Effects of Drought Stress on Kars Kavılca Wheat (Triticum dicoccum Schrank) Populations

Öz

Wheat is a major cereal crop worldwide, however, its production is declining due to both the reduction of arable land and the damage caused by abiotic stress to the plant as a result of global climate change. High temperature and drought, which are abiotic stress factors that harm plants, negatively affect the yield and quality of wheat. For this reason, it has become very important to introduce local wheat populations, which are known to be more resistant to stress conditions, into production. In this study, drought stress was used using different concentrations (0, −0.3 MPa, −1.48 MPa, −2.95 MPa and −4.91 MPa) of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG-6000), which prevents plant roots from taking up water with reverse osmotic pressure. has been created. The effects of this drought stress on seed germination and growth parameters in Kavılca Wheat (Triticum dicoccum Schrank) and cultivated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) populations grown locally in Kars were investigated. In the study, average germination time (AGT), germination rate coefficient (GRC), germination rate (GR), germination percentage (GP), seedling strength index (SSI), seedling length (SL), shoot length (SL), root length (RL). ), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW), shoot relative water content (SRWC) and vigor index (VI) data were measured and evaluated. As the concentration of PEG-6000, in other words, as the severity of drought stress increased, GRC, GR, GP, SSI, SL, SL, RL, SFW, RFW, SDW, RDW, SRWC and VI decreased, whereas AGT increased. As a result, it was determined that drought stress had a negative effect on seed germination and growth of Kavılca and other wheat populations, while the most drought-resistant kavılca population was determined to be the population obtained from Çarçıoğlu village-Arpaçay, and the most sensitive population was the population obtained from Dikme village. According to the data obtained, we think that the Çarçıoğlu village-Arpaçay population has the potential to be used in wheat line development studies suitable for drought conditions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Local wheat populations
• PEG
• abiotic stress
• Morphological damage
• Germination

Kars Kavılca Buğday (Triticum dicoccum Schrank) Popülasyonları Üzerine Kuraklık Stresinin Etkileri

Öz

Buğday, dünya çapında önemli bir tahıl ürünüdür ancak küresel iklim değişikliği nedeniyle hem ekilebilir alanların azalması hem de abiyotik stresin bitkiye verdiği hasar nedeniyle üretimi azalmaktadır. Bitkilere zarar veren abiyotik stres etmenlerinden yüksek sıcaklık ve kuraklık, buğdayın verimini ve kalitesini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle stres şartlarına daha dayanıklı olduğu bilinen yerel buğday popülasyonlarının üretime kazandırılması oldukça önemli duruma gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada ters osmotik basınç ile bitki köklerinin su almasını engelleyen Polietilen Glikolün (PEG-6000) farklı konsantrasyonları (0, −0.3 MPa, −1.48 MPa, −2.95 MPa ve −4.91 MPa) kullanılarak kuraklık stresi oluşturulmuş ve kuraklık stresinin Kars’ta yerel olarak yetiştirilen Kavılca Buğdayı (Triticum dicoccum Schrank) ve beraberinde kültür buğdayı (Triticum aestivum L.) popülasyonlarında tohum çimlenme ve büyüme parametreleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada ortalama çimlenme süresi (OÇS), çimlenme hızı katsayısı (ÇHK), çimlenme hızı (ÇH), çimlenme yüzdesi (ÇY), fide gücü indeksi (FGİ), fide uzunluğu (FU), sürgün uzunluğu (SU), kök uzunluğu (KU), sürgün taze ağırlığı (STA), kök taze ağırlığı (KTA), sürgün kuru ağırlığı (SKA), kök kuru ağırlığı (KKA), sürgün nispi su içeriği (SNSİ) ve vigor indeksi (Vİ) verileri ölçülmüş ve değerlendirilmiştir. PEG-6000 konsantrasyonu, diğer bir ifadeyle kuraklık stresinin şiddeti arttıkça ÇHK, ÇH, ÇY, FGİ, FU, SU, KU, STA, KTA, SKA, KKA, SNSİ ve Vİ azalmış buna karşın OÇS artmıştır. Sonuç olarak kuraklık stresinin Kavılca ve diğer buğday popülasyonlarının tohum çimlenme ve büyümesi üzerinde olumsuz etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edilirken, kuraklığa en dayanıklı kavlıca popülasyonunun Çarçıoğlu köyü-Arpaçay, en hassas popülasyonun ise Dikme köyünden elde edilen popülasyon olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen verilere göre Çarçıoğlu köyü-Arpaçay popülasyonunun kuraklık şartlarına uygun buğday hattı geliştirme çalışmalarında kullanılabilme potansiyelinin olduğunu düşünmekteyiz.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yerel buğday popülasyonları
• PEG
• Abiyotik stres
• Morfolojik hasar
• Çimlenme

Kaynakça

1. Abdul-Baki, A. A. and Anderson, J. D. (1973). Vigor determination in soybean seed by multiple criteria. Crop Science, 13(6): 630–633.
2. Albaşavat, L., Hasan, A., Öztürk, E. ve Sezer, İ. (2023). Tohum büyüklüğü ve PEG kaynaklı ozmotik stresin tane sorgumda çimlenme ve fide büyümesi üzerine etkileri. ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 7(2): 407–422.
3. Almaghrabi, O. A. (2012). Impact of drought stress on germination and seedling growth parameters of some wheat cultivars. Life Science Journal, 9(1): 590–598.
4. Aydın, M., Pour, A. H., Haliloğlu, K. and Tosun, M. (2015). Effect of putrescine application and drought stress on germination of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Atatürk University Journal of Agricultural Faculty, 46(1): 43–55.
5. Azizi, M. H., Soleymani, A. and Javanmard, H. R. (2023). Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) biochemical and nutritional properties affected by plant growth regulators under field drought conditions. Cereal Research Communications, 52(2): 591-603.
6. Bağcı, H. R. ve Kılıç, H. (2023). Çıldır Gölü Havzası’nda (Ardahan-Kars) iklim-insan ilişkileri. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 33(2): 549-566.
7. Barrs, H. D. and Weatherley, P. E. (1962). A re-examination of the relative turgidity technique for estimating water deficits in leaves. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, 15(3): 413-428.
8. Bukhari, M. A., Shah, A. N., Fahad, S., Iqbal, J., Nawaz, F., Manan, A. and Baloch, M. S. (2021). Screening of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes for drought tolerance using polyethylene glycol. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14(24): 2808.

9. Chieb, M. and Gachomo, E. W. (2023). The role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in plant drought stress responses. BMC Plant Biology, 23(1): 407.
10. Chowdhury, M. K., Hasan, M. A., Bahadur, M. M., Islam, M. R., Hakim, M. A., Iqbal, M. A., Javed, T., Raza, A., Shabbir, R. and Islam, M. S. (2021). Evaluation of drought tolerance of some wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes through phenology, growth, and physiological indices. Agronomy, 11(9): 1792.
11. Czabator, F. J. (1962) Germination Value: An Index Combining Speed and Completeness of Pine Seed Germination. Forest Science, 8: 386-396.
12. Durmaz, A., Aktaş, H. (2023). Makarnalık yerel buğday genotiplerinin (Triticum durum L.) bazı tarımsal özellikler bakımından karakterizasyonu. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(4): 740-754.
13. Duvnjak, J., Lončarić, A., Brkljačić, L., Šamec, D., Šarčević, H., Salopek-Sondi, B. and Španić, V. (2023). Morpho-Physiological and Hormonal Response of Winter Wheat Varieties to Drought Stress at Stem Elongation and Anthesis Stages. Plants, 12(3): 418.
14. Ellis, R. H. and Roberts, E. H. (1981). The quantification of ageing and survival in orthodox seeds. Seed Science and Technology, 9(2): 373-409.
15. Faisal, S., Mujtaba, S. M., Khan, M. A. and Mahboob, W. (2017). Morpho-physiological assessment of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes for drought stress tolerance at seedling stage. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 49(2): 445-452.
16. Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Kobayashi, N. S. M. A., Fujita, D. B. S. M. A. and Basra, S. M. A. (2009). Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Sustainable Agriculture, 29: 185-212.
17. Ghanifathi, T., Valizadeh, M., Shahryari, R., Shahbazi, H. and Mollasadeghi, V. (2011). Effect of drought stress on germination indices and seedling growth of 12 bread wheat genotypes. Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(6): 1034-1039.
18. Hu, J., Zhu, Z. Y., Song, W. J., Wang, J. C. and Hu, W. M. (2005). Effects of sand priming on germination and field performance in direct-sown rice (Oryza sativa L.). Seed Science and Technology, 33(1): 243-248.
19. Hussein, H. A. A., Alshammari, S. O., Abd El-Sadek, M. E., Kenawy, S. K. and Badawy, A. A. (2023). The promotive effect of putrescine on growth, biochemical constituents, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants under water stress. Agriculture, 13(3): 587.
20. Kan, M., Küçükçongar, M., Morgounov, A., Keser, M., Özdemir, F., Mumınjanov, H. ve Qualset, C. O. (2017). Türkiye’de yerel buğday popülasyonlarının durumu ve yerel buğday üreten üreticilerin üretim kararlarında etkili olan faktörlerin belirlenmesi. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpaşa University (JAFAG), 34(2): 54-64.
21. Kausar, A., Hussain, S., Javed, T., Zafar, S., Anwar, S., Hussain, S. and Saqib, M. (2023). Zinc oxide nanoparticles as potential hallmarks for enhancing drought stress tolerance in wheat seedlings. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 195: 341-350.
22. Kayaçetin, F., Efeoğlu, B. and Alizadeh, B. (2018). Effect of NaCl and PEG-Induced osmotic stress on germination and seedling growth properties in wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.). ANADOLU Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 28(1): 62-68.
23. Kettani, R., Ferrahi, M., Nabloussi, A., Ziri, R. and Brhadda, N. (2023). Water stress effect on durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) advanced lines at flowering stage under controlled conditions. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 14: 100696.
24. Kızılgeçi, F., Mokhtari, N. E. P. and Hossain, A. (2020). Growth and physiological traits of five bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes are influenced by different levels of salinity and drought stress. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 29(9): 8592-8599.
25. Konvalina, P., Capouchová, I., Stehno, Z. and Moudry, J. (2010). Agronomic characteristics of the spring forms of the wheat landraces (einkorn, emmer, spelt, intermediate bread wheat) grown in organic farming. Journal of Agrobiology, 27(1): 9-17.
26. Maguire, J. D. (1962). Speed of germination-aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Science, 2: 176-177.
27. Mahpara, S., Zainab, A., Ullah, R., Kausar, S., Bilal, M., Latif, M. I., ... and Zuan, A. T. K. (2022). The impact of PEG-induced drought stress on seed germination and seedling growth of different bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. PloS One, 17(2): e0262937.
28. Michel, B. E. and Kaufmann, M. R. (1973). The osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol 6000. Plant Physiology, 51(5): 914-916.
29. Ming, D. F., Pei, Z. F., Naeem, M. S., Gong, H. J. and Zhou, W. J. (2012). Silicon alleviates PEG‐induced water‐deficit stress in upland rice seedlings by enhancing osmotic adjustment. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 198(1): 14-26.
30. Özberk, F., Karagöz, A., Özberk, İ. ve Ayhan, A. T. L. I. (2016). Buğday genetik kaynaklarından yerel ve kültür çeşitlerine; Türkiye'de buğday ve ekmek. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25(2): 218-233.
31. Öztürk, İ. (2024). Genotype and environment effect on yield and quality parameters and stability in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under rainfed conditions. Journal of Tekirdağ Agricultural Faculty, 21(2): 324-334.
32. Petrenko, V., Spychaj, R., Prysiazhniuk, O., Sheiko, T. and Khudolii, L. (2018). Evaluation of three wheat species (Triticum aestivum L., T. spelta L., T. dicoccum (Schrank) Schuebl) commonly used in organic cropping systems, considering selected parameters of technological quality. Agricultural Research, 35: 255-264.
33. Qayyum, A., Al Ayoubi, S., Sher, A., Bibi, Y., Ahmad, S., Shen, Z. and Jenks, M. A. (2021). Improvement in drought tolerance in bread wheat is related to an improvement in osmolyte production, antioxidant enzyme activities, and gaseous exchange. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(9): 5238-5249.
34. Radhouane, L. (2007). Response of Tunisian autochthonous pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) to drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000. African Journal of Biotechnology, 6(9): 1102-1105.
35. Rashid, K., Arfan, M., Mahmood, S., Javaid, T., Majid, M., Ali, S. and Khan, M. F. (2021). Response Of wheat plant to drought stress: A Revıew. Plant Cell Bıotechnology and Molecular Bıology, 263-271.
36. Salam, A., Ali, A., Afridi, M. S., Ali, S. and Ullah, Z. (2022). Agrobiodiversity: Effect of Drought Stress on The Eco-Physiology and Morphology of Wheat. In: Biodiversity, Conservation and Sustainability in Asia, Ed(s): Öztürk, M., Khan, S. M., Altay, V., Efe, R., Egamberdieva, D. and Khassanov, F. O., Springer, Switzerland.
37. Sharma, K., Dhingra, M., Kaur, R., Singh, S., Kaur, A. and Kaur, S. Sharma, A. (2022). Evaluation of Triticum durum–Aegilops tauschii derived primary synthetics as potential sources of drought stress tolerance for wheat improvement. Cereal Research Communications, 50(4): 1205-1216.
38. Sivritepe, H. Ö. (2012). Tohum gücünün değerlendirilmesi. Alatarım Dergisi, 11(2): 33-44.
39. Sudheesh, K., Shivanand, H. and Shoba, N. (2014). Standardization of optimal concentration of PEG 6000 for induction of drought and screening of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) genotypes. Asian Journal of Horticulture, 9(1): 100-105.
40. Suhalia, A., Sharma, A., Kaur, S., Sarlach, R. S., Shokat, S., Singh, S. and Singh, S. (2023). Characterization of Mexican wheat landraces for drought and salt stress tolerance potential for future breeding. Cereal Research Communications, 51(3): 703-714.
41. Svietlova, N., Topchiy, N., Storozhenko, V., Smirnov, O., Kovalenko, M., Batsmanova, L. and Taran, N. (2021). Photosynthetic response of some Triticum cultivars to the combined influence of nanofertilizers and water deficit. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 22(3): 539-545.
42. Tounekti, T., Mahdhi, M., Zarraq, A. F. and Khemira, H. (2020). Priming improves germination and seed reserve utilization, growth, antioxidant responses and membrane stability at early seedling stage of Saudi sorghum varieties under drought stress. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 48(2): 938-953.
43. Uddin, S., Ullah, S. and Nafees, M. (2021). Effect of seed priming on growth and performance of Vigna radiata L. under induced drought stress. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 4: 100140.
44. Wang, X., Ge, J., He, M., Li, Q., Cai, J., Zhou, Q. and Jiang, D. (2023). Enhancing crop resilience: Understanding the role of drought priming in wheat stress response. Field Crops Research, 302: 109083.
45. Yıldırım, E. D. ve Güneş, H. (2021). Tuz ve kuraklık stresi altında yetiştirilen buğday bitkisine (Triticum aestivum L.) silikon uygulamalarının bazı stres parametreleri üzerine etkisi. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 11(4): 2559-2572.
46. Yılmaz, M. B. ve Kısakürek, Ş. (2020). Tuz ve PEG kaynaklı kuraklık stresinin çok yıllık çim (Lolium perenne L.) çeşitlerinde fide gelişimine etkisi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(3), 360-369.
47. Yılmaz, M. B. ve Kısakürek, Ş. (2021). Lolium perenne L. Çeşitlerinde Kuraklık Stresinin Çimlenme ve Erken Fide Gelişimi Üzerine Etkisi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 24(3): 529-538.
48. Yu, Y., Cheng, H., Wu, B., Wang, C. (2023). Combined effects of drought stress and different forms of nitrogen deposition as response mechanism to environmental change. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20(6): 6697-6712.