Sosyal Girişimcilik Niyetinin Karmaşık Örüntüsünün İzinde: Sosyal Girişimcilik Öncülleri, Duygusal Zekâ ve Kolektivizmin Rolü

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 454 - 481, 06.12.2024

Meral Dülger Taşkın

https://doi.org/10.54452/jrb.1396376

Öz

Sosyal girişimcilik, sosyal zorlukların ele alınmasında önemli bir rol oynayan ve büyüyen bir alandır. Hem kârlılık hem de toplum üzerinde olumlu etki yaratma potansiyelleri nedeniyle sosyal girişimciler yeni neslin ilgisini çekmektedir. Geleceğin girişimcileri olma ihtimalleri nedeniyle, işletme öğrencilerinin konuya yaklaşımı önemlidir. Sosyal girişimcilik niyeti, bireyin sosyal bir sorunu çözmek için bir iş kurmayı planlama eğilimini ifade eder. Sosyal girişimcilik, bireysel kazanç ötesinde sosyal fayda sağlamayı hedeflediği için, sosyal girişimcilik niyetini etkileyen faktörlerin hem bireysel hem de bağlamsal olarak incelenmesi konuyu daha fazla aydınlatabilir. Dolayısıyla, sosyal girişimcilik niyetinin bireyin bilgi, duyarlılık, sosyal sorumluluk arzusu ve duygusal zekâ düzeyine dayandığı düşünülmektedir. Dahası, gruba bireyden daha fazla değer veren kültürel bir yönelim olan kolektivizmin, benzer varsayımları paylaşması nedeniyle sosyal girişimcilik niyetinde rol oynayabileceği öngörülmektedir. Ancak, özellikle duygusal zekânın ve bireysel bir değişken olarak kolektivizmin sosyal girişimcilik niyeti üzerindeki etkisi ile ilgili yazın oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu doğrultuda, bu çalışma, sosyal girişimcilik niyetini etkileyen öncüllerin, duygusal zekânın ve kolektivizmin işletme fakültesi öğrencilerinin sosyal girişimcilik niyeti üzerindeki etkisini Planlı Davranış Teorisi çerçevesinde araştırmaktadır. 236 öğrenciden toplanan anket verileri kullanılarak yapılan regresyon analizleri sosyal girişimcilik öncülleri ve duygusal zekâ ile sosyal girişimcilik niyeti arasında olumlu ve anlamlı ilişkiler olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, sosyal girişimcilik öncüllerinden “Ahlaki ve Sosyal Görev” ve “Öz Yeterlilik ve Sosyal Destek”in ve duygusal zekânın alt boyutlarından “Sosyal Farkındalık” ile "Kendi Kendini Yönetme"nin sosyal girişimcilik niyetine en fazla katkıda bulunduğu saptanmıştır. Kolektivizm düzeyi yüksek öğrencilerin sosyal girişimcilik niyetinin ise daha yüksek olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bulgular, sosyal girişimciliği teşvik etmeyi amaçlayan eğitim kurumları, karar vericiler ile girişimci adayları için çıkarımlar sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sosyal girişimcilik, sosyal girişimcilik niyeti, sosyal girişimcilik öncülleri, duygusal zekâ, kolektivizm

Tracing the Complexities of Social Entrepreneurship Intention: The Role of Social Entrepreneurship Antecedents, Emotional Intelligence, and Collectivism

Öz

Social entrepreneurship is a growing field that plays an important role in addressing social and environmental challenges. Social entrepreneurs are attracting the attention of the new generation due to their potential for both profitability and positive impact on society. The approach of business students is crucial as they have the potential to become future entrepreneurs. Social entrepreneurship intention signifies an individual's inclination to establish a business to address a social issue. Examining factors rooted in an individual's knowledge, awareness, social responsibility aspirations, and emotional intelligence with respect to social entrepreneurship intention can provide further insights. Additionally, collectivism is predicted to play a role in social entrepreneurship intention as it highlights valuing the group over the individual. However, literature on the impact of emotional intelligence and collectivism as an individual variable on social entrepreneurship intention is scarce. Hence, this study investigates the impact of social entrepreneurship antecedents, emotional intelligence, and collectivism on social entrepreneurship intention of business students using the Planned Behavior Theory framework. Cross-sectional data collected from 236 students indicate positive and significant relationships between social entrepreneurship antecedents, emotional intelligence, and social entrepreneurship intention. Furthermore, the sub-dimensions of "Ethical and Social Duty" and "Self-Efficacy and Social Support" of social entrepreneurship antecedents, and the sub-dimensions of "Social Awareness" and "Self-Management" of emotional intelligence contribute the most to social entrepreneurship intention. High levels of collectivism correlate with higher social entrepreneurship intention among students. The findings offer insights for educational institutions, policymakers, aiming to promote social entrepreneurship as well as aspiring entrepreneurs.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Social entrepreneurhsip, social entrepreneurship intention, social entrepreneurship antecedents, emotional intelligence, collectivism

Kaynakça

• Acar, S. & & Uslu, D. (2018). Duygusal zekâ ile girişimcilik niyeti arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(4), 16-32.
• Açar, E, & Özcan, N. (2022). Gönüllülük motivasyonları ile sosyal girişimcilik eğilimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: kanonik korelasyon analizi. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 33(4), 1141-1160. https://doi. org/10.33417/tsh.1073948
• Adam, A. F., & Fayolle, A. (2015). Bridging the entrepreneurial intention–behaviour gap: the role of commitment and implementation intention. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 25(1), 36- 54. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijesb.2015.068775
• Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl &J. Beckman (Eds.), Action- control: From cognition to behavior (pp. 11–39). Heidelberg:Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 642-69746-3_2
• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t
• Ajzen, I. (2011) The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections, Psychology & Health, 26(9), 1113- 1127, Doi: 10.1080/08870.446.2011.613995
• Akar, H. (2020). Sosyal girişimcilik öncülleri ölçeğinin türkçeye uyarlanması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Turkish Studies-Educational Sciences, 15(2), 579-593. https://doi.org/10.29228/turkishstudies.40562
• Akın, Z. & Güven, M. (2014). İlköğretim beşinci sınıf öğretim programlarında duygusal zekâya yer verilme durumuna ilişkin sınıf öğretmenlerinin görüşleri. İlköğretim Online, 13(1), 18-32.
• Akkan, E., & Süygün, M. S. (2016). Lisans öğrencilerinin özyeterlik algıları ve başarma güdülerinin sosyal girişimcilik eğilimlerine etkilerinin incelenmesi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(2), 35-63. https://doi.org/10.5578/jeas.28038
• Autio, E., & Acs, Z. (2010). Intellectual property protection and the formation of entrepreneurial growth aspirations. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 4(3), 234-251. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.93
• Autio, E., Pathak, S., & Wennberg, K. (2013). Consequences of cultural practices for entrepreneurial behaviors. Journal of International Business, 44, 334-362. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2013.15
• Aytaç, Ö. (2006). Girişimcilik: Sosyo-kültürel bir perspektif. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi sosyal bilimler dergisi, (15), 139-160.
• Aytaç, Ö., & İlhan, S. (2007). Girişimcilik ve girişimci kültür: sosyolojik bir perspektif. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (18), 101-120.
• Bar-On, R., R. Handley, and S. Fund. 2005. The impact of emotional and social intelligence on performance. In Linking emotional intelligence and performance at work: Current research evidence, Ed. Vanessa Druskat, Fabio Sala, and Gerald Mount.Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Bektaş, G., & Zehir, C. (2022). Duygusal zekâ ve girişimcilik niyeti arasında öz yeterliliğin aracılık ilişkisi. Yıldız Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(1), 11-21.
• Biçer, B., & Başer, E. H. (2019). Öğretmen Adaylarının empatik eğilimlerinin sosyal girişimcilik özelliklerini yordama gücü ve empatik eğilim ile sosyal girişimcilik özelliklerini etkileyen faktörler. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(5), 235-243. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.520986
• Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: the case for intention. The Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 442-453. https://doi.org/10.2307/258091
• Bogatyreva, K., Edelman, L. F., Manolova, T. S., Osiyevskyy, O., & Shirokova, G. (2019). When do entrepreneurial intentions lead to actions? The role of national culture. Journal of Business Research, 96, 309-321. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.034
• Canestrino, R., Ćwiklicki, M., Magliocca, P., & Pawełek, B. (2020). Understanding social entrepreneurship: A cultural perspective in business research. Journal of Business Research, 110, 132-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.01.006
• Caselman, T. (2007). Teaching children empathy, the social emotion: Lessons, activities and reproducible worksheets (k-6) that teach how to “step into others’ shoes, Chapin, SC: Youth Light Books.
• Chao, C. M., & Yu, T. K. (2022). Undergraduate students’ social entrepreneurial intention: The role of individual environmental responsibility and absorptive capacity. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 991. https://doi. org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.829319
• Chell, E., & Baines, S. (2000). Networking, entrepreneurship and microbusiness behaviour. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 12(3), 195-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/089.856.200413464
• Chengalvala, S., & Rentala, S. (2017). Intentions towards social entrepreneurship among university students in India. International Journal of Research-Granthaalayah, 5(6), 406-413. https://doi.org/10.29121/ granthaalayah.v5.i6.2017.2049
• Cin, H. & Günay, G. Y. (2013). Girişimcilerin girişimcilik tipleri ile duygusal zekâları arasındaki ilişki: Edirne örneği. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi 8(2), 7-32.
• Cukier, W., Trenholm, S., Carl, D., & Gekas, G. (2011). Social entrepreneurship: A content analysis. Journal of Strategic Innovation and Sustainability, 7(1), 99-119.
• Çarıkçı, İ., & Koyuncu, O. (2010). Bireyci-toplumcu kültür ve girişimcilik eğilimi arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemeye yönelik bir araştırma. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3, 1-18.
• Çavuş, M. F., & Pekkan, N. Ü. (2017). Algılanan sosyal desteğin sosyal girişimciliğe etkisi: üniversite öğrencileri üzerinde bir araştırma. Business and Economics Research Journal, 8(3), 519-532. https://doi.org/10.20409/ berj.2017.64
• Çiftçi, F., & Zencir, E. (2019). Turizm sektöründeki sosyal girişim çalışanlarının sosyal girişimcilik davranışı, iş ve yaşam tatmini: Tatuta projesi Narköy örneği. Turizm Akademik Dergisi, 6(1), 131-145.
• Duchesneau, D. A., & Gartner, W. B. (1990). A profile of new venture success and failure in an emerging industry. Journal of Business Venturing, 5(5), 297-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(90)90007-g
• Earley, P. C., & Gibson, C. B. (1998). Taking stock in our progress on individualism-collectivism: 100 years of solidarity and community. Journal of Management, 24(3), 265-304. https://doi.org/10.1177/014.920.63 9802400302
• Erbatu, G. (2008). Kültürel boyutları içerisinde girişimcilik eğilimi (Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi).
• Erbir, M., & Gedik, M. (2022). Avrupa’daki sivil toplum kuruluşlarında görevli türk kökenli göçmenlerin örgütsel özdeşleşme eğilimleri ile sosyal girişimcilik özellikleri arasındaki ilişki. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 183-215. https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.920565
• Ercan, S. (2022). Girişimci Doğulur mu, olunur mu? Girişimcilik eğitimi üzerine bir inceleme. Bilimsel Gelişmeler Işığında Yönetim ve Strateji Araştırmaları, 139-148.
• Estrin, S., Mickiewicz, T., & Stephan, U. (2013). Entrepreneurship, social capital, and institutions: Social and commercial entrepreneurship across nations. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(3), 479-504. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12019
• Farrukh, M., Lee, J. W. C., Sajid, M., & Waheed, A. (2019). Entrepreneurial intentions: The role of individualism and collectivism in perspective of theory of planned behaviour. Education+ Training, 61(7/8), 984-1000. https://doi.org/10.1108/et-09-2018-0194
• Fowler, A. (2000). NGDOs as a moment in history: beyond aid to social entrepreneurship or civic innovation?. Third World Quarterly, 21(4), 637-654. https://doi.org/10.1080/713701063
• Goleman, D. (1995). Why it can matter more than IQ. Emotional intelligence. Bloomsbury.
• Goleman, D. (Ed.). (2003). Healing emotions: Conversations with the Dalai Lama on mindfulness, emotions, and health. Shambhala publications.
• Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. E., & McKee, A. (2002). Primal leadership: Realizing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
• Güler, Y. B., Bozacı, İ., & Karakaya, E. (2016). Kültür ile Girişimcilik eğilimi ve ortaklik kültürü ilişkilerinin incelenmesi: Kırıkkale ili üniversite öğrencileri örneği. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(2), 23-33. https://doi.org/10.5578/jeas.27909
• Gülmez, M., Oğuz, S., & Yalçıntaş, D. (2020). Sosyal İnovasyon Alanındaki Yayınların Görsel Haritalama Yöntemiyle Bibliyometrik Analizi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 11(Ek), 90-101. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.727490
• Hayton, J. C., George, G., & Zahra, S. A. (2002). National culture and entrepreneurship: A review of behavioral research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 33-52. https://doi.org/10.1177/104.225.8702026 00403
• Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture and organizations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 10(4), 15- 41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208.825.1980.11656300
• Hofstede G. (1994). Values survey module 1994 manual. University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands: Institute for Research on Intercultural Cooperation.
• Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Sage.
• Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
• Hofstede Insights (2023). Cultural Dimensions Database, Turkey. Accessed at: 05.07.2024 https://www.hofstede- insights.com/country-comparison-tool?countries=turkey
• Hockerts, K. (2015). The social entrepreneurial antecedents scale (SEAS): a validation study. Social Enterprise Journal, 11(3), 260-280. https://doi.org/10.1108/sej-05-2014-0026
• İpçioğlu, İ., & Taşer, A. (2009). İşletme bölümlerinde verilen eğitimin girişimci adayı öğrenciler üzerindeki etkileri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10, 13-25.
• İrengün, O., & Arıkboğa, Ş. (2015). The effect of personality traits on social entrepreneurship intentions: A field research. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 1186-1195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. sbspro.2015.06.172
• Jaén, I., Fernández-Serrano, J., Santos, F. J., & Liñán, F. (2017). Cultural values and social entrepreneurship: A cross-country efficiency analysis. Social Entrepreneurship in Non-Profit and Profit Sectors: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives, 31-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50850-4_3
• Kahveci, H., Gültekin, M., & Eker, D. (2019). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Dogmatik Tutumlarının Bireycilik ve Kolektivizm Değerlerini Yordama Düzeyinin İncelenmesi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (49), 1-22.
• Kirby, D. A., & Ibrahim, N. (2011). Entrepreneurship education and the creation of an enterprise culture: Provisional results from an experiment in Egypt. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7, 181-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365.010.0153-0
• Koç, O. (2010). Toplumsal Sorunlarla Mücadelede Bir Kaldıraç Olarak Sosyal İnovasyon ve Sosyal Girişimcilik Açısından Önemi. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 5:2, 205-212.
• Koe Hwee Nga, J., & Shamuganathan, G. (2010). The influence of personality traits and demographic factors on social entrepreneurship start up intentions. Journal of Business Ethics, 95, 259-282. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10551.009.0358-8
• Krueger, N.F. (1993). The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(1), 5-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/104.225.87 9301800101
• Kruse, P., Wach, D., Costa, S., & Moriano, J. A. (2019). Values matter, Don’t They?–combining theory of planned behavior and personal values as predictors of social entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 10(1), 55-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420.676.2018.1541003
• Kumar, M. R., Kumar, R., & Kumar, R. (2020). Theory of planned behaviour in social entrepreneurship. International Journal in Management and Social Science, 8(06), 119-131.
• Kumcu, E. H., & Çetinel, M. (2022). The relationship between five-factor personality traits and social entreprenuership tendency: The case of university students. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 18(2), 572-594. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.861974
• Lee, S. M., & Peterson, S. J. (2000). Culture, entrepreneurial orientation, and global competitiveness. Journal of World Business, 35(4), 401-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1090-9516(00)00045-6
• Liu X., Lin C., Zhao G. and Zhao D. (2019). Research on the effects of entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial self-efficacy on college students’ entrepreneurial ıntention. Frontiers in Psychology. 10, 869. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00869
• Luc, P. T. (2020). Outcome expectations and social entrepreneurial intention: Integration of planned behavior and social cognitive career theory. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(6), 399-407. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no6.399
• McSweeney, B. (2002), Hofstede’s Model of National Cultural Differences and their Consequences: A Triumph of Faith– A Failure of Analysis. Human Relations, 55(1), 89–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/001.872.6702551004
• Mair, J., & Martí, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of World Business, 41, 36-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.002
• Mair, J. and Noboa, E. (2003). Social entrepreneurship: how intentions to create a social enterprise are formed. Working Paper No 521, Universidad de Navarra, IESE Business School, Barcelona. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.462283
• Mair, J., & Noboa, E. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: How intentions to create a social venture are formed. in Johanna Mair, Jeffrey Robinson and Kai Hockerts (eds), Social Entrepreneurship, Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978.023.0625655_8
• Mathew, J., & Riasudeen, S. (2021). Social entrepreneurship orientation & social networks: moderating role of collectivism. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 56(4), 702-716.
• Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1993). The intelligence of emotional intelligence. Intelligence, 17(4), 433-442.
• Mayer, J.D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey&D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 3–31). New York: Basic Books.
• Miao, C., Humphrey, R. H., Qian, S., & Pollack, J. M. (2018). Emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial intentions: An exploratory meta-analysis. Career Development International, 23(5), 497-512. https://doi. org/10.1108/cdi-01-2018-0019
• Nabi, G., & Holden, R. (2008). Graduate entrepreneurship: intentions, education and training. Education+ Training. 50(7), 545-551. https://doi.org/10.1108/004.009.10810909018
• Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Firm.
• Özdemir, A., Özgüner, M., & Alkış, H. (2018). Üniversitelerde verilen girişimcilik eğitimi girişimci kişilik özelliklerini nasıl etkiler? Deneysel bir araştırma. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 21(2), 430-447. https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.459575
• Pathak, S., & Muralidharan, E. (2014). Collectivism and Trust: Influence on Social and Commerical Entrpreneurship. In Babsons College Entrepreneurship Research Conference, at London, Ontario. https:// doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2403894
• Pathak, S., & Muralidharan, E. (2016). Informal institutions and their comparative influences on social and commercial entrepreneurship: The role of in‐group collectivism and interpersonal trust. Journal of Small Business Management, 54, 168-188. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12289
• Pathak, S., & Muralidharan, E. (2023). Contextualizing emotional intelligence for commercial and social entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 62(2), 667–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187.023.00775-1
• Pinillos, M. J., & Reyes, L. (2011). Relationship between individualist–collectivist culture and entrepreneurial activity: evidence from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data. Small Business Economics, 37(1), 23-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187.009.9230-6
• Polbitsyn, S. N. (2018). Russian University students intentions towards social entrepreneurship. Bulletin of Ural Federal University. Series Economics and Management, 17(3), 554–568. https://doi.org/10.15826/ vestnik.2018.17.3.024
• Prabhu, G. N. (1999). Social entrepreneurship leadership. Career Development International 4(3): 140-145. https://doi.org/10.1108/136.204.39910262796
• Puumalainen, K., Sjögrén, H., Syrjä, P., & Barraket, J. (2015). Comparing social entrepreneurship across nations: An exploratory study of institutional effects. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l’Administration, 32(4), 276-287. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.1356
• Rantanen, T., & Järveläinen, E. (2016). Finnish young peoples attitudes towards and perceptions of entrepreneurship: An evaluation of the impact of youth entrepreneurship theme year. Studia Oeconomica Posnaniensia 4(5), 7-24. https://doi.org/10.18559/soep.2016.5.1
• Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2007). Let’s put the person back into entrepreneurship research: A meta-analysis on the relationship between business owners’ personality traits, business creation, and success. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(4), 353-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/135.943.20701595438
• Sánchez, J. C. (2013). The impact of an entrepreneurship Education program on entrepreneurial competencies and intention. Journal of Small Business Management, 51(3), 447-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/ jsbm.12025
• Saylık, A. (2019). Hofstede’nin kültür boyutları ölçeğinin türkçeye uyarlanması; geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim (TEKE) Dergisi, 8(3), 1860-1881.
• Sent, E. M., & Kroese, A. L. (2022). Commemorating Geert Hofstede, A Pioneer in The Study of Culture And institutions. Journal of Institutional Economics, 18(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1017/s174.413.742000051x
• Shapero, A. (1975). The displaced, uncomfortable entrepreneur. Psychology Today, 9 (November), 83-88, 133.
• Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign’s Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship.
• Short, J. C., Moss, T. W., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2009). Research in social entrepreneurship: Past contributions and future opportunities. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 3(2), 161-194. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.69
• Solesvik, M., Westhead, P. and Matlay, H. (2014). Cultural factors and entrepreneurial intention: the role of entrepreneurship education. Education + Training, 56(8/9), 680-696. https://doi.org/10.1108/et-07- 2014-0075
• Soltwisch, B. W., Dimitrov, D., & Hojnik, J. (2023). How decision-styles and cultural orientation influence entrepreneurial and social entrepreneurial intentions: A cross-cultural comparison. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 988815. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.988815
• Stedham, Y. and Wieland, A. (2017). Culture, benevolent and hostile sexism, and entrepreneurial intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23(4), 673-687. https://doi.org/10.1108/ ijebr-03-2016-0095
• Tan, L. P., Le, A. N. H., & Xuan, L. P. (2020). A systematic literature review on social entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 11(3), 241-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420.676.2019.1640770
• Thompson, J. L. (2002). The world of the social entrepreneur. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 15(5), 412-431. https://doi.org/10.1108/095.135.50210435746
• Tiessen, J. H. (1997). Individualism, collectivism, and entrepreneurship: A framework for international comparative research. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(5), 367-384.
• Tiwari, P., Bhat, A. K., & Tikoria, J. (2017). The role of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy on social entrepreneurial attitudes and social entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 8(2), 165-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420.676.2017.1371628
• Tiwari, P., Bhat, A. K., & Jyoti. (2020). The effect of emotional intelligence, empathy and perceived social pressure on predicting social entrepreneurial intention: A field research. In Methodological Issues in Social Entrepreneurship Knowledge and Practice (pp. 137-158). Springer Singapore. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-981-13-9769-1_8
• Trafimow, D., Triandis, H.C. & Goto, S.G. (1991). Some tests of the distinction between the private self and the collective self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(5), 649-655. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022- 3514.60.5.649
• Triandis, H.C. (1993). Collectivism and individualism as cultural syndromes. Cross-Cultural Research, 27, 155- 180. https://doi.org/10.1177/106.939.719302700301
• Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism-collectivism and personality, Journal of Personality, 69(6), 907 – 924. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.696169
• Ukil, M. I. (2022). Factors Determining Social Entrepreneurial Intention in a Developing Economy. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420.676.2022.2143869
• Urban, B. (2020). Entrepreneurial alertness, self-efficacy and social entrepreneurship intentions. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 27(3), 489-507. https://doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-08-2019-0285
• Urban, B., & Kujinga, L. (2017). The institutional environment and social entrepreneurship intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23(4), 638-655. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-07-2016-0218
• Verheul, I., Wennekers, S., Audretsch, D., & Thurik, R. (2002). An eclectic theory of entrepreneurship: policies, institutions and culture. In Entrepreneurship: Determinants and policy in a European-US comparison, 11-81. Boston, MA: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47556-1_2
• Vevere, V., Cerkovskis, E., and Sannikova, A. (2021). Social entrepreneurship intentions among business students in Latvia. European Integration Studies, 15, 251-259. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.1.15.29111
• Wach, K. (2015). Entrepreneurial orientation and business internationalisation process: The theoretical foundations of international entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 3(2), 9–24. https://doi.org/10.15678/eber.2015.030202
• Weisinger, H. (1998). Emotional intelligence at work. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Wong, C. S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 243-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1048- 9843(02)00099-1
• Yang, R., Meyskens, M., Zheng, C., & Hu, L. (2015). Social entrepreneurial intentions: China versus the USA– Is there a difference?. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 16(4), 253-267. https://doi.org/10.5367/ijei.2015.0199
• Yeşilkaya, M.ve Yıldız, T. (2018). Özgeci Davranış Ekseninde Sosyal İnovasyoneğiliminin İncelenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Girişimcilik İnovasyon ve Pazarlama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(4), 81-97. https://doi. org/10.31006/gipad.421324
• Yıldırım, K. E., & Sunman, G. (2022). Öz Yeterlilik İnancının Sosyal Girişimcilik Niyeti Üzerine Etkisi: Anadolu Üniversitesi ve Aksaray Üniversitesi Öğrencileri Örneği. International Journal of Economic & Social Research, 18(2), 214-226.
• Yiğit, S. (2020). Sosyal Girişimcilikte Ulusal Kültürün Rolü. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(3), 641-658. https://doi.org/10.11616/basbed.v20i56819.638448
• Yitshaki, R. (2012). How do entrepreneurs’ emotional intelligence and transformational leadership orientation impact new ventures’ growth?. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 25(3), 357-374. https://doi. org/10.1080/08276.331.2012.10593578
• Yoo, B., Donthu, N., & Lenartowicz, T. (2011). Measuring Hofstede’s five dimensions of cultural values at the individual level: Development and validation of CVSCALE. Journal of İnternational Consumer Marketing, 23(3-4), 193-210.
• Zampetakis, L. A., Kafetsios, K., Bouranta, N., Dewett, T., & Moustakis, V. S. (2009). On the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 15(6), 595-618. https://doi.org/10.1108/135.525.50910995452
• Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Ahrari, S., Krauss, S. E., Samah, A. A., Meng, L. K., & Ariffin, Z. (2019). Predicting social entrepreneurial intention: A meta-analytic path analysis based on the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Business Research, 96, 264-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.030