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Sayısal Bölünme Endeksi: Bilgi, Toplum ve Teknoloji

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 63 - 82, 31.07.2021

Öz

Bilişim teknolojilerinin kullanımı ve gelişimi ticari işlemler, iletişim, ekonomi, politika gibi toplumu oluşturan neredeyse her noktada iyileştirici rol oynamıştır. Teknolojinin gelişimi ile birlikte yeni fırsatların ortaya çıkması ekonomideki rekabet düzeyi ile bireylerin yaşam kalitesi üzerinde olumlu etki yapmıştır. Buna karşın yenilikçi gelişmeler belirli riskleri de beraberinde getirmiştir.
Hâlihazırda içinde bulunduğumuz dijital devrim, iletişim alanında ve bilgiye erişimde daha fazla kolaylık sunarken, gelişmiş ülkelerde işgücü piyasası her geçen gün daha da ayrışmakta, mevcut işlerin yerini daha yüksek nitelik gerektiren meslekler almakta, eşitsizlikler artmakta ve bu durum gelişmekte olan ülkelerde de sıkça görülmeye başlamaktadır. Bilgi toplumunu oluşturan unsurlara erişim, adaptasyon ve faydalanma düzeylerindeki farklılıklar ise bireyler ve toplumlar arasında bir bölünmeye sebebiyet vermekte ve sayısal bölünme kavramını ortaya çıkarmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, bireylerin bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerine erişimi ve kullanım durumları ile becerilerinin daha sağlıklı ölçülmesi amacıyla bir endeks oluşturulmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular ikamet edilen coğrafi bölge, cinsiyet, yaş grubu, gelir düzeyi ve eğitim seviyesi gibi demografik ve bireylerin sosyo-ekonomik özellikleri bakımından yorumlanmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra endeks sonuçları ile yenilik, ekonomik ve sosyal endeks sıralamalarında sıklıkla tercih edilen yöntem kombinasyonları karşılaştırılarak çalışmanın tutarlılığı ölçülmüş, güvenilir sonuçlar üretme durumu duyarlılık analizi ile sorgulanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Castells, M., 2002, The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business and Society, Oxford.
  • Center for the Digital Future, 2004, The digital future report: surveying the digital future, Year four: Ten years, Ten trends, Los Angeles: USC Annenberg School.
  • Chen, W. ve Wellman, B., 2003, Charting and bridging digital divides: Comparing socio-economic, gender, life stage and rural-urban Internet access and use in eight countries, Transforming Enterprise, Cambridge MA: MIT Press 2004.
  • Choi, D., 2008, Bridging the Digital Divide for the e-Inclusive Society, Korea Information Society Development Institute, ICT World Today, 2008 Spring.
  • Cisler, S., 2000, Subtract the Digital Divide: Online Essay, San Jose Mercury News, January 16.
  • Cornfield, M., ve Rainie, L. 2003, Untuned keyboards: Online campaigners, citizens, and portals in the 2002 elections, [online], http://www.pewinternet.org/files/old-media//Files/Reports/2003/PIP_IPDI_Politics_Report.pdf.pdf, [Ziyaret Tarihi: 7 Mart 2018].
  • Cruz-Jesus F., Oliveira T., Bacao F., 2012, Digital divide across the European Union, Information & Management 49:278–291.
  • DiMaggio, P., Hargittai, E., Celeste, C., and Shafer, S., 2004, Digital inequality: From Unequal Access to Differentiated Use:A Literature Review and Agenda for Research on Digital Inequality, [online], http://www.webuse.org/pdf/DiMaggioEtAl-DigitalInequality2004.pdf, [Ziyaret Tarihi: 5 Mart 2018].
  • Ebo, B., 1998, Cyberghetto or cybertopia?: Race, class, and gender on the Internet, Westport, CT: Praeger.
  • Elyıldırım, G., 2018, Bilgi Toplumu İstatistiklerinde Sayısal Bölünme Endeksi, TÜİK Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara.
  • European Commission, 2010, A Digital Agenda for Europe Report, Brussels.
  • Fox, S., 2004, Older Americans and the Internet, Washington, [online], http://www.pewinternet.org/2004/03/28/older-americans-and-the-internet/, [Ziyaret Tarihi: 4 Mart 2018].
  • Hoffman, D., Novak, T., and Schlosser, A., 2000, The evolution of the digital divide: How gaps in Internet access may impact electronic commerce, [online], https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2000.tb00341.x, [Ziyaret Tarihi: 19 Mart 2018].
  • Horrigan, J., ve Rainie, L., 2004, The broadband difference, Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life.
  • ITU, 2003, World Telecommunication Development Report, [online], http://www.itu.int/net/wsis/documents/index1.html, [Ziyaret Tarihi: 12 Mart 2018].
  • Katz, J. E., ve Rice, R. E., 2003, Comparing internet and mobile phone usage: Digital divides of usage, adoption, and dropouts, Telecommunications Policy, 27:597–623.
  • Kennedy, T., Wellman, B., and Klement, K., 2003, Gendering the digital divide, IT&Society, 1:5, 72-96.
  • Łabędowicz J. K., 2017, The issue of digital divide in rural areas of the European Union, Economic Problems of Services, No:1/2017 (126) vol. 2.
  • Le Blanc, J., and Anderson, R., 2000, Access and accessibility, Communications Policy and Practice, 2:26.
  • Lenhart, A., Horrigan, J., Rainie, L., Allen, K., Boyce, A., Madden, M., ve O’Grady, E., 2003, The ever-shifting Internet population: A new look at Internet access and the digital divide, [online], http://www.pewinternet.org/2003/04/16/the-ever-shifting-internet-population-a-new-look-at-internet-access-and-the-digital-divide/, [Ziyaret Tarihi: 21 Mart 2018].
  • Losh, S. C., 2004, Gender educational, and occupational digital gaps, Social Science Computer Review, 22(2):152–166.
  • McLaren, J. ve Zappal`a, G. 2002, The “Digital divide” among financially disadvantaged families in Australia, [online], http://www.firstmonday.dk/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1003/924, [Ziyaret Tarihi: 3 Mart 2018].
  • Novak, T. P., Hoffman, D. L., and Venkatesh, A., 1997, Diversity on the Internet: The relationship of race to access and usage, [online], http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.492.2902&rep=rep1&type=pdf, [Ziyaret Tarihi: 10 Mart 2018].
  • NTIA, 1995, Falling Through the Net: A Survey of the "Have Nots" in Rural and Urban America, [online], https://www.ntia.doc.gov/report/1995/falling-through-net-survey-have-nots-rural-and-urban-america-html, [Ziyaret Tarihi: 11 Mart 2018].
  • OECD, 2001, Understanding the Digital Divide, OECD Publications, s:5.
  • OECD, 2018, Going Digital in a Multilateral World, An Interim Report to Ministers, s: 14.
  • Pick, J.B., Azari, R. (2008), Global Digital Divide: Influence of Socioeconomic Governmental, and Accessibility Factors on Information Technology, Information Technology for Development, 14 (2): 91–115.
  • Robinson, J. P., Dimaggio, P., and Hargittai, E., 2003, New social survey perspectives on the digital divide, IT & Society 1(5):1–22.
  • Spooner, T., ve Rainie, L., 2001, Hispanics and the Internet, [online], http://www.pewinternet.org/2001/07/25/hispanics-and-the-internet, [Ziyaret Tarihi: 13 Mart 2018].
  • World Bank, 2016, Digital Dividens, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, s:2-11.
  • Wareham, J., Levy, A., ve Shi, W., 2004, Wireless diffusion and mobile computing: Implications for the digital divide, Telecommunications Policy, 28:439–457.

The Digital Divide Index: Information, Society And Technology

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 63 - 82, 31.07.2021

Öz

The use and development of information technologies have played a healing role in almost every aspect of society, such as commercial transactions, communication, economy, and politics. The emergence of new opportunities with the development of technology has a positive impact on competition in the economy and the quality of life of individuals. On the other hand, innovative improvements have brought certain risks.
While the digital revolution presents more convenience in communication and information, the labor market in developed countries has become more divergent. Jobs requiring higher qualifications are replacing existing jobs, inequalities are increasing, and this situation is becoming more common in developing countries. Differences in access, adaptation, and utilization of information society components cause a difference between individuals and societies, and it emerges ‘the digital divide’ concept.
In this study, an index was structured to measure individuals' access, usage, and skills to information and communication technologies. The findings were interpreted in terms of demographic and socio-economic characteristics of individuals such as geographical region, gender, age group, income level, education. In addition, the results were compared with the frequently preferred method combinations in innovation, economic and social index rankings, and the consistency of the study was examined by sensitivity analysis.

Kaynakça

  • Castells, M., 2002, The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business and Society, Oxford.
  • Center for the Digital Future, 2004, The digital future report: surveying the digital future, Year four: Ten years, Ten trends, Los Angeles: USC Annenberg School.
  • Chen, W. ve Wellman, B., 2003, Charting and bridging digital divides: Comparing socio-economic, gender, life stage and rural-urban Internet access and use in eight countries, Transforming Enterprise, Cambridge MA: MIT Press 2004.
  • Choi, D., 2008, Bridging the Digital Divide for the e-Inclusive Society, Korea Information Society Development Institute, ICT World Today, 2008 Spring.
  • Cisler, S., 2000, Subtract the Digital Divide: Online Essay, San Jose Mercury News, January 16.
  • Cornfield, M., ve Rainie, L. 2003, Untuned keyboards: Online campaigners, citizens, and portals in the 2002 elections, [online], http://www.pewinternet.org/files/old-media//Files/Reports/2003/PIP_IPDI_Politics_Report.pdf.pdf, [Ziyaret Tarihi: 7 Mart 2018].
  • Cruz-Jesus F., Oliveira T., Bacao F., 2012, Digital divide across the European Union, Information & Management 49:278–291.
  • DiMaggio, P., Hargittai, E., Celeste, C., and Shafer, S., 2004, Digital inequality: From Unequal Access to Differentiated Use:A Literature Review and Agenda for Research on Digital Inequality, [online], http://www.webuse.org/pdf/DiMaggioEtAl-DigitalInequality2004.pdf, [Ziyaret Tarihi: 5 Mart 2018].
  • Ebo, B., 1998, Cyberghetto or cybertopia?: Race, class, and gender on the Internet, Westport, CT: Praeger.
  • Elyıldırım, G., 2018, Bilgi Toplumu İstatistiklerinde Sayısal Bölünme Endeksi, TÜİK Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara.
  • European Commission, 2010, A Digital Agenda for Europe Report, Brussels.
  • Fox, S., 2004, Older Americans and the Internet, Washington, [online], http://www.pewinternet.org/2004/03/28/older-americans-and-the-internet/, [Ziyaret Tarihi: 4 Mart 2018].
  • Hoffman, D., Novak, T., and Schlosser, A., 2000, The evolution of the digital divide: How gaps in Internet access may impact electronic commerce, [online], https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2000.tb00341.x, [Ziyaret Tarihi: 19 Mart 2018].
  • Horrigan, J., ve Rainie, L., 2004, The broadband difference, Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life.
  • ITU, 2003, World Telecommunication Development Report, [online], http://www.itu.int/net/wsis/documents/index1.html, [Ziyaret Tarihi: 12 Mart 2018].
  • Katz, J. E., ve Rice, R. E., 2003, Comparing internet and mobile phone usage: Digital divides of usage, adoption, and dropouts, Telecommunications Policy, 27:597–623.
  • Kennedy, T., Wellman, B., and Klement, K., 2003, Gendering the digital divide, IT&Society, 1:5, 72-96.
  • Łabędowicz J. K., 2017, The issue of digital divide in rural areas of the European Union, Economic Problems of Services, No:1/2017 (126) vol. 2.
  • Le Blanc, J., and Anderson, R., 2000, Access and accessibility, Communications Policy and Practice, 2:26.
  • Lenhart, A., Horrigan, J., Rainie, L., Allen, K., Boyce, A., Madden, M., ve O’Grady, E., 2003, The ever-shifting Internet population: A new look at Internet access and the digital divide, [online], http://www.pewinternet.org/2003/04/16/the-ever-shifting-internet-population-a-new-look-at-internet-access-and-the-digital-divide/, [Ziyaret Tarihi: 21 Mart 2018].
  • Losh, S. C., 2004, Gender educational, and occupational digital gaps, Social Science Computer Review, 22(2):152–166.
  • McLaren, J. ve Zappal`a, G. 2002, The “Digital divide” among financially disadvantaged families in Australia, [online], http://www.firstmonday.dk/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1003/924, [Ziyaret Tarihi: 3 Mart 2018].
  • Novak, T. P., Hoffman, D. L., and Venkatesh, A., 1997, Diversity on the Internet: The relationship of race to access and usage, [online], http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.492.2902&rep=rep1&type=pdf, [Ziyaret Tarihi: 10 Mart 2018].
  • NTIA, 1995, Falling Through the Net: A Survey of the "Have Nots" in Rural and Urban America, [online], https://www.ntia.doc.gov/report/1995/falling-through-net-survey-have-nots-rural-and-urban-america-html, [Ziyaret Tarihi: 11 Mart 2018].
  • OECD, 2001, Understanding the Digital Divide, OECD Publications, s:5.
  • OECD, 2018, Going Digital in a Multilateral World, An Interim Report to Ministers, s: 14.
  • Pick, J.B., Azari, R. (2008), Global Digital Divide: Influence of Socioeconomic Governmental, and Accessibility Factors on Information Technology, Information Technology for Development, 14 (2): 91–115.
  • Robinson, J. P., Dimaggio, P., and Hargittai, E., 2003, New social survey perspectives on the digital divide, IT & Society 1(5):1–22.
  • Spooner, T., ve Rainie, L., 2001, Hispanics and the Internet, [online], http://www.pewinternet.org/2001/07/25/hispanics-and-the-internet, [Ziyaret Tarihi: 13 Mart 2018].
  • World Bank, 2016, Digital Dividens, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, s:2-11.
  • Wareham, J., Levy, A., ve Shi, W., 2004, Wireless diffusion and mobile computing: Implications for the digital divide, Telecommunications Policy, 28:439–457.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İstatistik
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Gökhan Elyıldırım Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-9683-6309

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Elyıldırım, G. (2021). Sayısal Bölünme Endeksi: Bilgi, Toplum ve Teknoloji. İstatistik Araştırma Dergisi, 11(1), 63-82.