Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 24 Sayı: 4, 1718 - 1741, 30.10.2025
Hayriye Taşcı
,
Cengizhan Karaca
Kaynakça
-
Al-mulali, U., & Binti Che Sab, C. N. (2012a). The impact of energy consumption and CO2 emission on the economic and financial development in 19 selected countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(7), 4365-4369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.05.017
-
Al-mulali, U., & Binti Che Sab, C. N. (2012b). The impact of energy consumption and CO2 emission on the economic growth and financial development in the Sub Saharan African countries. Energy, 39(1), 180-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.01.032
-
Al-mulali, U., & Lee, J. Y. M. (2013). Estimating the impact of the financial development on energy consumption: Evidence from the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) countries. Energy, 60, 215-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.07.067
-
Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2010). Natural gas consumption and economic growth: A panel investigation of 67 countries. Applied Energy, 87(8), 2759-2763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.01.002
-
Aslan, A., Apergis, N., & Topcu, M. (2014). Banking development and energy consumption: Evidence from a panel of Middle Eastern countries. Energy, 72, 427-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.061
-
Bayraç, H. N. (2018). Uluslararası doğalgaz piyasasinin ekonomik yapisi ve uygulanan politikalar. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 13(3), 13-36. https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.405932
-
Boz, F. Ç., Çinar, Ö., & Temelli̇, F. (2017). Enerji Tüketimi, finansal gelişme ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: ASEAN ülkeleri üzerine bir analiz. Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(12), 36-52. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/bsbd/issue/30965/305034
-
Bozgeyik, Y. D. D. Y., Karaca, Ö. G. C., & Torun, S. (2016). Türkiye’de uygulanan ekonomi politikalarinin hizmetler sektörüne etkisi: 2000-2014. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (2), 102-124. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/yyuiibfd/issue/35328/392205
-
CEIC. (2025). Turkey Natural Gas: Consumption, 1982 – 2024 CEIC. Geliş tarihi 13 Mart 2025, gönderen World Trend Plus’s Association: Energy Sector Reports website: https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/turkey/natural-gas-consumption
-
Choi, Y., & Lee, S. (2020). The impact of urban physical environments on cooling rates in summer: Focusing on interaction effects with a kernel-based regularized least squares (KRLS) model. Renewable Energy, 149, 523-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.021
-
Çemrek, F., & Bayraç, H. N. (2023). Türkiye’de Petrol ve Doğalgaz Fiyatlarının Makro Ekonomik Göstergeler Üzerindeki Etkileri. BİLTÜRK Ekonomi ve İlişkili Çalışmalar Dergisi, 5(4), 235–257. https://doi.org/10.47103/bilturk.1320482
-
Çilbant, C., & Alma, D. (2016). Türkiye’de doğalgaz tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasindaki ilişki. Akademik İzdüşüm Dergisi, 1(1), 1-11. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/beuiibfaid/issue/28275/300214
-
Das, A., McFarlane, A. A., & Chowdhury, M. (2013). The dynamics of natural gas consumption and GDP in Bangladesh. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22, 269-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.053
-
Destek, M. A. (2016). Natural gas consumption and economic growth: Panel evidence from OECD countries. Energy, 114, 1007-1015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.076
-
Doğan, E. (2015). Revisiting the Relationship between natural gas consumption and economic growth in Turkey. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 10(4), 361-370. https:/doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2014.931486
-
Dreher, A. (2006). Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091-1110. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500392078
-
Erdoğan, S., Gedikli, A., & Kırca, M. (2019). A note on time-varying causality between natural gas consumption and economic growth in Turkey. Resources Policy, 64, 101504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101504
-
Eren, T., & Kaçtioğlu, S. (2017). Türkiye’deki doğalgaz tüketimi ve gri tahmin metoduyla tahmin edilmesi. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(31), 23-41. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ticaretfbd/issue/55939/767062
-
Etokakpan, M. U., Solarin, S. A., Yorucu, V., Bekun, F. V., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2020). Modeling natural gas consumption, capital formation, globalization, CO2 emissions and economic growth nexus in Malaysia: Fresh evidence from combined cointegration and causality analysis. Energy Strategy Reviews, 31, 100526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100526
-
Fang, M., & Chang, C.-L. (2023). The impact of oil and natural gas trading and globalization on natural resources management in China. Resources Policy, 86, 104228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.104228
-
Granger, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating causal relations by Econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica, 37(3), 424-438. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912791
-
Granger, C. W. J. (1988). Some recent development in a concept of causality. Journal of Econometrics, 39(1), 199-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(88)90045-0
-
Granger, C. W. J., & Newbold, P. (1974). Spurious regressions in econometrics. Journal of Econometrics, 2(2), 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(74)90034-7
-
Gygli, S., Haelg, F., Potrafke, N., & Sturm, J.-E. (2019). The KOF Globalisation Index – revisited. The Review of International Organizations, 14(3), 543-574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-019-09344-2
-
Hacker, R. S., & Hatemi-J, A. (2006). Tests for causality between integrated variables using asymptotic and bootstrap distributions: Theory and application. Applied Economics, 38(13), 1489-1500. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500405763
-
Hainmueller, J., & Hazlett, C. (2014). Kernel regularized least squares: reducing misspecification bias with a flexible and interpretable machine learning approach. Political Analysis, 22(2), 143-168. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpt019
-
Kaya, H. G., & Öztürk, S. (2024). Türkiye’de Bölgeler ve İller Bazında Doğalgaz Tüketimi, İktisadi Büyüme ve Nüfus Değişimlerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Economic Research Foundation, 1(1), 38-57. https://doi.org/10.62844/jerf.8
-
Khan, M. K., Khan, M. I., & Rehan, M. (2020). The relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan. Financial Innovation, 6(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-019-0162-0
-
Mahmood, H., Maalel, N., & Hassan, M. S. (2021). Probing the energy-environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in oil and natural gas consumption models considering urbanization and financial development in Middle East countries. Energies, 14(11), 3178. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113178
-
Pala, F., & Barut, A. (2021). Finansal Gelişme, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Enerji Tüketiminin Çevresel Kalite Üzerindeki Etkisi: E-7 Ülkeleri Örneği. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(2), 347–366. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.959225
-
Qin, M., Sun, R., Hu, D., Dong, K., & Zhong, H. (2022). What influences natural gas consumption in China: A closer look at their marginal and lag effects. Journal of Cleaner Production, 363, 132580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132580
-
Reynolds, D. B., & Kolodziej, M. (2008). Former Soviet Union oil production and GDP decline: Granger causality and the multi-cycle Hubbert curve. Energy Economics, 30(2), 271-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2006.05.021
-
Sadorsky, P. (2010). The impact of financial development on energy consumption in emerging economies. Energy Policy, 38(5), 2528-2535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.12.048
-
Sari, R., Ewing, B. T., & Soytas, U. (2008). The relationship between disaggregate energy consumption and industrial production in the United States: An ARDL approach. Energy Economics, 30(5), 2302-2313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2007.10.002
-
Saritaş, T. (2022). AB ülkelerinde doğalgaz tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme: iki yönlü panel veri modeli. Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(21), 86-92. https://doi.org/10.55589/bsbd.1107120
-
Shahbaz, M., Lean, H. H., & Farooq, A. (2013). Natural gas consumption and economic growth in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.09.029
-
Südüpak, Ö. B., & Şi̇mşek, T. (2019). Türkiye ve hazar havzası ülkelerinde doğalgaz tüketiminin ekonomik büyümeye etkisi. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(8), 57-77. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/vanyyuiibfd/issue/55931/766754
-
Tatli, H., & Lebe, F. (2017). Türkiye’de doğalgaz tüketimi, sermaye ve istihdamın ekonomik büyümeyle ilişkisi: eşbütünleşme ve nedensellik analizi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.24988/deuiibf.2017321536
-
Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1), 225-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01616-8
-
Umutlu, H., & Bayraç, H. N. (2020). Türkiye’de doğalgaz tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Granger nedensellik analizi. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 20(40), 217-226. https://doi.org/10.30976/susead.738737
-
Uzgören, E., & Aslan, V. (2019). Seçili MENA ülkelerinde doğalgaz tüketimi ve iktisadi büyüme arasındaki ilişki. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (59), 13-20. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/dpusbe/issue/43067/393850
-
Xu, G., Chen, Y., Yang, M., Li, S., & Marma, K. J. S. (2023). An outlook analysis on China’s natural gas consumption forecast by 2035: Applying a seasonal forecasting method. Energy, 284, 128602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.128602
-
Zhao, Y., Yang, Y., Jia, R., & Chai, J. (2025). Analysis of the rebound effect and induced effect of non-residential natural gas consumption: Empirical evidence from China. Journal of Management Science and Engineering, 10(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmse.2024.08.002
Reflections of Financial and Trade Globalization on Energy Policies in Turkey: Nonlinear Interactions in Natural Gas Consumption
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 24 Sayı: 4, 1718 - 1741, 30.10.2025
Hayriye Taşcı
,
Cengizhan Karaca
Öz
This study aims to reveal the non-linear interactions of financial and trade financial globalization and their causal relationships on natural gas consumption in Turkey. In particular, the effects of economic growth, bank credit expansion, trade and financial globalization on natural gas consumption are examined through the Kernel Regularized Least Squares (KRLS) method, which can reveal nonlinear structures. The model, which is constructed using annual data for the period 1984-2022, reveals that energy consumption varies depending on the level of consumption, not with fixed assumptions. Therefore, not only average effects but also marginal effects varying according to the level of consumption are taken into account. In addition, causality analyses based on Toda-Yamamoto (TY) and Hacker-Hatemi-J bootstrap approaches were applied to increase the reliability of the study. The empirical findings show that economic growth has a strong, consistent and positive effect on natural gas consumption. Similarly, financial globalization stands out as a stable factor that increases energy demand. However, the effect of bank loans is weak and inconsistent in terms of both direction and significance. The effect of trade globalization is highly sensitive to the model and parametric assumptions. Analyses using the KRLS method suggest that policymakers should develop flexible and targeted policies by taking into account the effects that differ according to the level of energy consumption. This study provides policy recommendations that energy policies should be designed in coordination with not only economic growth but also global integration processes. The findings are of strategic importance in terms of balancing the objectives of energy security, sustainability and macroeconomic stability.
Kaynakça
-
Al-mulali, U., & Binti Che Sab, C. N. (2012a). The impact of energy consumption and CO2 emission on the economic and financial development in 19 selected countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(7), 4365-4369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.05.017
-
Al-mulali, U., & Binti Che Sab, C. N. (2012b). The impact of energy consumption and CO2 emission on the economic growth and financial development in the Sub Saharan African countries. Energy, 39(1), 180-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.01.032
-
Al-mulali, U., & Lee, J. Y. M. (2013). Estimating the impact of the financial development on energy consumption: Evidence from the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) countries. Energy, 60, 215-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.07.067
-
Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2010). Natural gas consumption and economic growth: A panel investigation of 67 countries. Applied Energy, 87(8), 2759-2763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.01.002
-
Aslan, A., Apergis, N., & Topcu, M. (2014). Banking development and energy consumption: Evidence from a panel of Middle Eastern countries. Energy, 72, 427-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.061
-
Bayraç, H. N. (2018). Uluslararası doğalgaz piyasasinin ekonomik yapisi ve uygulanan politikalar. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 13(3), 13-36. https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.405932
-
Boz, F. Ç., Çinar, Ö., & Temelli̇, F. (2017). Enerji Tüketimi, finansal gelişme ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: ASEAN ülkeleri üzerine bir analiz. Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(12), 36-52. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/bsbd/issue/30965/305034
-
Bozgeyik, Y. D. D. Y., Karaca, Ö. G. C., & Torun, S. (2016). Türkiye’de uygulanan ekonomi politikalarinin hizmetler sektörüne etkisi: 2000-2014. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (2), 102-124. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/yyuiibfd/issue/35328/392205
-
CEIC. (2025). Turkey Natural Gas: Consumption, 1982 – 2024 CEIC. Geliş tarihi 13 Mart 2025, gönderen World Trend Plus’s Association: Energy Sector Reports website: https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/turkey/natural-gas-consumption
-
Choi, Y., & Lee, S. (2020). The impact of urban physical environments on cooling rates in summer: Focusing on interaction effects with a kernel-based regularized least squares (KRLS) model. Renewable Energy, 149, 523-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.021
-
Çemrek, F., & Bayraç, H. N. (2023). Türkiye’de Petrol ve Doğalgaz Fiyatlarının Makro Ekonomik Göstergeler Üzerindeki Etkileri. BİLTÜRK Ekonomi ve İlişkili Çalışmalar Dergisi, 5(4), 235–257. https://doi.org/10.47103/bilturk.1320482
-
Çilbant, C., & Alma, D. (2016). Türkiye’de doğalgaz tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasindaki ilişki. Akademik İzdüşüm Dergisi, 1(1), 1-11. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/beuiibfaid/issue/28275/300214
-
Das, A., McFarlane, A. A., & Chowdhury, M. (2013). The dynamics of natural gas consumption and GDP in Bangladesh. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22, 269-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.053
-
Destek, M. A. (2016). Natural gas consumption and economic growth: Panel evidence from OECD countries. Energy, 114, 1007-1015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.076
-
Doğan, E. (2015). Revisiting the Relationship between natural gas consumption and economic growth in Turkey. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 10(4), 361-370. https:/doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2014.931486
-
Dreher, A. (2006). Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091-1110. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500392078
-
Erdoğan, S., Gedikli, A., & Kırca, M. (2019). A note on time-varying causality between natural gas consumption and economic growth in Turkey. Resources Policy, 64, 101504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101504
-
Eren, T., & Kaçtioğlu, S. (2017). Türkiye’deki doğalgaz tüketimi ve gri tahmin metoduyla tahmin edilmesi. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(31), 23-41. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ticaretfbd/issue/55939/767062
-
Etokakpan, M. U., Solarin, S. A., Yorucu, V., Bekun, F. V., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2020). Modeling natural gas consumption, capital formation, globalization, CO2 emissions and economic growth nexus in Malaysia: Fresh evidence from combined cointegration and causality analysis. Energy Strategy Reviews, 31, 100526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100526
-
Fang, M., & Chang, C.-L. (2023). The impact of oil and natural gas trading and globalization on natural resources management in China. Resources Policy, 86, 104228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.104228
-
Granger, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating causal relations by Econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica, 37(3), 424-438. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912791
-
Granger, C. W. J. (1988). Some recent development in a concept of causality. Journal of Econometrics, 39(1), 199-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(88)90045-0
-
Granger, C. W. J., & Newbold, P. (1974). Spurious regressions in econometrics. Journal of Econometrics, 2(2), 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(74)90034-7
-
Gygli, S., Haelg, F., Potrafke, N., & Sturm, J.-E. (2019). The KOF Globalisation Index – revisited. The Review of International Organizations, 14(3), 543-574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-019-09344-2
-
Hacker, R. S., & Hatemi-J, A. (2006). Tests for causality between integrated variables using asymptotic and bootstrap distributions: Theory and application. Applied Economics, 38(13), 1489-1500. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500405763
-
Hainmueller, J., & Hazlett, C. (2014). Kernel regularized least squares: reducing misspecification bias with a flexible and interpretable machine learning approach. Political Analysis, 22(2), 143-168. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpt019
-
Kaya, H. G., & Öztürk, S. (2024). Türkiye’de Bölgeler ve İller Bazında Doğalgaz Tüketimi, İktisadi Büyüme ve Nüfus Değişimlerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Economic Research Foundation, 1(1), 38-57. https://doi.org/10.62844/jerf.8
-
Khan, M. K., Khan, M. I., & Rehan, M. (2020). The relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan. Financial Innovation, 6(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-019-0162-0
-
Mahmood, H., Maalel, N., & Hassan, M. S. (2021). Probing the energy-environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in oil and natural gas consumption models considering urbanization and financial development in Middle East countries. Energies, 14(11), 3178. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113178
-
Pala, F., & Barut, A. (2021). Finansal Gelişme, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Enerji Tüketiminin Çevresel Kalite Üzerindeki Etkisi: E-7 Ülkeleri Örneği. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(2), 347–366. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.959225
-
Qin, M., Sun, R., Hu, D., Dong, K., & Zhong, H. (2022). What influences natural gas consumption in China: A closer look at their marginal and lag effects. Journal of Cleaner Production, 363, 132580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132580
-
Reynolds, D. B., & Kolodziej, M. (2008). Former Soviet Union oil production and GDP decline: Granger causality and the multi-cycle Hubbert curve. Energy Economics, 30(2), 271-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2006.05.021
-
Sadorsky, P. (2010). The impact of financial development on energy consumption in emerging economies. Energy Policy, 38(5), 2528-2535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.12.048
-
Sari, R., Ewing, B. T., & Soytas, U. (2008). The relationship between disaggregate energy consumption and industrial production in the United States: An ARDL approach. Energy Economics, 30(5), 2302-2313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2007.10.002
-
Saritaş, T. (2022). AB ülkelerinde doğalgaz tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme: iki yönlü panel veri modeli. Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(21), 86-92. https://doi.org/10.55589/bsbd.1107120
-
Shahbaz, M., Lean, H. H., & Farooq, A. (2013). Natural gas consumption and economic growth in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.09.029
-
Südüpak, Ö. B., & Şi̇mşek, T. (2019). Türkiye ve hazar havzası ülkelerinde doğalgaz tüketiminin ekonomik büyümeye etkisi. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(8), 57-77. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/vanyyuiibfd/issue/55931/766754
-
Tatli, H., & Lebe, F. (2017). Türkiye’de doğalgaz tüketimi, sermaye ve istihdamın ekonomik büyümeyle ilişkisi: eşbütünleşme ve nedensellik analizi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.24988/deuiibf.2017321536
-
Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1), 225-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01616-8
-
Umutlu, H., & Bayraç, H. N. (2020). Türkiye’de doğalgaz tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Granger nedensellik analizi. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 20(40), 217-226. https://doi.org/10.30976/susead.738737
-
Uzgören, E., & Aslan, V. (2019). Seçili MENA ülkelerinde doğalgaz tüketimi ve iktisadi büyüme arasındaki ilişki. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (59), 13-20. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/dpusbe/issue/43067/393850
-
Xu, G., Chen, Y., Yang, M., Li, S., & Marma, K. J. S. (2023). An outlook analysis on China’s natural gas consumption forecast by 2035: Applying a seasonal forecasting method. Energy, 284, 128602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.128602
-
Zhao, Y., Yang, Y., Jia, R., & Chai, J. (2025). Analysis of the rebound effect and induced effect of non-residential natural gas consumption: Empirical evidence from China. Journal of Management Science and Engineering, 10(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmse.2024.08.002
Türkiye’de Finansal ve Ticari Küreselleşmenin Enerji Politikalarına Yansımaları: Doğal Gaz Tüketiminde Doğrusal Olmayan Etkileşimler
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 24 Sayı: 4, 1718 - 1741, 30.10.2025
Hayriye Taşcı
,
Cengizhan Karaca
Öz
Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de Doğalgaz tüketimi üzerinde etkili olan finansal ve ticari finansal küreselleşmenin doğrusal olmayan etkileşimlerini ve bunlara ait nedensel ilişkileri ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Özellikle ekonomik büyüme, banka kredilerindeki genişleme, ticari ve finansal küreselleşmenin Doğalgaz tüketimi üzerindeki etkileri, doğrusal olmayan yapıları ortaya koyabilen Kernel Regularized Least Squares (KRLS) yöntemi aracılığıyla incelenmiştir. 1984–2022 dönemine ait yıllık veriler kullanılarak oluşturulan model, enerji tüketiminin sabit varsayımlarla değil, tüketim düzeyine bağlı olarak farklılaştığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu nedenle, yalnızca ortalama etkiler değil, tüketim düzeyine göre değişen marjinal etkiler de dikkate alınmıştır. Ayrıca, çalışmanın güvenilirliğini artırmak amacıyla Toda-Yamamoto (TY) ve Hacker ve Hatemi-J bootstrap yaklaşımlarına dayalı nedensellik analizleri uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen ampirik bulgular, ekonomik büyümenin Doğalgaz tüketimi üzerinde güçlü, tutarlı ve pozitif bir etkide bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Finansal küreselleşme de benzer şekilde enerji talebini artıran istikrarlı bir unsur olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Buna karşın, banka kredilerinin etkisi gerek yön gerekse anlamlılık bakımından zayıf ve tutarsızdır. Ticari küreselleşmenin etkisi ise modele ve parametrik varsayımlara oldukça duyarlıdır. KRLS yöntemiyle yapılan analizler, politika yapıcıların enerji tüketimi düzeyine göre farklılaşan etkileri dikkate alarak esnek ve hedefli politikalar geliştirmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, enerji politikalarının sadece ekonomik büyüme değil, aynı zamanda küresel entegrasyon süreçleriyle eşgüdüm içinde tasarlanması gerektiğine yönelik politika önerileri sunmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, enerji güvenliği, sürdürülebilirlik ve makroekonomik istikrar hedefleri arasındaki dengenin sağlanabilmesi açısından stratejik önem taşımaktadır.
Etik Beyan
Bu çalışma kapsamında insan katılımcılar veya hayvan denekler kullanılmamış olup, etik kurul onayı gerektiren herhangi bir uygulamaya yer verilmemiştir. Dolayısıyla, etik kurul onayı alınmasına gerek bulunmamaktadır
Destekleyen Kurum
Bu çalışma herhangi bir kurum tarafından fonlanmamakta ve desteklenmemektedir.
Teşekkür
Yazarlar, baş editöre, editör kuruluna ve dergi hakemlerine çalışmaya gösterdikleri ilgi, alaka ve ayrılan kıymetli zaman için sonsuz teşekkür eder.
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