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Alteration of Wheat Source-Sink Relation by Nitrogen and Spikelet Removal

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 4, 731 - 739, 25.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.970364

Öz

The source and sink relationships determine the amount and distribution of biomass in plants. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effect of nitrogen rate and spikelet removal on seed yield and germination traits of wheat. The field experiment was conducted employing sink manipulation (no spikelet removal and ½ spikelet removal) and source manipulation (nitrogen rate of 0, 75, and 150 kg ha-1). This study was performed as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Seeds obtained from the field experiment were subjected to determine the effect of the sink and source manipulation on seed germination traits in the laboratory experiment. Results showed that most traits under study were not affected by source and sink manipulation. Seed yield and seed weight were not affected by spikelet removal and varying nitrogen applications. Although some of the wheat spikelets have been removed, those plants have been able to maintain the number of seeds per spike and the weight of a single seed. The use of nitrogen at the spike emergence stage did not affect the seed yield of the Pishtaz cultivar. Nitrogen needed for the seeds could be compensated by the re-mobilization of nitrogen from various plant organs such as the stem. Nitrogen application of 150 kg ha-1 with the removal of ½ spikelets improved seed germination (%) and vigor comparing control (no spikelet removal with no nitrogen application). Considering that seed yield and seed weight did not change under the influence of source and sink manipulation, it can be concluded that Pishtaz wheat is more sink-limited than source-limited.

Kaynakça

  • Abdoli, M., Saeidi, M., Jalali-Honarmand, S., Mansourifar, S., Ghobadi, M.-E. and Cheghamirza, K. (2013). Effect of source and sink limitation on yield and some agronomic characteristics in modern bread wheat cultivars under post anthesis water deficiency. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 101-2: 173-182.
  • Abeledo, L. G., Savin, R. and Slafer, G.A. (2020). Maize senescence under contrasting source-sink ratios during the grain filling period. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 180: 104263.
  • Akdag, M. N. and Zengin, M. (2020). Effects of copper sulfate and nitrogen applications in the increasing doses on the yield and root and root crown rot disease of bread wheat. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 17(2): 149-161.
  • Arata, A. F., Lázaro, L., Tranquilli, G. E., Arrigoni, A. C., Martínez, M. and Rondanini, D. P. (2023). How does post-flowering source/sink manipulation affect grain weight and commercial quality in Argentinean bread wheat genotypes with different baking aptitude? Field Crops Research 301: 109030.
  • Basal, O. and Szabo, A. (2020). Yield and quality of two soybean cultivars in response to drought and N fertilization. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 17 (2): 203-210.
  • Falihzade, F., Mojadam, M. and Lack, S. (2013). The effect of source-sink restriction and plant density changes on the role of assimilate remobilization in corn grain yield. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 5(20): 2459-2465.
  • Ghimire, D., Das, S., Mueller, N. D., Creech, C.F., Santra, D., Baenziger, P. S., Easterly, A. C., Maust, B. and Maharjan, B. (2021). Effects of cultivars and nitrogen management on wheat grain yield and protein. Agronomy Journal, 113: 4348-4368.
  • Heidari, H., Fatahi, A., Saeedi, M. and Khoramivafa, M. (2013). Study of defoliation intensity and nitrogen rate effects on yield, yield components and germination traits of produced seed in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Agriculture Science and Practice Journal, 1-2 (85-86): 11-17.
  • IMO (2012). Meteorological data. Iran Meteorological Organization, http://www.weather.ir (Accessed date: 20.2.2012).
  • Jenner, C. F. (1980). Effects of shading or removing spikelets in wheat: Testing assumptions. Functional Plant Biology, 7: 113-121.
  • Kathleen, D. (2009). Completing the cycle: maternal effects as the missing link in plant life histories. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1520): 1059-1074.
  • Lachabrouilli, A. S., Rigal, K., Corbineau, F. and Bailly, C. (2021). Effects of agroclimatic conditions on sunflower seed dormancy at harvest. European Journal of Agronomy, 124: 126209.
  • Li, X., Zhou, Y., Shuai, P., Wang, X., Peng, S. and Wang, F. (2023). Source–sink balance optimization depends on soil nitrogen condition so as to increase rice yield and n use efficiency. Agronomy, 13(3): 907.
  • Li, Y., Yang, H., Xia, J., Zhang, W., Wan, Sh. and Li, L. (2011). Effects of increased nitrogen deposition and precipitation on seed and seedling production of Potentilla tanacetifolia in a temperate steppe ecosystem. PLoS ONE, 6: 1-8.
  • Luzuriaga, A. L., Escudero, A. and Perez-Garcia, F. (2006). Environmental maternal effects on seed morphology and germination in Sinapis arvensis (Cruciferae). Weed Research, 46: 163-174.
  • Lv, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Fan, S. and Kong, L. (2020). Source-sink modifications affect leaf senescence and grain mass in wheat as revealed by proteomic analysis. BMC Plant Biology, 20: 257.
  • Ma, Y.-Z., MacKown, C. T. and Van Sanford, D. A. (1996). Differential effects of partial spikelet removal and defoliation on kernel growth and assimilate partitioning among wheat cultivars. Field Crops Research, 47: 201-209.
  • Matsuda, R., Suzuki, K., Nakano, A., Higashide, T. and Takaichi, M. (2011). Responses of leaf photosynthesis and plant growth to altered source-sink balance in a Japanese and a Dutch tomato cultivar. Scientia Horticulturae, 127: 520-527.
  • Mohammadi, M., Karimizadeh, R. and Shefezadeh M K. (2014). Source-sink limitation on spring bread wheat genotypes in high and low-production environments. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 24: 1-6.
  • Paneru, P., Bhattachan, B. K., Amgain, L. P., Dhakal, S., Yadav, B. P. and Gyawaly, P. (2017). Effect of mother plant nutrition on seed quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in central Terai region of Nepal. International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 5(4): 542-547.
  • Razzaghmanesh, M., Mohammadi, K. and Samani, J. M. V. (2004). Groundwater vulnerability mapping using GIS: Application to Chamchamal Plain, Iran. 4th International Conference of Groundwater Quality. July. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
  • Sales, N. M., Pérez-García, F. and Silveira, F. A. O. (2013). Consistent variation in seed germination across an environmental gradient in a Neotropical savanna. South African Journal of Botany, 87: 129-133. Sánchez, J., Albornoz, F. and Contreras, S. (2022). High nitrogen fertilization decreases seed weight but increases longevity in tomato seeds. Horticulturae, 8(10): 942.
  • Seebauer, J. R., Singletary, G. W., Krumpelman, P. M., Ruffo, M. L. and Below F. E. (2010). Relationship of source and sink in determining kernel composition of maize. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61: 511-519.
  • She, Y., Li, P., Qi, X., Rahman, S. U. and Guo, W. (2023). Effects of nitrogen application on winter wheat growth, water use, and yield under different shallow groundwater depths. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14: 1114611.
  • Smith, M. R., Rao, I. M. and Merchant, A. (2018). Source-sink relationships in crop plants and their influence on yield development and nutritional quality. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9: 1889.
  • Uhart, S. A. and Andrade, F. H. (1991). Source-sink relationships in maize grown in a cool-temperate area. Agronomie, 11: 863-875.
  • Wang, L., Xia, H., Li, X., Qiao, Y., Xue, Y., Jiang, X., Yan, W., Liu, Y., Xue, Y. and Kong, L. (2021). Source-sink manipulation affects accumulation of zinc and other nutrient elements in wheat grains. Plants, 10(5): 1032.
  • Xiao-li, W. U., Miao, L. I. U., Chao-su, L. I., McHugh, A. D., Ming, L. I., Tao, X., Yu-bin, L. I. U. and Yong-lu, T. (2022). Source–sink relations and responses to sink–source manipulations during grain filling in wheat. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 21: 1593-1605.
  • Zhang, H. and Flottmann, S. (2018). Source-sink manipulations indicate seed yield in canola is limited by source availability. European Journal of Agronomy, 96: 70-76.
  • Zhang, L., Du, Y. and Li, X. G. (2020). Modern wheat cultivars have greater root nitrogen uptake efficiency than old cultivars. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 183: 192-199.
  • Zhao, D-D., Ma, H-Y., Wang, L., Li, S-Y., Qi, W-W., Ma, M-Y. and Xia J-B. (2021). Effects of water and nitrogen addition on the seed yield and germination characteristics of the perennial grass Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9: 704097.
  • Zhou, L., Christopher, D. A. and Paull, R. E. (2000). Defoliation and fruit removal effects on papaya fruit production, sugar accumulation, and sucrose metabolism. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 125: 644-652.

Alteration of Wheat Source-Sink Relation by Nitrogen and Spikelet Removal

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 4, 731 - 739, 25.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.970364

Öz

The source and sink relationships determine the amount and distribution of biomass in plants. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effect of nitrogen rate and spikelet removal on seed yield and germination traits of wheat. The field experiment was conducted employing sink manipulation (no spikelet removal and ½ spikelet removal) and source manipulation (nitrogen rate of 0, 75, and 150 kg ha-1). This study was performed as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Seeds obtained from the field experiment were subjected to determine the effect of the sink and source manipulation on seed germination traits in the laboratory experiment. Results showed that most traits under study were not affected by source and sink manipulation. Seed yield and seed weight were not affected by spikelet removal and varying nitrogen applications. Although some of the wheat spikelets have been removed, those plants have been able to maintain the number of seeds per spike and the weight of a single seed. The use of nitrogen at the spike emergence stage did not affect the seed yield of the Pishtaz cultivar. Nitrogen needed for the seeds could be compensated by the re-mobilization of nitrogen from various plant organs such as the stem. Nitrogen application of 150 kg ha-1 with the removal of ½ spikelets improved seed germination (%) and vigor comparing control (no spikelet removal with no nitrogen application). Considering that seed yield and seed weight did not change under the influence of source and sink manipulation, it can be concluded that Pishtaz wheat is more sink-limited than source-limited.

Kaynakça

  • Abdoli, M., Saeidi, M., Jalali-Honarmand, S., Mansourifar, S., Ghobadi, M.-E. and Cheghamirza, K. (2013). Effect of source and sink limitation on yield and some agronomic characteristics in modern bread wheat cultivars under post anthesis water deficiency. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 101-2: 173-182.
  • Abeledo, L. G., Savin, R. and Slafer, G.A. (2020). Maize senescence under contrasting source-sink ratios during the grain filling period. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 180: 104263.
  • Akdag, M. N. and Zengin, M. (2020). Effects of copper sulfate and nitrogen applications in the increasing doses on the yield and root and root crown rot disease of bread wheat. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 17(2): 149-161.
  • Arata, A. F., Lázaro, L., Tranquilli, G. E., Arrigoni, A. C., Martínez, M. and Rondanini, D. P. (2023). How does post-flowering source/sink manipulation affect grain weight and commercial quality in Argentinean bread wheat genotypes with different baking aptitude? Field Crops Research 301: 109030.
  • Basal, O. and Szabo, A. (2020). Yield and quality of two soybean cultivars in response to drought and N fertilization. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 17 (2): 203-210.
  • Falihzade, F., Mojadam, M. and Lack, S. (2013). The effect of source-sink restriction and plant density changes on the role of assimilate remobilization in corn grain yield. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 5(20): 2459-2465.
  • Ghimire, D., Das, S., Mueller, N. D., Creech, C.F., Santra, D., Baenziger, P. S., Easterly, A. C., Maust, B. and Maharjan, B. (2021). Effects of cultivars and nitrogen management on wheat grain yield and protein. Agronomy Journal, 113: 4348-4368.
  • Heidari, H., Fatahi, A., Saeedi, M. and Khoramivafa, M. (2013). Study of defoliation intensity and nitrogen rate effects on yield, yield components and germination traits of produced seed in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Agriculture Science and Practice Journal, 1-2 (85-86): 11-17.
  • IMO (2012). Meteorological data. Iran Meteorological Organization, http://www.weather.ir (Accessed date: 20.2.2012).
  • Jenner, C. F. (1980). Effects of shading or removing spikelets in wheat: Testing assumptions. Functional Plant Biology, 7: 113-121.
  • Kathleen, D. (2009). Completing the cycle: maternal effects as the missing link in plant life histories. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1520): 1059-1074.
  • Lachabrouilli, A. S., Rigal, K., Corbineau, F. and Bailly, C. (2021). Effects of agroclimatic conditions on sunflower seed dormancy at harvest. European Journal of Agronomy, 124: 126209.
  • Li, X., Zhou, Y., Shuai, P., Wang, X., Peng, S. and Wang, F. (2023). Source–sink balance optimization depends on soil nitrogen condition so as to increase rice yield and n use efficiency. Agronomy, 13(3): 907.
  • Li, Y., Yang, H., Xia, J., Zhang, W., Wan, Sh. and Li, L. (2011). Effects of increased nitrogen deposition and precipitation on seed and seedling production of Potentilla tanacetifolia in a temperate steppe ecosystem. PLoS ONE, 6: 1-8.
  • Luzuriaga, A. L., Escudero, A. and Perez-Garcia, F. (2006). Environmental maternal effects on seed morphology and germination in Sinapis arvensis (Cruciferae). Weed Research, 46: 163-174.
  • Lv, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Fan, S. and Kong, L. (2020). Source-sink modifications affect leaf senescence and grain mass in wheat as revealed by proteomic analysis. BMC Plant Biology, 20: 257.
  • Ma, Y.-Z., MacKown, C. T. and Van Sanford, D. A. (1996). Differential effects of partial spikelet removal and defoliation on kernel growth and assimilate partitioning among wheat cultivars. Field Crops Research, 47: 201-209.
  • Matsuda, R., Suzuki, K., Nakano, A., Higashide, T. and Takaichi, M. (2011). Responses of leaf photosynthesis and plant growth to altered source-sink balance in a Japanese and a Dutch tomato cultivar. Scientia Horticulturae, 127: 520-527.
  • Mohammadi, M., Karimizadeh, R. and Shefezadeh M K. (2014). Source-sink limitation on spring bread wheat genotypes in high and low-production environments. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 24: 1-6.
  • Paneru, P., Bhattachan, B. K., Amgain, L. P., Dhakal, S., Yadav, B. P. and Gyawaly, P. (2017). Effect of mother plant nutrition on seed quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in central Terai region of Nepal. International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 5(4): 542-547.
  • Razzaghmanesh, M., Mohammadi, K. and Samani, J. M. V. (2004). Groundwater vulnerability mapping using GIS: Application to Chamchamal Plain, Iran. 4th International Conference of Groundwater Quality. July. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
  • Sales, N. M., Pérez-García, F. and Silveira, F. A. O. (2013). Consistent variation in seed germination across an environmental gradient in a Neotropical savanna. South African Journal of Botany, 87: 129-133. Sánchez, J., Albornoz, F. and Contreras, S. (2022). High nitrogen fertilization decreases seed weight but increases longevity in tomato seeds. Horticulturae, 8(10): 942.
  • Seebauer, J. R., Singletary, G. W., Krumpelman, P. M., Ruffo, M. L. and Below F. E. (2010). Relationship of source and sink in determining kernel composition of maize. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61: 511-519.
  • She, Y., Li, P., Qi, X., Rahman, S. U. and Guo, W. (2023). Effects of nitrogen application on winter wheat growth, water use, and yield under different shallow groundwater depths. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14: 1114611.
  • Smith, M. R., Rao, I. M. and Merchant, A. (2018). Source-sink relationships in crop plants and their influence on yield development and nutritional quality. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9: 1889.
  • Uhart, S. A. and Andrade, F. H. (1991). Source-sink relationships in maize grown in a cool-temperate area. Agronomie, 11: 863-875.
  • Wang, L., Xia, H., Li, X., Qiao, Y., Xue, Y., Jiang, X., Yan, W., Liu, Y., Xue, Y. and Kong, L. (2021). Source-sink manipulation affects accumulation of zinc and other nutrient elements in wheat grains. Plants, 10(5): 1032.
  • Xiao-li, W. U., Miao, L. I. U., Chao-su, L. I., McHugh, A. D., Ming, L. I., Tao, X., Yu-bin, L. I. U. and Yong-lu, T. (2022). Source–sink relations and responses to sink–source manipulations during grain filling in wheat. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 21: 1593-1605.
  • Zhang, H. and Flottmann, S. (2018). Source-sink manipulations indicate seed yield in canola is limited by source availability. European Journal of Agronomy, 96: 70-76.
  • Zhang, L., Du, Y. and Li, X. G. (2020). Modern wheat cultivars have greater root nitrogen uptake efficiency than old cultivars. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 183: 192-199.
  • Zhao, D-D., Ma, H-Y., Wang, L., Li, S-Y., Qi, W-W., Ma, M-Y. and Xia J-B. (2021). Effects of water and nitrogen addition on the seed yield and germination characteristics of the perennial grass Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9: 704097.
  • Zhou, L., Christopher, D. A. and Paull, R. E. (2000). Defoliation and fruit removal effects on papaya fruit production, sugar accumulation, and sucrose metabolism. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 125: 644-652.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Agronomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hassan Heidari 0000-0002-8908-2326

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 15 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Temmuz 2021
Kabul Tarihi 24 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Heidari, H. (2023). Alteration of Wheat Source-Sink Relation by Nitrogen and Spikelet Removal. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(4), 731-739. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.970364
AMA Heidari H. Alteration of Wheat Source-Sink Relation by Nitrogen and Spikelet Removal. JOTAF. Aralık 2023;20(4):731-739. doi:10.33462/jotaf.970364
Chicago Heidari, Hassan. “Alteration of Wheat Source-Sink Relation by Nitrogen and Spikelet Removal”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 20, sy. 4 (Aralık 2023): 731-39. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.970364.
EndNote Heidari H (01 Aralık 2023) Alteration of Wheat Source-Sink Relation by Nitrogen and Spikelet Removal. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 20 4 731–739.
IEEE H. Heidari, “Alteration of Wheat Source-Sink Relation by Nitrogen and Spikelet Removal”, JOTAF, c. 20, sy. 4, ss. 731–739, 2023, doi: 10.33462/jotaf.970364.
ISNAD Heidari, Hassan. “Alteration of Wheat Source-Sink Relation by Nitrogen and Spikelet Removal”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 20/4 (Aralık 2023), 731-739. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.970364.
JAMA Heidari H. Alteration of Wheat Source-Sink Relation by Nitrogen and Spikelet Removal. JOTAF. 2023;20:731–739.
MLA Heidari, Hassan. “Alteration of Wheat Source-Sink Relation by Nitrogen and Spikelet Removal”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 20, sy. 4, 2023, ss. 731-9, doi:10.33462/jotaf.970364.
Vancouver Heidari H. Alteration of Wheat Source-Sink Relation by Nitrogen and Spikelet Removal. JOTAF. 2023;20(4):731-9.