markalara ait bazı kahve türlerinde esansiyel -çinko (Zn), selenyum (Se), fosfor (P), sodyum (Na), mangan (Mn), magnezyum (Mg), potasyum (K), demir (Fe), bakır (Cu), krom (Cr), kobalt (Co), kalsiyum (Ca) ve bor (B)- ve esansiyel olmayan - titanyum (Ti), antimon (Sb), kurşun (Pb), nikel (Ni), molibden (Mo), kadmiyum (Cd), baryum (Ba), arsenik (As) ve alüminyum (Al) element içeriği indüktif eşleşmiş plazma-optik emisyon spektroskopisi (ICP-OES) ile analiz edilmiş ve sonuçlar insan sağlığı açısından yorumlanmıştır. Seçilen kahve türlerinin günlük 300 mL tüketimi ile alınan element yüzdeleri de cinsiyete göre kişi bazında hesaplanmıştır. Kanserojen risk ve kanserojen olmayan risk değerlendirmesini içeren sağlık riski değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Tüm kahve türlerinde K elementi konsantrasyonu en yüksek element olarak rapor edilmiştir. As, Cd, Mo, Sb, Ti elementleri tüm kahve türlerinde tespit edilmemiştir. Kadınların günlük Mg elementi alım yüzdesi tüm kahve türleri için %15,561 ile en yüksek olarak belirlenmiştir (kafeinsiz kahve, P1). Erkeklerde ise Mg elementi günlük alım yüzdesinin Milicano (P2), filtre kahve (P2) ve Türk kahvesi (P4) ürünleri dışında en yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Tüm örneklerin tehlike indeksi (HI) 1'den küçüktür, bu nedenle bu kahvelerin günlük 300 mL tüketimi düşük risk grubunda tanımlanmaktadır. Hedef kanserojen risk (TCR) değeri Klasik (Ürün 1) hariç tüm kahve türleri için 1×10-4'ün altında hesaplanmıştır. Ürün 1'in klasik kahvesinin TCR değeri 1×10-4'ten yüksek olduğu için günde 300 mL'den az tüketilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kahve
• Esansiyel ve esansiyel olmayan elementler
• ICP-OES
• Risk değerlendirmesi

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma için etik kuruldan izin alınmasına gerek yoktur.

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