Ağrı ve Anksiyete Yönetiminde Sanal Gerçeklik
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 301 - 312, 29.08.2022
Seher Çevik Aktura
,
Seyhan Çıtlık Sarıtaş
,
Serdar Sarıtaş
Öz
Sanal gerçeklik, kullanıcının bilgisayar ortamında oluşturulmuş ortamlarla etkileşimini sağlayan bir arabirimdir. Büyük ölçüde dikkati yoğunlaştırmayı gerektiren sanal gerçeklik, sürükleyici doğası nedeniyle ağrı ve anksiyete için etkili potansiyel bir araç niteliği taşımaktadır. Sanal gerçekliğin, kolay ulaşılabilir ve düşük maliyetli olması sebebiyle hemşirelik alanında kullanımı son yıllarda giderek önem kazanmış ve artmıştır. Sağlık profesyonellerinin, hasta bakımında sanal gerçekliği kullanması ve etkinliğini değerlendirmesi bakım kalitesini arttıracaktır.
Kaynakça
- Agrawal, A. K., Robertson, S., Litwin, L., Tringale, E., Treadwell, M., Hoppe, C., & Marsh, A. (2019). Virtual reality as
complementary pain therapy in hospitalized patients with sickle cell disease. Pediatric blood & cancer,
66(2), 27525.
- Ahmadpour, N., Randall, H., Choksi, H., Gao, A., Vaughan, C., & Poronnik, P. (2019). Virtual Reality interventions for acute and chronic pain management. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 114, 105568.
- Anderson, P. L., Zimand, E., Hodges, L. F., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2005). Cognitive behavioral therapy for publicspeaking anxiety using virtual reality for exposure. Depression and anxiety, 22(3), 156-158.
- Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Holmström, A., Sparthan, E., Furmark, T., Nilsson-Ihrfelt, E., ... & Ekselius, L. (2006).
Internet-based self-help with therapist feedback and in vivo group exposure for social phobia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 74(4), 677.
- Autstralian Institute of Health and Welfare Non-medical Use of Pharmaceuticals Retrieved from (2017) https:// www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/non-medical-use-pharmaceuticals/contents/table-of-contents
- Banos, R.M., Espinoza, M., García-Palacios, A., Cervera, J.M., Esquerdo, G., Barrajon, E., Botella, C.A. (2013). Positive psychological intervention using virtual reality for patients with advanced cancer in a hospital setting: a pilot study to assess feasibility. Supportive Care in Cancer, 21 (1): 263-270.
- Bayraktar, E., Kaleli, F. (2007). Sanal gerçeklik uygulama alanları. Akademik Bilişim, 2,1-6.
- Botella, C., Breton-Lopez, J., Quero, S., Baños, R. M., Garcia-Palacios, A., Zaragoza, I., & Alcañiz, M. (2011). Treating cockroach phobia using a serious game on a mobile phone and augmented reality exposure: A single case study. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(1), 217-227.
- Chirico, A., Lucidi, F., De Laurentiis, M., Milanese, C., Napoli, A., & Giordano, A. (2016). Virtual reality in health system: beyond entertainment. a mini-review on the efficacy of VR during cancer treatment. Journal of cellular physiology, 23(2), 275-287.
- Comeau, C. (1961). Headsight television system provides remote surveillance. Electronics, 86-90.
Deacon, B. J., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2004). Cognitive and behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders: A review of meta-analytic findings. Journal of clinical psychology, 60(4), 429-441.
- Emmelkamp, P. M. (2005). Technological innovations in clinical assessment and psychotherapy. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 74(6), 336-343.
- Fendt, M., & Fanselow, M. S. (1999). The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 23(5), 743-760.
- Foa, E.B., Kozak, M.J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information. Psychol Bull., 99 (1): 20-35.
- Frey, D. P., Bauer, M. E., Bell, C. L., Low, L. K., Hassett, A. L., Cassidy, R. B., ... & Sharar, S. R. (2019). Virtual reality
analgesia in labor: the VRAIL pilot study—a preliminary randomized controlled trial suggesting benefit of
immersive virtual reality analgesia in unmedicated laboring women. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 128(6), 93-96.
- Glare, P., Aubrey, K. R., & Myles, P. S. (2019). Transition from acute to chronic pain after surgery. The Lancet,
393(10180), 1537-1546.
- Glennon, C., McElroy, S. F., Connelly, L. M., Lawson, L. M., Bretches, A. M., Gard, A. R., & Newcomer, L. R. (2018). Use
of Virtual Reality to Distract From Pain and Anxiety. In Oncology nursing forum, 45(4), 545-552.
- Gold, J. I., & Mahrer, N. E. (2018). Is virtual reality ready for prime time in the medical space? A randomized control trial of pediatric virtual reality for acute procedural pain management. Journal of pediatric psychology, 43(3), 266-275.
- Gold, J. I., Belmont, K. A., & Thomas, D. A. (2007). The neurobiology of virtual reality pain attenuation.
CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(4), 536-544.
- Gorini, A., & Riva, G. (2008). Virtual reality in anxiety disorders: the past and the future. Expert Review of
Neurotherapeutics, 8(2), 215-233.
- Gregg, L., & Tarrier, N. (2007). Virtual reality in mental health. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology,
42(5), 343-354.
- Grichnik, K.P., Ferrante, F.M. (1991). The Difference Between Acute and Chronic Pain. Mt. Sinai J Med., 58 (3): 217-220.
- Günel, M. K., Kara, O. K., Özal, C., & Türker, D. (2014). Virtual reality in rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy. Cerebral Palsy-Challenges for the Future, 273, 301.
- Hoffman, H. G., Doctor, J. N., Patterson, D. R., Carrougher, G. J., & Furness III, T. A. (2000). Virtual reality as an
adjunctive pain control during burn wound care in adolescent patients. Pain, 85(1-2), 305-309.
https://sigma.nursingrepository.org/handle/10755/624601.
- Jeffs, D., Dorman, D., Brown, S., Files, A., Graves, T., Kirk, E., ... & Swearingen, C. J. (2014). Effect of virtual reality on
adolescent pain during burn wound care. Journal of Burn Care & Research, 35(5), 395-408.
- Jensen, T. S., Baron, R., Haanpaa, M., Kalso, E., Loeser, J. D., Rice, A. S., & Treede, R. D. (2011). A new definition of
neuropathic pain. Pain, 152(10), 2204-2205.
- Jones, T., Moore, T., Choo, J. (2016). The impact of virtual reality on chronic pain. PloS one, 11 (12): 1-10.
- Karahan, A. Y., Tok, F., Yıldırım, P., Ordahan, B., Türkoğlu, G., & Şahin, N. (2016). The effectiveness of exergames in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized controlled trial. Adv Clin Exp Med., 25:931–936.
- Karaman, D. (2016). Meme Biyopsisi Sırasında Sanal Gerçeklik Uygulamasının Ağrı ve Anksiyete Üzerine Etkisi. Cerrahi Hemşireliği Anabilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zonguldak.
- Karaman, D. (2016). Virtual reality and pain management. Virtual Reality, 5, 288-291.
- Keefe, F. J., Huling, D. A., Coggins, M. J., Keefe, D. F., Rosenthal, M. Z., Herr, N. R., & Hoffman, H. G. (2012). Virtual reality for persistent pain: a new direction for behavioral pain management. Pain, 153(11), 2163.
- Krijn, M., Emmelkamp, P. M., Olafsson, R. P., & Biemond, R. (2004). Virtual reality exposure therapy of anxiety
disorders: A review. Clinical psychology review, 24(3), 259-281.
- Lanier, J., Minsky, M., Fisher, S., Druin, A. (1989). Virtual environments and interactivity: windows to the future.
Comput Graph (ACM), 23, 7–18.
- Le May, S., Paquin, D., Fortin, J. S., & Khadra, C. (2016). DREAM project: Using virtual reality to decrease pain and anxiety of children with burns during treatments. In Proceedings of the 2016 Virtual Reality International Conference, 1-4.
- Li, A., Montaño, Z., Chen, V. J., & Gold, J. I. (2011). Virtual reality and pain management: current trends and future directions. Pain management, 1(2), 147-157.
- Maani, C. V., Hoffman, H. G., Morrow, M., Maiers, A., Gaylord, K., McGhee, L. L., & DeSocio, P. A. (2011). Virtual reality pain control during burn wound debridement of combat-related burn injuries using robot-like arm mounted VR goggles. The Journal of trauma, 71(1 0), S125.
- Maples-Keller, J. L., Bunnell, B. E., Kim, S. J., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2017). The use of virtual reality technology in the
treatment of anxiety and other psychiatric disorders. Harvard review of psychiatry, 25(3), 103.
- McCann, R. A., Armstrong, C. M., Skopp, N. A., Edwards-Stewart, A., Smolenski, D. J., June, J. D., ... & Reger, G. M. (2014). Virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of anxiety disorders: an evaluation of research quality. Journal of anxiety disorders, 28(6), 625-631.
- Mosso, J. L., Obrador, G. T., Wiederhold, B., Wiederhold, M., Lara, V., & Santander, A. (2012). Cybertherapy in
Medicine–Experience at the Universidad Panamericana (In Virtual Reality in Psychological, Medical and
Pedagogical Applications). Mexico, 229-235.
- Mosso-Vazquez, J. L., Gao, K., Wiederhold, B. K., & Wiederhold, M. D. (2014). Virtual reality for pain management in cardiac surgery. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(6), 371-378.
- Nilsson, S., Finnström, B., Kokinsky, E., & Enskär, K. (2009). The use of Virtual Reality for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents in a paediatric oncology unit. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 13(2), 102-109.
- Parsons, T. D., & Rizzo, A. A. (2008). Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: A meta-analysis. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 39(3), 250-261.
- Pourmand, A., Davis, S., Marchak, A., Whiteside, T., & Sikka, N. (2018). Virtual reality as a clinical tool for pain
management. Current pain and headache reports, 22(8), 1-6.
- Riva, G. (2009). Virtual reality: an experiential tool for clinical psychology. British Journal of Guidance &
Counselling, 37(3), 337-345.
- Rothbaum, B.O., Hodges, L.F., Kooper, R., Opdyke, D. (1995). Effectiveness of computer-generated (virtual reality) graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia. The American journal of psychiatry,152 (4), 626-628.
- Schneider, S. M., & Hood, L. E. (2007). Virtual reality: a distraction intervention for chemotherapy. In Oncology
nursing forum, 34 (1): 39–46.
- Schneider, S. M., Kisby, C. K., & Flint, E. P. (2011). Effect of virtual reality on time perception in patients receiving
chemotherapy. Supportive Care in Cancer, 19(4), 555-564.
- Schroeder, D., Korsakov, F., Jolton, J., Keefe, F. J., Haley, A., & Keefe, D. F. (2013). Creating widely accessible spatial interfaces: Mobile VR for managing persistent pain. IEEE computer graphics and applications, 33(3), 82-88.
- Shiban, Y., Pauli, P., & Mühlberger, A. (2013). Effect of multiple context exposure on renewal in spider phobia.
Behaviour research and therapy, 51(2), 68-74.
- Srivastava, K., Das, R., Chaudhury, S. (2014). Virtual reality applications in mental health: challenges and
perspectives. Ind Psychiatry J., 23 (2): 83-85.
- Sürücü, O., Başar, M.E. (2016). Kültürel mirası korumada bir farkındalık aracı olarak sanal gerçeklik. Artium, 4(1), 13-26.
- Sutherland, I. E. (2007). Das ultimative Display. Navigationen-Zeitschrift für Medien-und Kulturwissenschaften, 7(2), 29-32.
- Türk Dil Kurumu. http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php option=com_gts&arama=gts&guid=TDK.GTS.575aacdcaa4fc0.75730973. Erişim adresi / Erişim tarihi: 20.12.2021
- Üzümcü, E., Akın, B., Nergiz, H., İnözü, M., Çelikcan, U. (2018). Anksiyete Bozukluklarında Sanal Gerçeklik. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 10 (1): 99-107.
- Walker, M. R., Kallingal, G. J., Musser, J. E., Folen, R., Stetz, M. C., & Clark, J. Y. (2014). Treatment efficacy of virtual
reality distraction in the reduction of pain and anxiety during cystoscopy. Military medicine, 179(8), 891-896.
- Wan, Y. K., Lin, C. X., & Liaw, J. J. (2018). Effects of Analgesics and Virtual Reality Therapy on Patients' Pain and
Anxiety in Changing Dressing. 29th International Nursing Research Congress, Melbourne, Australia.
- Wiederhold, B. K., Gao, K., Sulea, C., & Wiederhold, M. D. (2014). Virtual reality as a distraction technique in chronic pain patients. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(6), 346-352.
- Windich-Biermeier, A., Sjoberg, I., Dale, J. C., Eshelman, D., & Guzzetta, C. E. (2007). Effects of distraction on pain, fear, and distress during venous port access and venipuncture in children and adolescents with cancer. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 24(1), 8-19.
- Wittkopf, P. G., Lloyd, D. M., Coe, O., Yacoobali, S., & Billington, J. (2020). The effect of interactive virtual reality on pain perception: a systematic review of clinical studies. Disability and rehabilitation, 42(26), 3722-3733.
- Won, A. S., Bailey, J., Bailenson, J., Tataru, C., Yoon, I. A., & Golianu, B. (2017). Immersive virtual reality for pediatric pain. Children, 4(7), 52.
Virtual Reality in Pain and Anxiety Management
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 301 - 312, 29.08.2022
Seher Çevik Aktura
,
Seyhan Çıtlık Sarıtaş
,
Serdar Sarıtaş
Öz
Virtual reality is an interface that allows the user to interact with environments created in a computer environment. The virtual reality, which requires a great deal of attention, is an effective tool for pain and anxiety due to its immersive nature. The use of virtual reality in the nursing field has become increasingly important and increased in recent years as it is easily accessible and low cost. Health professionals’ use of virtual reality in patient care and their effectiveness will improve the quality of care.
Kaynakça
- Agrawal, A. K., Robertson, S., Litwin, L., Tringale, E., Treadwell, M., Hoppe, C., & Marsh, A. (2019). Virtual reality as
complementary pain therapy in hospitalized patients with sickle cell disease. Pediatric blood & cancer,
66(2), 27525.
- Ahmadpour, N., Randall, H., Choksi, H., Gao, A., Vaughan, C., & Poronnik, P. (2019). Virtual Reality interventions for acute and chronic pain management. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 114, 105568.
- Anderson, P. L., Zimand, E., Hodges, L. F., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2005). Cognitive behavioral therapy for publicspeaking anxiety using virtual reality for exposure. Depression and anxiety, 22(3), 156-158.
- Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Holmström, A., Sparthan, E., Furmark, T., Nilsson-Ihrfelt, E., ... & Ekselius, L. (2006).
Internet-based self-help with therapist feedback and in vivo group exposure for social phobia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 74(4), 677.
- Autstralian Institute of Health and Welfare Non-medical Use of Pharmaceuticals Retrieved from (2017) https:// www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/non-medical-use-pharmaceuticals/contents/table-of-contents
- Banos, R.M., Espinoza, M., García-Palacios, A., Cervera, J.M., Esquerdo, G., Barrajon, E., Botella, C.A. (2013). Positive psychological intervention using virtual reality for patients with advanced cancer in a hospital setting: a pilot study to assess feasibility. Supportive Care in Cancer, 21 (1): 263-270.
- Bayraktar, E., Kaleli, F. (2007). Sanal gerçeklik uygulama alanları. Akademik Bilişim, 2,1-6.
- Botella, C., Breton-Lopez, J., Quero, S., Baños, R. M., Garcia-Palacios, A., Zaragoza, I., & Alcañiz, M. (2011). Treating cockroach phobia using a serious game on a mobile phone and augmented reality exposure: A single case study. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(1), 217-227.
- Chirico, A., Lucidi, F., De Laurentiis, M., Milanese, C., Napoli, A., & Giordano, A. (2016). Virtual reality in health system: beyond entertainment. a mini-review on the efficacy of VR during cancer treatment. Journal of cellular physiology, 23(2), 275-287.
- Comeau, C. (1961). Headsight television system provides remote surveillance. Electronics, 86-90.
Deacon, B. J., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2004). Cognitive and behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders: A review of meta-analytic findings. Journal of clinical psychology, 60(4), 429-441.
- Emmelkamp, P. M. (2005). Technological innovations in clinical assessment and psychotherapy. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 74(6), 336-343.
- Fendt, M., & Fanselow, M. S. (1999). The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 23(5), 743-760.
- Foa, E.B., Kozak, M.J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information. Psychol Bull., 99 (1): 20-35.
- Frey, D. P., Bauer, M. E., Bell, C. L., Low, L. K., Hassett, A. L., Cassidy, R. B., ... & Sharar, S. R. (2019). Virtual reality
analgesia in labor: the VRAIL pilot study—a preliminary randomized controlled trial suggesting benefit of
immersive virtual reality analgesia in unmedicated laboring women. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 128(6), 93-96.
- Glare, P., Aubrey, K. R., & Myles, P. S. (2019). Transition from acute to chronic pain after surgery. The Lancet,
393(10180), 1537-1546.
- Glennon, C., McElroy, S. F., Connelly, L. M., Lawson, L. M., Bretches, A. M., Gard, A. R., & Newcomer, L. R. (2018). Use
of Virtual Reality to Distract From Pain and Anxiety. In Oncology nursing forum, 45(4), 545-552.
- Gold, J. I., & Mahrer, N. E. (2018). Is virtual reality ready for prime time in the medical space? A randomized control trial of pediatric virtual reality for acute procedural pain management. Journal of pediatric psychology, 43(3), 266-275.
- Gold, J. I., Belmont, K. A., & Thomas, D. A. (2007). The neurobiology of virtual reality pain attenuation.
CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(4), 536-544.
- Gorini, A., & Riva, G. (2008). Virtual reality in anxiety disorders: the past and the future. Expert Review of
Neurotherapeutics, 8(2), 215-233.
- Gregg, L., & Tarrier, N. (2007). Virtual reality in mental health. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology,
42(5), 343-354.
- Grichnik, K.P., Ferrante, F.M. (1991). The Difference Between Acute and Chronic Pain. Mt. Sinai J Med., 58 (3): 217-220.
- Günel, M. K., Kara, O. K., Özal, C., & Türker, D. (2014). Virtual reality in rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy. Cerebral Palsy-Challenges for the Future, 273, 301.
- Hoffman, H. G., Doctor, J. N., Patterson, D. R., Carrougher, G. J., & Furness III, T. A. (2000). Virtual reality as an
adjunctive pain control during burn wound care in adolescent patients. Pain, 85(1-2), 305-309.
https://sigma.nursingrepository.org/handle/10755/624601.
- Jeffs, D., Dorman, D., Brown, S., Files, A., Graves, T., Kirk, E., ... & Swearingen, C. J. (2014). Effect of virtual reality on
adolescent pain during burn wound care. Journal of Burn Care & Research, 35(5), 395-408.
- Jensen, T. S., Baron, R., Haanpaa, M., Kalso, E., Loeser, J. D., Rice, A. S., & Treede, R. D. (2011). A new definition of
neuropathic pain. Pain, 152(10), 2204-2205.
- Jones, T., Moore, T., Choo, J. (2016). The impact of virtual reality on chronic pain. PloS one, 11 (12): 1-10.
- Karahan, A. Y., Tok, F., Yıldırım, P., Ordahan, B., Türkoğlu, G., & Şahin, N. (2016). The effectiveness of exergames in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized controlled trial. Adv Clin Exp Med., 25:931–936.
- Karaman, D. (2016). Meme Biyopsisi Sırasında Sanal Gerçeklik Uygulamasının Ağrı ve Anksiyete Üzerine Etkisi. Cerrahi Hemşireliği Anabilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zonguldak.
- Karaman, D. (2016). Virtual reality and pain management. Virtual Reality, 5, 288-291.
- Keefe, F. J., Huling, D. A., Coggins, M. J., Keefe, D. F., Rosenthal, M. Z., Herr, N. R., & Hoffman, H. G. (2012). Virtual reality for persistent pain: a new direction for behavioral pain management. Pain, 153(11), 2163.
- Krijn, M., Emmelkamp, P. M., Olafsson, R. P., & Biemond, R. (2004). Virtual reality exposure therapy of anxiety
disorders: A review. Clinical psychology review, 24(3), 259-281.
- Lanier, J., Minsky, M., Fisher, S., Druin, A. (1989). Virtual environments and interactivity: windows to the future.
Comput Graph (ACM), 23, 7–18.
- Le May, S., Paquin, D., Fortin, J. S., & Khadra, C. (2016). DREAM project: Using virtual reality to decrease pain and anxiety of children with burns during treatments. In Proceedings of the 2016 Virtual Reality International Conference, 1-4.
- Li, A., Montaño, Z., Chen, V. J., & Gold, J. I. (2011). Virtual reality and pain management: current trends and future directions. Pain management, 1(2), 147-157.
- Maani, C. V., Hoffman, H. G., Morrow, M., Maiers, A., Gaylord, K., McGhee, L. L., & DeSocio, P. A. (2011). Virtual reality pain control during burn wound debridement of combat-related burn injuries using robot-like arm mounted VR goggles. The Journal of trauma, 71(1 0), S125.
- Maples-Keller, J. L., Bunnell, B. E., Kim, S. J., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2017). The use of virtual reality technology in the
treatment of anxiety and other psychiatric disorders. Harvard review of psychiatry, 25(3), 103.
- McCann, R. A., Armstrong, C. M., Skopp, N. A., Edwards-Stewart, A., Smolenski, D. J., June, J. D., ... & Reger, G. M. (2014). Virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of anxiety disorders: an evaluation of research quality. Journal of anxiety disorders, 28(6), 625-631.
- Mosso, J. L., Obrador, G. T., Wiederhold, B., Wiederhold, M., Lara, V., & Santander, A. (2012). Cybertherapy in
Medicine–Experience at the Universidad Panamericana (In Virtual Reality in Psychological, Medical and
Pedagogical Applications). Mexico, 229-235.
- Mosso-Vazquez, J. L., Gao, K., Wiederhold, B. K., & Wiederhold, M. D. (2014). Virtual reality for pain management in cardiac surgery. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(6), 371-378.
- Nilsson, S., Finnström, B., Kokinsky, E., & Enskär, K. (2009). The use of Virtual Reality for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents in a paediatric oncology unit. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 13(2), 102-109.
- Parsons, T. D., & Rizzo, A. A. (2008). Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: A meta-analysis. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 39(3), 250-261.
- Pourmand, A., Davis, S., Marchak, A., Whiteside, T., & Sikka, N. (2018). Virtual reality as a clinical tool for pain
management. Current pain and headache reports, 22(8), 1-6.
- Riva, G. (2009). Virtual reality: an experiential tool for clinical psychology. British Journal of Guidance &
Counselling, 37(3), 337-345.
- Rothbaum, B.O., Hodges, L.F., Kooper, R., Opdyke, D. (1995). Effectiveness of computer-generated (virtual reality) graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia. The American journal of psychiatry,152 (4), 626-628.
- Schneider, S. M., & Hood, L. E. (2007). Virtual reality: a distraction intervention for chemotherapy. In Oncology
nursing forum, 34 (1): 39–46.
- Schneider, S. M., Kisby, C. K., & Flint, E. P. (2011). Effect of virtual reality on time perception in patients receiving
chemotherapy. Supportive Care in Cancer, 19(4), 555-564.
- Schroeder, D., Korsakov, F., Jolton, J., Keefe, F. J., Haley, A., & Keefe, D. F. (2013). Creating widely accessible spatial interfaces: Mobile VR for managing persistent pain. IEEE computer graphics and applications, 33(3), 82-88.
- Shiban, Y., Pauli, P., & Mühlberger, A. (2013). Effect of multiple context exposure on renewal in spider phobia.
Behaviour research and therapy, 51(2), 68-74.
- Srivastava, K., Das, R., Chaudhury, S. (2014). Virtual reality applications in mental health: challenges and
perspectives. Ind Psychiatry J., 23 (2): 83-85.
- Sürücü, O., Başar, M.E. (2016). Kültürel mirası korumada bir farkındalık aracı olarak sanal gerçeklik. Artium, 4(1), 13-26.
- Sutherland, I. E. (2007). Das ultimative Display. Navigationen-Zeitschrift für Medien-und Kulturwissenschaften, 7(2), 29-32.
- Türk Dil Kurumu. http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php option=com_gts&arama=gts&guid=TDK.GTS.575aacdcaa4fc0.75730973. Erişim adresi / Erişim tarihi: 20.12.2021
- Üzümcü, E., Akın, B., Nergiz, H., İnözü, M., Çelikcan, U. (2018). Anksiyete Bozukluklarında Sanal Gerçeklik. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 10 (1): 99-107.
- Walker, M. R., Kallingal, G. J., Musser, J. E., Folen, R., Stetz, M. C., & Clark, J. Y. (2014). Treatment efficacy of virtual
reality distraction in the reduction of pain and anxiety during cystoscopy. Military medicine, 179(8), 891-896.
- Wan, Y. K., Lin, C. X., & Liaw, J. J. (2018). Effects of Analgesics and Virtual Reality Therapy on Patients' Pain and
Anxiety in Changing Dressing. 29th International Nursing Research Congress, Melbourne, Australia.
- Wiederhold, B. K., Gao, K., Sulea, C., & Wiederhold, M. D. (2014). Virtual reality as a distraction technique in chronic pain patients. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(6), 346-352.
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