‘Başkalarının Ölçülerine’ Karşı: Sidney ve Spenser’da Milliyetçiliği Yeniden Değerlendirmek

Yıl 2019, Cilt 18 IDEA Özel Sayı, 139 - 149, 31.12.2019

Murat Öğütcü

https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.596529

Cited By: 1

Öz

Eleştiri
geleneği, Sir Philip Sidney ve Edmund Spenser’ı Erken Modern Dönem
İngiltere’deki milliyetçi hareketin öncüleri arasında konumlandırır. Tarihsel
bir bakış açısıyla, bu görüş, 19. ve 20. yüzyıl edebiyat eleştirmenlerinin İngilizliği
yüceltme amacıyla edebiyat kanonundaki ulusal şair kavramını oluşturmalarının
bir sonucudur. Oysa Erken Modern Dönem’de millet fikri, dinin, mezhebin, ırkın,
coğrafyanın ve sosyal sınıfın önem taşıdığı çok katmanlı bir olguydu. Ulusal
ve uluslararası ilişkiler, İngilizler, Hollandalılar, Fransızlar, ve bunları
daha da alt gruplara bölen Protestanlar, Katolikler, Püritenler ve daha birçok
grup tarafından doldurulmuş olan nispeten kozmopolit 16. yüzyıl Londra
sokaklarında günlük olarak hissedilebilirdi. Dahası, İngilizcenin edebi ve
edebi olmayan düzeylerde yüceltilmesi ile ilgili entelektüel tartışmalar,
bugünkü milliyetçilik anlayışımızın ima ettiği homojenlikten uzaktı. Aksine,
edebi ve edebi olmayan entelektüel tartışmalar, taklit, çeviri, uyarlama ve
denemelerden oluşan fikir alış verişlerinin sonucuydu. Bu nedenle,
milliyetçilik, Sidney ve Spenser’ın çalışmalarında ulusal kimlikleriyle ne
kadar gurur duyduklarını ve yüceltmek istediklerini anlamak için 19. ve 20.
yüzyıl konseptlerinden 16. yüzyıldaki milliyetçilik anlayışı doğrultusunda tarihsel çerçevede yeniden
konumlandırılmalıdır. Buna göre,
bu çalışmada Sidney ve Spenser’ın eserleri, başta şiirleri olmak üzere,
milliyetçilik kavramından hareketle incelenecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Erken Modern Dönem, Milliyetçilik, Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser

Against ‘others' feet’: Reassessing Nationalism in Sidney and Spenser

Öz

The critical
tradition positions Sir Philip Sidney and Edmund Spenser among the pioneers of
the nationalistic movement in Early Modern England. From a historical point of
view, this has been the result of the promotion of Britishness by 19th and 20th
century literary critics through their construction of national poets in the
literary canon. Yet, the idea of nation in the Early Modern Period was a
multi-layered phenomenon in which religion, sectarianism, race, geography, and
social rank were of significance. International and intranational relationships
could be felt on a daily basis on the streets of the relatively cosmopolitan
London that was populated by the English, the Dutch, and the French, which were
further divided into Protestants, Catholics, Puritans, and many more groups in
the 16th century. What is more, intellectual discussions about the promotion of
the English tongue on literary and non-literary levels were far from the
homogeny which our present understanding of nationalism implies. Rather,
literary and non-literary intellectual discussions were the result of the
negotiations of imitation, translation, appropriation, and experimentation.
Hence, nationalism should be re-historicised from its 19th and 20th century
concepts to the 16th century to understand to what extent Sidney and
Spenser were proud of and promoted their national identities in their works.
Accordingly, this article will attempt to discuss nationalism in Sidney
and Spenser’s works with a primary focus on their poetry.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Early Modern Period, Nationalism, Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser

Kaynakça

• Ascham, R. (1570). The Scholemaster. London: Iohn Daye.
• Bennet, J. W. (1942). The evolution of The Faerie Queene. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Brooks-Davies, D. (1977). Spenser’s Faerie Queene: A critical commentary on books 1 and 2. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
• Castiglione, B. (1577). The Covrtyer. (T. Hoby, Trans.). London: Denham.
• Cheney, P. (2011). Reading sixteenth-century poetry. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Coogan, R. (1981). The triumph of reason: Sidney’s defense and Aristotle’s rhetoric. Papers on Literature and Language, 17, 255-270.
• Cunningham, W. (1897). Alien immigrants to England. New York: Macmillan.
• Distiller, N. (2008). Desire and gender in the sonnet tradition. New York: Palgrave.
• Elyot, T. (1544). The Boke Named Gouernour. London: N. p.
• Ficino, M. (1977). The Soul of Man. In J. B. Ross & M. M. McLaughlin (Eds.), The portable renaissance reader (pp. 387-392). New York: Penguin.
• Finlay, R. (1981). Population and metropolis: the demography of London, 1580-1650. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Greenblatt, S. (2005). Renaissance self-fashioning: from More to Shakespeare. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
• Groak, J. (2001). Canon vs. culture: Reflections on the current debate. New York: Garland.
• Hadfield, A. (1997). Edmund Spenser’s Irish experience: Wilde fruit and salvage soyl. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Hammer, P. E. J. (1999). The polarisation of elizabethan politics: The political career of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, 1585-1597. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Helgerson, R. (2005). Remembering, forgetting, and the founding of a national literature: The example of Joachim du Bellay. Real: Yearbook of Research in English and American Literature 21, 19-30.
• Heninger, S. K. (1988). Sidney and Serranus’s Plato. In A. F. Kinney (Ed.), Sidney and retrospect: Selections from English literary renaissance (pp. 27-44). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
• King, A. (2004). Sidney and Spenser. In C. J. Saunders (Ed.), A companion to romance: From classical to contemporary (pp. 140-159). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
• Lamson, R. & Smith, H. (1956). Renaissance England: poetry and prose from the reformation to the restoration. New York: W. W. Norton.
• Levin, C. & Watkins, J. (2012). Introduction. In C. Levin & J. Watkins (Eds.), Shakespeare’s foreign worlds: National and transnational identities in the Elizabethan age (pp. 1 19). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
• Loades, D. M. (1974). Politics and the nation 1450-1660: Obedience, resistance and public order. London: Fontana and Collins.
• Marotti, A. F. (1982). ‘Love Is Not Love’: Elizabethan sonnet sequences and the social order. ELH, 49(2), pp. 396-428. Retrived from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2872989.
• McCabe, R. A. (2002). Spenser’s monstrous regiment: Elizabethan Ireland and the poetics of difference. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
• Öğütcü, M. (2017). Julius Caesar: Tyrannicide made unpopular. Parergon 34(1), 109-128. Retrived from https://muse.jhu.edu/article/674386.
• Pearson, L. E. (1966). Elizabethan love convention. London: Unwin.
• Seber, H. (1995). The concept of love in the renaissance sonnet and Astrophel the outsider. JELL 3, 117-126.
• Shepard, A. (2003). Meanings of manhood in early modern England. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
• Sidney, P. (1595). The Defence of Poeſie. London: Ponſonby.
• Sidney, P. (1962). Astrophil and Stella. In W. A. Ringer (Ed.), The poems of Sir Philip Sidney (pp. 163-237). Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
• Sidney, P. (1973). A letter written by Sir Philip Sidney to Queen Elizabeth, touching her marriage with Monsieur. In K. Duncan-Jones & J. Van Dorsten (Eds.), Miscellaneous prose of Sir Philip Sidney (pp. 46-57). Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
• Smith, D. S. (2014). John Donne and the conway papers: Patronage and manuscript circulation in the early seventeenth century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Spenser, E. (1579). The Shepheardes Callender. London: Singleton.
• Spenser, E. (1617). Astrophel. In Colin Clovts Come Home Againe (pp. B1r-B2v). London: Lownes.
• Spenser, E. (1679). A view of the state of Ireland. In The works of that famous Engliſh poet, Mr. Edmond Spenſer (pp. 201-258). London: Edwin.
• Spenser, E. (1932a). A letter of the authors expounding his whole intention in the course of this worke; which, for that it giveth great light to the reader, for the better understanding is hereunto annexed. to the right noble and valorous, Sir Walter Raleigh, Knight, Lo. Wardein of the Stanneryes, and her Maiesties Liefetenaunt of the Counry of Cornewayll. In E. Greenlaw et al. (Eds.), The works of Edmund Spenser: A variorum edition: The Faerie Queen Book One (Vol. 1, pp. 167-170). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
• Spenser, E. (1932b). The works of Edmund Spenser: A variorum edition: The Faerie Queen book one. E. Greenlaw et al. (Eds.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
• Spenser, E. (1933). The works of Edmund Spenser: A variorum edition: The Faerie Queen book two. E. Greenlaw et al. (Eds.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
• Spenser, E. (1936). The works of Edmund Spenser: A variorum edition: The Faerie Queen book five. E. Greenlaw et al. (Eds.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
• Spenser, E. (1938). The works of Edmund Spenser: A variorum edition: The Faerie Queen book six and seven. E. Greenlaw et al. (Eds.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
• Spenser, E. (1943a). Amoretti. In E. Greenlaw et al. (Eds.), The works of Edmund Spenser: A variorum edition: The minor poems part two (Vol. 8, 189-232). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
• Spenser, E. (1943b). Dedicatory epistle. In E. Greenlaw et al. (Eds.), The works of Edmund Spenser: A variorum edition: The minor poems part one (Vol. 7, pp. 7-11). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
• Stone, L. (1979). The crisis of the aristocracy: 1558-1641. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Umunç, H. (1995). Sidney’s Sonnet 1: An epitome of his literary policy. JELL 3, 113-116.
• Williams, P. (1995). The later Tudors: England 1547-1603. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
• Waller, G. (2003). Edmund Spenser: A literary life. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Woodcock, M. (2004). Fairy in The Faerie Queene: Renaissance elf-fashioning and Elizabethan myth-making. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
• Wordsworth, W. (1974). Concerning the convention of Cintra. In W. J. B. Owen & J. Smyser (Eds.), The prose works of William Wordsworth (Vol. 1, pp. 251-377). Oxford: The Clarendon Press.