Evaluation of the Effects of Knee Flexion, Knee Extension, and Hip Adduction Strength on In-Water Jump Performance in Elite Adult Male Water Polo Players

Öz

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between knee flexion-extension and hip adduction-abduction strength and in-water jump performance in elite adult male water polo players. Twelve elite adult male water polo players participated in the study. Knee flexion, knee extension, hip adduction, and hip abduction strength were assessed bilaterally using a Biodex isokinetic dynamometer at an angular velocity of 60°/s. Peak torque, relative torque, average power, hamstring/quadriceps ratio, and adductor/abductor reciprocal ratios were evaluated. In-water jump height was measured according to the Platanou (2005) protocol. The findings showed that in-water jump performance was associated particularly with relative lower-extremity strength and power characteristics. Significant relationships were observed especially for knee flexion-extension and hip-related strength parameters, suggesting that performance cannot be explained by absolute force values alone. In conclusion, muscular strength should be considered together with technical execution, functional between-limb differences, and aquatic coordination when evaluating in-water jump performance in water polo.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• water polo
• in-water jump
• isokinetic strength

Üst Düzey Yetişkin Erkek Su Topu Sporcularında Diz Fleksiyon, Ekstansiyon, Kalça Addüksiyon ve Abdüksiyon Kuvvetinin Su İçi Sıçrama Performansına Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, üst düzey yetişkin erkek su topu sporcularında diz fleksiyon-ekstansiyon ile kalça addüksiyon-abdüksiyon kuvvetinin su içi sıçrama performansı ile ilişkisini incelemektir. Araştırmaya 12 üst düzey erkek su topu sporcusu katılmıştır. Diz fleksiyon, diz ekstansiyon, kalça addüksiyon ve abdüksiyon kuvvet ölçümleri Biodex izokinetik dinamometre ile 60°/s açısal hızda, dominant ve non-dominant taraflar için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Değerlendirmede tepe tork, relatif tork, ortalama güç, hamstring/quadriceps oranı ile addüktör/abdüktör karşılıklılık oranları dikkate alınmıştır. Su içi sıçrama yüksekliği Platanou (2005) protokolüne uygun olarak ölçülmüştür. Bulgular, su içi sıçrama performansının özellikle alt ekstremiteye ait relatif kuvvet ve güç özellikleri ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Özellikle diz fleksiyon-ekstansiyon ve kalça çevresi kuvvet parametrelerinde anlamlı ilişkiler saptanmış; performansın yalnızca mutlak kuvvet düzeyiyle açıklanamayacağı anlaşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, su içi sıçrama performansının değerlendirilmesinde kas kuvvetinin yanı sıra teknik uygulama, taraflar arası işlevsel farklılıklar ve su içi koordinasyonun da birlikte ele alınması gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• su topu
• su içi sıçrama
• izokinetik kuvvet

Kaynakça

1. Açıkada, C., Cinemre, A., Koruç, Z., Hazır, T., Aşçı, A., Alpar, R., & Özçaldıran, B. (2001). Yıldız ve genç elit sutopu oyuncularının bir kısım performans kriterlerinin karşılaştırılması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(3), 3-18. https://izlik.org/JA76KA27AW
2. Altan, B. K., & Odabaş, İ. (2025). the effect of lower extremity ısokinetic strength on relative strength, flexibility and explosive power in male water polo players: Descriptive research. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences, 17(3), 240–249. https://doi.org/10.5336/sportsci.2025-109623
3. Băltean, A. I., Hillerin, P. J. de, & Geantă, V. A. (2025). Effects of a short-term aquatic training program on ın-water vertical jump performance and neuromuscular output in water polo players. Sport Mont, 23(2), 101–107. https://doi.org/10.26773/smj.250615
4. Baltzopoulos, V., & Brodie, D. A. (1989). Isokinetic dynamometry. Applications and limitations. Sports Medicine, 8(2), 101–116.
5. Botonis, P., Toubekis, A., & Platanou, T. (2016). Physical performance during water-polo matches: The effect of the players’ competitive level. Journal of Human Kinetics, 54, 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2016-0042
6. Büyükturan, B., Karartı, C., Şaş, S., & Büyükturan, Ö. (2021). Genç yetişkinlerde karada ve su içinde yapılan plyometrik egzersizlerin kas kuvveti ve propriosepsiyon üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi. Journal of Exercise Therapy and Rehabilitation, 8(1), 10-17. https://izlik.org/JA25LK32ZX
7. Çağlayan, A., Kurt, A., & Çerçi, B. (2018). Eksantrik ve konsantrik kas çalışmaları ile yapılan kuvvet çalışmalarının 15-18 yaş arası voleybolcuların sıçrama performansı üzerine etkisi. Spor Eğitim Dergisi, 2(3), 1-10. https://izlik.org/JA84CH78LD
8. D’Auria, S., & Gabbett, T. (2008). A time-motion analysis of international women’s water polo match play. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 3(3), 305–319. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.3.3.305

9. Dopsaj, M., & Matkovic, I. (1999). The structure of technical and tactical activities of water polo players in the first Yugoslav league during the game. In Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming VIII (pp. 435–438).
10. Dvir, Z. (2004). Isokinetics: Muscle testing, interpretation and clinical applications. Churchill Livingstone.
11. Fernandes, R. J., Sarmento, M., Liberal, S. M., Figueiredo, P., Gonçalves, P., & Vilas‐Boas, J. P. (2010). Muscle activity during the typical water polo eggbeater kick. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.04.02.07
12. Findling, J. E., & Pelle, K. D. (1996). Historical dictionary of the modern Olympic movement. Greenwood Press.
13. Gobbi, M., D’Ercole, C., D’Ercole, A., & Gobbi, F. (2013). The components of the jumps in expert and intermediate water polo players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(10), 2685–2689. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318240ebf1
14. Işıkdemir, E., Uzlaşır, S., & Köklü, Y. (2020). Genç erkek basketbolcularda yapılan farklı ısınma yöntemlerinin bazı performans parametreleri üzerine akut etkisi. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 31(3), 96–105. https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.688295
15. Kawai, E., Gonjo, T., & Takagi, H. (2021). Kinematic and kinetic parameters to identify water polo players’ eggbeater kick techniques. Sports Biomechanics, 22(12), 1752–1763. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2021.1995477
16. Keiner, M., Rähse, H., Wirth, K., Hartmann, H., Fries, K., & Haff, G. G. (2020). Influence of maximal strength on in-water and dry-land performance in young water polo players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 34(7), 1999–2005. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002610
17. Martinez, R., Assila, N., Monga-Dubreuil, É., Desmyttere, G., & Begon, M. (2022). Predicting eggbeater kick performances from hip joint function testing in artistic swimming. SportRχiv, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.51224/SRXIV.227
18. Matsuda, Y., Kaneko, M., Sakurai, Y., Akashi, K., & Sengoku, Y. (2021). Three-dimensional lower-limb kinematics during undulatory underwater swimming. Sports Biomechanics, 23(11), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2021.1995475
19. Matsuura, Y., Matsunaga, N., Iizuka, S., Akuzawa, H., & Kaneoka, K. (2020). Muscle synergy of the underwater undulatory swimming in elite male swimmers. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2, 62. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00062
20. McCluskey, L., Lynskey, S., Leung, C. K., Woodhouse, D., Briffa, K., & Hopper, D. (2010). Throwing velocity and jump height in female water polo players: Performance predictors. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(2), 236–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.02.008
21. Melchiorri, G., Castagna, C., Sorge, R., & Bonifazi, M. (2010). Game activity and blood lactate in men’s elite water-polo players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(10), 2647–2652. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e3486b
22. Melchiorri, G., Viero, V., Triossi, T., De Sanctis, D., Padua, E., Salvati, A., Galvani, C., Bonifazi, M., Del Bianco, R., & Tancredi, V. (2014). Water polo throwing velocity and kinematics: Differences between competitive levels in male players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness.
23. Morais, J. E., Forte, P., Nevill, A., Barbosa, T. M., & Marinho, D. A. (2020). Upper-limb kinematics and kinetics imbalances in the determinants of front-crawl swimming at maximal speed in young international level swimmers. Scientific Reports, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68581-3
24. Oliveira, N., & Sanders, R. H. (2015). Kinematic and kinetic evidence for functional lateralization in a symmetrical motor task: The water polo eggbeater kick. Experimental Brain Research, 233(3), 947–957. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-014-4166-8
25. Oliveira, N., Fernandes, R. J., Sarmento, M., Liberal, S., Figueiredo, P. A., Gonçalves, P., & Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2010). Muscle activity during the typical water polo eggbeater kick. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, 4(2), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.04.02.07
26. Osternig, L. R. (1986). Isokinetic dynamometry: Implications for muscle testing and rehabilitation. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 14(1), 45–80.
27. Özer, E. (2021). Su topu sporcularının izokinetik alt ve üst ekstremite parametrelerinin sürat performanslarıyla ilişkisi [Yüksek lisans tezi, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi]. Ulusal Tez Merkezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
28. Perrin, D. H., Robertson, R. J., & Ray, R. (1987). Bilateral Isokinetic Peak Torque, Torque Acceleration Energy, Power, and Work Relationships in Athletes and Nonathletes. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 9(5), 184–189. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1987.9.5.184
29. Perrine, J. J., & Edgerton, V. R. (1978). Muscle force-velocity and power-velocity relationships under isokinetic loading. Medicine and Science in Sports, 10(3), 159–166.
30. Platanou, T. (2004). Time-motion analysis of international level water polo players. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 46, 319–331.
31. Platanou, T. (2005). On-water and dry-land jump in water polo players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 45(1), 26–31.
32. Platanou, T., & Varamenti, E. (2011). Relationships between anthropometric and physiological characteristics with throwing velocity and on-water jump of female water polo players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 51(2), 185–193.
33. Popović, S., Bjelica, D., Molnar, S., Jakšić, D., & Akpınar, S. (2013). Body Height and Its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Serbian Adults. International Journal of Morphology, 31(1), 271–279. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022013000100043
34. Ramirez-Campillo, R., Perez-Castilla, A., Thapa, R. K., Afonso, J., Clemente, F. M., Colado, J. C., ... & Chaabene, H. (2022). Effects of plyometric jump training on measures of physical fitness and sport-specific performance of water sports athletes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports medicine-open, 8(1), 108. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-022-00502-2
35. Sanders, R. H. (1999). Analysis of the eggbeater kick used to maintain height in water polo. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 15(3), 284–291. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.15.3.284
36. Sanders, R. H. (2002, April 8–9). Strength, flexibility and timing in the eggbeater kick. Paper presentation]. XIV FINA World Sports Medicine Congress, Moscow, Russia.
37. Sarı, R. K., & Selim, Y. (2025). Yüzücülerde akuatik kuvvet antrenmanının sportif performansa etkisinin incelenmesi. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(2), 249–261. https://doi.org/10.61962/bsd.1608471
38. Smith, H. K. (1998). Applied physiology of water polo. Sports Medicine, 26(5), 317–334. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199826050-00003
39. Smith, J. R. (1989). The world encyclopedia of water polo (J. Norris, Ed.). Olive Press.
40. Snyder, P. (2008). Water polo for players & teachers of aquatics. LA Olympic Foundation.
41. Soyal, M., Aksoy, Ö., Şengöl, O., & Kılıç, S. (2023). Investigation of the relationship between isokinetic lower extremity strength and the vertical jump parameter in elite women football players. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 27(3), 247–253. https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2023.0309
42. Şahin, Ö. (2010). Rehabilitasyonda izokinetik değerlendirmeler. Cumhuriyet Medical Journal, 32(4), 386–396.
43. Van Tittelboom, V., Alemdaroglu-Gürbüz, I., Hanssen, B., Heyrman, L., Feys, H., Desloovere, K., ... & Van den Broeck, C. (2022). Reliability of isokinetic strength assessments of knee and hip using the Biodex System 4 dynamometer and associations with functional strength in healthy children. Frontiers in sports and active living, 4, 817216. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.817216
44. Veliz, R. R., Requena, B., Suarez-Arrones, L., Newton, R. U., & de Villarreal, E. S. (2014). Effects of 18-week in-season heavy-resistance and power training on throwing velocity, strength, jumping, and maximal sprint swim performance of elite male water polo players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28(4), 1007-1014. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000240
45. West, R., Lorimer, A., Pearson, S., & Keogh, J. W. (2022). The relationship between undulatory underwater kick performance determinants and underwater velocity in competitive swimmers: a systematic review. Sports Medicine-Open, 8(1), 95. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-022-00485-0
46. Wilk, K. E., Keirns, M. A., Andrews, J. R., Clancy, W. G., Arrigo, C. A., & Erber, D. J. (1991). Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction rehabilitation: A six-month follow-up of isokinetic testing in recreational athletes. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 1(1), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.3233/IES-1991-1107
47. World Aquatics. (2026, Şubat 18). Competition regulations: In force as from February 2026. https://resources.fina.org/fina/document/2026/02/18/e6815ecc-06d9-4f0b-98e9-4c441cf5e6a3/2026-02-18_World-Aquatics_CR-Final.pdf.
48. Yapıcı, A., Ozkol, M. Z., Özçaldıran, B., & Ergun, M. (2017). The relationship between throwing velocity with and without leg movements and isokinetic muscle strength in elite water polo players. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.266161
49. Zinner, C., Sperlich, B., Krueger, M., Focke, T., Reed, J., & Mester, J. (2015). Strength, endurance, throwing velocity and in-water jump performance of elite German water polo players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 45, 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0015