Kont Agenor Gołuchowski’nin Boğazları İşgal Planı (1895)

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 85 - 114, 30.06.2025

Serdar Bay

https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.1614213

Öz

Kont Agenor Gołuchowski Mayıs 1895’te Avusturya-Macaristan Dışişleri Bakanı olduğunda, Yakın Doğu’daki statükoyu korumayı ve Rusya’nın Boğazlara ve Balkanlara doğru genişlemesini önlemeyi amaçlayan ihtiyatlı bir dış politika benimsedi. Ancak İstanbul’daki Ermeni olayları Avrupalı Güçler üzerinde önemli bir kamuoyu baskısı yaratarak Doğu Sorunu’na ilişkin korkuları canlandırdı. Rus müdahalesi ve artan istikrarsızlık riskiyle karşı karşıya kalan Gołuchowski, Kasım 1895’te bir deniz gösterisi ve Boğazların işgali için bir plan önererek Avrupa Uyumu’nun önemini yeniden teyit etmeye çalıştı. Akdeniz Anlaşması’ndaki müttefiki İngiltere’den güçlü bir destek beklemesine rağmen İngiliz Kabinesi nihayetinde plana karşı çıktı. Goschen ve Richards’ın başını çektiği İngiliz Amiralliği, Sultan II. Abdülhamid’in Çanakkale Boğazı’nda yakın zamanda güçlendirdiği tahkimatın, önemli bir kara desteği olmadan denizden geçişi imkânsız hale getirdiğini ileri sürerek plana ciddi itirazlarda bulundu. Dahası, Rusya’nın herhangi bir askeri müdahaleye kesin bir şekilde karşı çıkması Gołuchowski’nin önerisini daha da izole etti ve nihayetinde geri çekilmeye zorladı. Sonuç olarak plan çöktü ve Doğu Sorunu konusunda Avrupa’nın kolektif eyleminin kırılganlığını ortaya koydu. Temel olarak İngiliz ve Osmanlı arşiv belgelerine dayanan bu çalışma, Gołuchowski’nin girişiminin başarısız olmasının yalnızca Avrupa kolektif diplomasisinin sınırlarını ortaya koymakla kalmayıp, aynı zamanda Avusturya-Macaristan’ın Balkanlar’daki etkisinin azalmasını da hızlandırdığını savunmaktadır. Ayrıca bu çalışma, planın çöküşünün Osmanlı krizinin yönetiminde Avrupa Konseyi’nin nasıl daha geniş çaplı bir zayıflamaya işaret ettiğini vurgulayarak, Doğu Sorunu konusunda Büyük Güçler arasında artan ayrışmaya dikkat çekmektedir. Çalışma, dönemin diplomatik yazışmalarını, bahri değerlendirmelerini ve parlamento tartışmalarını inceleyerek, stratejik yanlış hesaplamaların, İngiliz Kabinesi içindeki bölünmelerin ve Rusya’nın iddialı diplomasisinin Gołuchowski’nin emellerini nasıl boşa çıkardığına ve bölgesel hizalanmaları nasıl yeniden şekillendirdiğine dair kapsamlı bir anlayış sunmaktadır. Bu vaka çalışması, kritik bir dönemeçte Doğu Sorunu’nun yönetiminde deniz diplomasisinin sınırlarını ve Avrupa birliğinin kırılganlığını ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Büyük Devletler , Goluchowski , Salisbury , Deniz Gösterisi , Boğazlar

Count Agenor Gołuchowski’s Plan to Occupy the Straits (1895)

Öz

When Count Agenor Gołuchowski became Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister in May 1895, he adopted a cautious foreign policy aimed at preserving the status quo in the Near East and preventing Russian expansion towards the Straits and the Balkans. However, the Armenian events in Istanbul created considerable public pressure on the European Powers and revived fears about the Eastern Question. Faced with the risk of Russian intervention and growing instability, Gołuchowski sought to reaffirm the importance the Concert of Europe by proposing a naval demonstration and a plan for the occupation of the Straits in November, 1895. Although he expected strong support from Britain, his ally in the Mediterranean Treaty, the British Cabinet ultimately opposed the plan. The British Admiralty, led by Goschen and Richards, raised serious objections to the plan, arguing that Sultan Abdülhamid II’s recent fortification of the Dardanelles made sea passage impossible without significant land support. Moreover, Russia’s firm opposition to any military intervention further isolated Gołuchowski’s proposal and ultimately forced its withdrawal. As a result, the plan collapsed, revealing the fragility of European collective action on the Eastern Question. Drawing mainly on British and Ottoman archival documents, this study argues that the failure of Gołuchowski’s initiative not only exposed the limits of European collective diplomacy, but also accelerated the decline of Austro-Hungarian influence in the Balkans. It also highlights how the collapse of the plan signalled a wider weakening of the Council of Europe in the management of the Ottoman crisis, drawing attention to the growing divergence among the Great Powers over the Eastern Question. By analysing diplomatic correspondence, naval assessments and parliamentary debates of the period, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of how strategic miscalculations, divisions within the British Cabinet and assertive Russian diplomacy frustrated Gołuchowski’s ambitions and reshaped regional alignments. This case study reveals the limits of naval diplomacy and the fragility of European unity in managing the Eastern Question at a critical juncture.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Great Powers , Goluchowski , Salisbury , Naval Demonstration , Straits

Kaynakça

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