Kontrollü Sera Koşullarında Artan Karbondioksit ve Sıcaklığın Mentollü Nane Üzerine Etkileri: Verim, Uçucu Yağ ve Fenolik Bileşimi

Öz

İklim değişikliği, artan atmosferik CO₂ konsantrasyonları ve küresel sıcaklıklarla karakterize edilmekte olup, özellikle tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler açısından tarım için önemli zorluklar ve fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, kontrollü sera koşullarında, yükseltilmiş CO₂ seviyelerinin (400, 600, 800 ve 1000 ppm) ve sıcaklık rejimlerinin (26/16°C ve 29/19°C), Mentha arvensis bitkisinin büyümesi, uçucu yağ bileşimi ve fenolik profili üzerindeki etkileşimli etkilerini araştırmaktadır. Bitki büyüme parametrelerini, uçucu yağ verimini ve bileşimini GC-MS ile, fenolik içeriği ise HPLC-PDA yöntemiyle değerlendirmek amacıyla dört tekerrürlü bölünmüş parseller deneme deseni kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, M. arvensis türünde yükseltilmiş CO₂’nin biyokütle üretimini anlamlı düzeyde artırdığını göstermiştir; en yüksek verimler, orta sıcaklık koşullarında (26/16°C) 1000 ppm CO₂ seviyesinde elde edilmiştir. Ancak, sıcaklık artışının tek başına yaprak biyokütlesi üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olduğu ve bunun kaynakların stres nedeniyle farklı yönlere yönlendirilmesinden kaynaklanabileceği gözlemlenmiştir. Uçucu yağ içeriği, uygulamalar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir değişiklik göstermemiştir; ana bileşen olan mentol oranı ise %77.2 ile %82.5 arasında bulunmuştur. Özellikle fenolik bileşikler içerisinde rozmarinik asit, CO₂ × sıcaklık etkileşimine oldukça duyarlı çıkmıştır. Orta sıcaklıkta, artan CO₂ seviyeleriyle birlikte rozmarinik asit konsantrasyonu yükselmiştir. Buna karşılık, yüksek sıcaklık koşulları altında bu bileşiğin düzeyinde düşüş gözlemlenmiş, bu da yüksek ısı stresinin sekonder metabolizmayı olumsuz etkilediğini düşündürmektedir. Bu bulgular, sekonder metabolitlerin iklim değişkenlerine karşı M. arvensis’ te tür bazlı ve doğrusal olmayan tepkiler gösterdiğini ortaya koymakta ve kontrollü ortam koşullarının, hedeflenen biyoaktif bileşik üretimini artırmak için optimize edilebileceğini vurgulamaktadır. Bu çalışma, doğal kristal mentol kaynağı olan M. arvensis gibi yüksek değerli bitkilerin iklim direncine dair anlayışa katkı sağlamakta ve değişen çevresel koşullarda sürdürülebilir fitokimyasal üretim için geleceğe dönük stratejilere ışık tutmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mentha arvensis
• Sıcaklık
• CO2
• Mentol
• Rozmarinik asit

Destekleyen Kurum

TUBITAK

Proje Numarası

TOVAG 120O511

Etik Beyan

There is no need to obtain permission from an ethics committee for this study.

Teşekkür

We would like to thank TUBITAK for providing financial support through the TOVAG 120O511 project for the realization of the study.

Effects of Increased Carbon Dioxide and Temperature on Menthol Mint under Controlled Greenhouse Conditions: Yield, Essential Oil and Phenolic Composition

Öz

Climate change, characterized by rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and global temperatures, presents significant challenges and opportunities for agriculture, particularly for medicinal and aromatic plants. This study investigates the interactive effects of elevated CO₂ (400, 600, 800, and 1000 ppm) and temperature regimes (26/16°C and 29/19°C) on growth, essential oil composition, and phenolic profile of Mentha arvensis under controlled greenhouse conditions. A split-plot design with four replicates was used to assess plant growth parameters, essential oil yield and composition via GC-MS, and phenolic content through HPLC-PDA. The results revealed that elevated CO₂ significantly enhanced biomass accumulation in M. arvensis, with the highest yield recorded at 1000 ppm CO₂ under moderate temperature conditions. However, increases in temperature alone negatively affected leaf biomass, indicating a stress-induced shift in resource allocation. Essential oil content showed no statistically significant variation across treatments, and menthol, the major component, ranged between 77.2% and 82.5%. Among the phenolic compounds, rosmarinic acid was found to be particularly sensitive to the interaction between CO₂ and temperature. Under moderate temperatures, its concentration increased as CO₂ levels rose, whereas high-temperature conditions led to a decline, suggesting compromised secondary metabolism under heat stress. These findings indicate that secondary metabolites in M. arvensis exhibit species-specific and non-linear responses to climate variables, highlighting the potential of optimizing controlled environmental conditions to enhance the production of targeted bioactive compounds. This work contributes to understanding climate resilience in high-value crops such as M. arvensis, a natural source of crystalline menthol, and provides insights into sustainable phytochemical production strategies under changing environmental conditions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mentha arvensis
• Temperature
• CO2
• Menthol
• Rosmarinic acid

Destekleyen Kurum

TUBITAK

Proje Numarası

TOVAG 120O511

Etik Beyan

There is no need to obtain permission from an ethics committee for this study.

Teşekkür

We would like to thank TUBITAK for providing financial support through the TOVAG 120O511 project for the realization of the study.

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