Motion Verbs in Learner Corpora

Öz

Motions verbs are differ across languages in respect of spatial relations and syntactic and semantic conceptualization. Languages have two typological groups for motion events: (a) verb-framed languages in which the main verb expresses the core information of the path of movement, and the manner information is expressed in a subordinate structure (e.g. a gerundive) and (b) satellite-framed languages where the main verb expresses information about manner of movement and a subordinate satellite element (e.g., a verb particle) to the verb conveys the path of movement (Talmy, 1985; Chen & Guo, 2009). In this corpus-based study, two learner corpora from two different native languages as Turkish as a verb-framed language and German as satellite-framed language are investigated in terms of motion verbs in English like move, fly, walk, go via frequency and statistical analysis for corpora comparison. Major aim of the study is to find out whether there is a statistical difference in the use of motion verbs by Turkish (as a verb-framed L1) and German (as a satellite-framed L1) learners in due of cross-linguistic difference between Turkish and German which may be a factor that influence learners essay writing in English (as a satellite framed L2) in the use of motion verbs. Results indicated that German learners of English use especially manner of motion verbs in English statistically more frequent and lexically more diverse in their essays than Turkish learners of English.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Motion verbs in English,Learner corpus,Language Typology

Öğrenen Derleminde Devinim Eylemleri

Öz

Devinim eylemleri, uzamsal ilişki, sizdizimsel ve anlamsal kavramsallaştırma açısından dillere gore farklılık gösterir. Diller, devinim eylemlerinde iki gruba ayrılır: (a) eylem-çerçeveli diller, temel eylemin hareket yolunun öz bilgisini ifade ettiği ve tarz bilgisinin yan yapılarla (ortaç gibi) ifade edildiği diller, (b) uydu-çerçeveli diller, temel eylemin bilgiyi hareket tarzı ve yan uydu elementi (eylem takısı gibi) ile ifade ettiği diller (Talmy, 1985; Chen & Guo, 2009). Derleme dayalı bu çalışamada, anadili eylem-çerçeveli bir dil olan Türk öğrenenler ile anadili bir uydu-çerçeveli bir dil olan Alman öğrenenlerin uydu-çerçeveli bir dil olan İngilizcede’ki bazı devinim eylemlerini İngilizce komposizyonlarındaki kullanımları sıklık ve istatistik açıdan incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın ana amacı, İngilizceyi yabancı dil olarak öğrenen Türk ve Alman öğrenenlerin, İngilizce komposizyon yazarken diller arası farklılıklara dayalı etki olup olmadığını araştırmaktır. Sonuçlara gore Alman öğrenenler istatistiksel açıdan özellikle tarz-devinim eylem türlerini, Türk öğrenenlere gore İngilizce komposizyonlarda daha sıklıkla ve sözcüksel olarak daha çeşitli kullanmaktadırlar. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İngilizce’de devinim eylemleri,Öğrenen derlemi,Dil tipolojisi

Kaynakça

1. Cadierno, T. (2004). Expressing motion events in a second language: a cognitive typological perspective. In M. Achard and S. Niemeier (Eds), Cognitive Linguistics, Second Language Acquisition, and Foreign Language Teaching, (pp:13-49). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
2. Cadierno, T. & Ruiz, L. (2006). Motion events in Spanish L2 acquisition. In Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 4. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
3. Chen, L. & Guo. J. (2009). Motion events in Chinese novels: evidence for an equipollently-framed language. Journal of Pragmatics, 41, 1749-1766.
4. Granger, S., Dagneaux, E. & Meunier, F. (2002). International Corpus of Learner English, Louvain:UCL.
5. Kilgarriff, A., Baisa, V., Bušta, J., Jakubíček,M., Kovvář,V., Michelfeit, J., Rychlý, P., Suchomel, V. (2014). The Sketch Engine: ten years on. Lexicography, Vol:1, pp. 7-36. Retrieved from: http://www.sketchengine.co.uk/.
6. Levin, B. (1993). English Verb Classes and Alternations. University of Chicago Press.
7. Littlemore, J. (2009). Applying Cognitive Linguistics to Second Language Learning and Teaching. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
8. Log-Likelihood Tool. http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/tools.html. Lancaster University.

9. Özyurek, A. & Kita , S. (1998). Expressing manner and path in English and Turkish: Differences in speech, gesture, and conceptualization. In M. Hahn, and S. C. Stoness (Eds.), Proceedings of the Twenty-first Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, ( pp: 507-512). London: Erlbaum.
10. Özçalışkan, Ş. & Slobin, D.I. (2003). Codability Effects on the expression of manner of motion in Turkish and English. In A. S. Özsoy, D. Akar, M. Nakipoğlu-Demiralp, E. Erguvanlı-Taylan, & A. Aksu-Koç (Eds.) Studies in Turkish linguistics, (pp:507-512). Istanbul: Boğaziçi University Press.
11. Pasanen, P. & Pakkala-Weckström, M. (2008). The Finnish way to travel: verbs og motion in Finnish frog story narratives. AFinLAn vuosikirja, [S.l.], 66, 311-331. Retreived from: file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/59995-1-63545-1-10-20161202%20(1).pdf.
12. Ringbom, H. (2007). Cross-linguistic Similarity in Foreign Language Learning. Toronto: Multilingual Matters.
13. Sharpen, R. (2016). L1 Conceptual transfer in the acquisition of L2 motion events in Spanish and English: The thinking-for-speaking hypothesis. Open Linguistics, 2, 235-252. Retrieved from: https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/opli.2016.2.issue-1/opli-2016-0011/opli-2016-0011.pdf.
14. Slobin, D. (1987). Thinking for Speaking. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkley Linguistics Society, (pp. 435-445). University of California.
15. Slobin, D. (2004). The many ways to search for a frog: linguistic typology and the expression of motion events. In Stro¨mqvist, S., Verhoeven, L. (Eds.), Relating Events in Narrative: Typological and Contextual Perspectives (pp: 219–257). Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
16. Slobin, D. (2006). What makes manner of motion salient? Explorations in linguistic typology, discourse, and cognition In M. Hickmann & S. Robert (Eds.) Space in languages: Linguistic systems and cognitive categories, (pp:59-81). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
17. Talmy, L. (1985). Lexicalization patterns: semantic structure in lexical forms. In Shopen (Ed.) Language Typology and Lexical Description: vol.3. Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon, (pp:36-149). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
18. Talmy, L. (1991). Path to realization: A typology of event conflation. Berkeley Working Papers in Linguistics, 480-519.
19. Talmy, L. (2000). Toward a Cognitive Semantics. Volume 1: Concept Structuring Systems. Volume 2: Typology and Process in Concept Structuring. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
20. Vasanta, D. (2011). Verbs of motion and language use: reflections on research. Retrieved from: http://valrg.in/downloads/Publications/Vasanta's%20chapter%20on%20motion%20verbs.pdf