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The Analysis of Dynamic Relationship between Higher Educational, Health and Economic Growth in Turkey

Yıl 2021, , 434 - 454, 31.01.2021

Gülten Dursun , Zeynep Yeşilmen

https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.818267

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abdioğlu, Zehra ve Albayrak, Nilcan. 2018. “Türkiye’de Yükseköğretimin Sektörel Büyümeye Etkisi.” Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi 127-140.
  • Adu, George. 2013. “Determinants of Economic Growth in Ghana: Parametric and Nonparametric Investigations.” The Journal of Developing Areas 47(2), 277- 301.
  • Aghion, Philippe ve Peter Howitt. 1992. “A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction." Econometrica 60(2), 323-351.
  • Ak, Rengin. 2012. “The Relationship between Health Expenditures and Economic Growth: Turkish Case.” International Journal of Business Management & Economic Research 3(1), 404-409.
  • Aka, Bedia F. ve Dumont, J.C. 2008. “Health, Education and Economic Growth: Testing for Longrun Relationships and Causal Linksin the United States.” Applied Econometrics and International Development 8(2), 101-110.
  • Ay, Ahmet ve Yardımcı, Pınar. 2008. “Türkiye’de Beşeri Sermaye Birikimine Dayalı Ak Tipi İçsel Ekonomik Büyümenin VAR Modeli ile Analizi (1950-2000).” Maliye Dergisi 155: 39-54.
  • Awel, Ahmed Mohammed. 2013. “The Long-Run Relationship between Human Capital and Economic Growth in Sweden.”MRPA Paper No. 45183.
  • Barro, Robert J. 1991. “Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries.”Quarterly Journal of Economics106(2), 407–443.
  • Barro, Robert J. ve Sala-i-Martin, Xavier. 1995.Economic Growth.New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Barro, Robert J. 1996. “Health and Economic Growth.”Harvard University.
  • Barro, Robert J. 1997. Determinants of Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Study.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Becker, Gary S. 1962. “Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis.” Journal of Political Economy 70(5), part 2, 9-49.
  • Behrman, Jere R. ve Rosenzweig, Mark R. 2004. “Return to Birthweight.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 86(2), 586-601.
  • Bhargavaa, Alok, Jamison, Dean T., Lau, Lawrence J. ve Murray, Christopher J.L. 2001. “Modeling the Effects of Health on Economic Growth.” Journal of Health Economics 20: 423–440.
  • Bils, Mark ve Klenow, Peter J. 2000. “Does Schooling Cause Growth?”American Economic Review 90(5), 1160–1183.
  • Bleakley, Hoyt. 2007. “Disease and Development: Evidence from Hookworm Eradication in the American South.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 22(1), 73–117.
  • Bloom, David E., Canning, David ve Sevilla, Jaypee. 2004. “The Effect of Health on Economic Growth: A Production Function Approach.” World Development 32(1), 1–13.
  • Bloom, David E., Canning, David, Kotschy, Rainer, Prettner, Klaus ve Schünemann, Johannes. 2018. “Health and Economic Growth: Reconciling the Micro and Macro Evidence.” IZA DP No. 11940.
  • Boachi, Micheal K. 2017. “Health and Economic Growth in Ghana: An Empirical Investigation.” Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 10: 253-265.
  • Bowen, William M. ve Qian, Haifeng. 2017. “State Spending for Higher Education: Does it Improve Economic Performance?” Regional Science Policy & Practice 9(1), 7-23.
  • Dănăcică, Daniela-Emanuela. 2011. “Causality between School Education and Economic Growth in Romania.”Argumenta Oeconomica 1(26), 57-72.
  • Dănăcică, Daniela-Emanuela, Belașcu, Lucian ve Ilie, Livia. 2010. “The Interactive Causality between Higher Education and Economic Growth in Romania.” International Review of Business Research Papers 6(4), 491-500.
  • Denison, Edward F. ve Poullier, Jean-Pierre. 1967. Why Growth Rates Differ. Postwar Experience in Nine Western Countries, Washington DC, Brookings Institution.
  • Ehrlich, Isaac ve Lui, Francis T. 1991. “Intergenerational Trade, Longevity, and Economic Growth.” Journal of Political Economy 99: 1029–59.
  • Erdem, Ekrem ve Tugcu, Can T. 2012. “Higher Education and Unemployment: A Cointegration and Causality Analysis of the Case of Turkey.” European Journal of Education 47(2), 299-309.
  • Erdoğan, Seyfettin ve Yıldırım, Durmuş Ç. 2009. “Türkiye’de Eğitim-İktisadi Büyüme İlişkisi Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir İnceleme.” Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi 4(2), 11-22.
  • Gemmell, Norman. 1995. “Endogenous Growth, the Solow Model and Human Capital.” Economics of Planning 28: 169-183.
  • Goldin, Claudia D. 2016. “Human Capital.” In edited by C. Diebolt and M. Haupert, M. Handbook of Cliometrics,55-86. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
  • Greiner, A., Semmlery, W., ve Gong, G. 2005.Economic Growth: A Time Series Perspective, Princeton University Press.
  • Gregory, Allan W. ve Hansen Bruce E. 1996. “Residual-Based Tests for Cointegration in Models with Regime Shifts.” Journal of Econometrics 70: 99-126.
  • Grossman, Michael. 1972.“On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health.”Journal of Political Economy 80: 223–55.
  • Hacker, R. Scott ve Hatemi-J, Abdulnasser. 2006. “Tests for Causality between Integrated Variables Using Asymptotic and Bootstrap Distributions: Theory and Application.” Applied Economics 38(13), 1489-1500.
  • Hamdan, Allam, Sarea, Adel, Khamis, Reem ve Anasweh, Mohammad. 2020. “A Causality Analysis of the Link between Higher Education and Economic Development: Empirical Evidence.”Heliyon 6: 1-6.
  • Han, Hsiang-Ling. 1996. “Small Sample Properties of Canonical Cointegrating Regressions.” Empirical Economics 21(2), 235-253.
  • Hansen, Bruce E. 1992 (a). “Efficient Estimation and Testing of Cointegrating Vectors in the Presence of Deterministic Trends”. Journal of Econometrics 53 (1-3), 87-121.
  • Hansen, Bruce E. 1992 (b). “Tests for Parameter Instability in Regressions with I(1) Processes.” Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 10(3), 321-335.
  • Hanushek, E.A. ve Wößmann, L. 2007. “The Role of Education Quality in Economic Growth.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4122.
  • Hanushek, E. A. ve Woessmann, L. 2010. “Education and Economic Growth.” In International Encyclopedia of Education (Vol. 2) edited by P. Peterson, E. Baker, B. McGaw, 245-252). Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Hanushek, Eric A. 2016. “Will More Higher Education Improve Economic Growth?” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 32(4), 538-552.
  • Harmon, Colm, Oosterbeek, Hessel ve Walker, Ian. 2003. “The Returns to Education: Microeconomics.” Journal of Economic Surveys 17(2), 115-155.
  • Hatemi-J, Abdulnasser. 2008. “Tests for Cointegration with Two Unknown Regime Shifts with an Application To Financial Market Integration.” Empirical Economics, 35(3), 497-505.
  • Hoenack, Stephen A. 1993. “Higher Education and Economic Growth.” In Higher Education and Economic Growth, edited by William E. Becker ve Darrell R. Lewis, 21-50.New York: Springer.
  • Katırcıoğlu, Salih T. 2009. “Investigating Higher-education-led Growth Hypothesis in a Small Island: Time Series Evidence from Northern Cyprus.” EconAnadolu 17-19 Haziran.
  • Khan, Raza, Salim, H. ve Laila, A. 2019. “Does the Improved Health Can Raise GDP? (A Longitudinal Study of Pakistan Economy) Airlines.”Journal of Economic and Business Studies 2(8), 1-4.
  • Kim, Dong-Hyeun, Wu, Yi-Chen ve Lin, Shu-Chin. 2017. “Education, Health and Economic Development.” Macroeconomic Dynamics 23(2), 837-869.
  • Kumar, Chandra Shekhar. 2006. “Human Capital and Growth Empirics.” The Journal of Developing Areas 40(1), 153-179.
  • Lee, Junsoo ve StrazicichMark C. 2003. “Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 85(4), 1082-1089.
  • Li, Hongyi ve Liang, Huang. 2010. “Health, Education, and Economic Growth in East Asia.” Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 3(2),110-131.
  • Lucas, Robert E. 1988.“On the Mechanisms of Economic Development.”Journal of Monetary Economics 22(1), 3-42.
  • Lucas, Robert E. 1993. “Making a Miracle.” Econometrica 61(2), 251-272.
  • Mackinnon, James G. 1996. “Numerical Distribution Functions for Unit Root and Cointegration Tests.” Journal of Applied Econometrics 11: 601-618.
  • Mankiw, N. Gregory, Romer, Davidve Weil, David N. 1992.“A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth.”Quarterly Journal of Economics 107(2), 407 –437.
  • Mariana, Dragoescu Raluca. 2015. “Education As a Determinant of the Economic Growth. The Case of Romania.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 197: 404-412.
  • Marquez-Ramos, Laura ve Mourelle, Estefanía. 2019. “Education and Economic Growth: an Empirical Analysis of Nonlinearities.” Applied Economic Analysis 27(79), 21-45.
  • Mercan, Mehmet ve Sezer, Sevgi. 2014. “The Effect of Education Expenditure on Economic Growth: The Case of Turkey.” Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 109: 925-930.
  • Narayan, Paresh Kumar ve Narayan, Seema 2005. “Estimating Income and Price Elasticities of Imports for Fiji in a Cointegration Framework.” Economic Modelling 22(3), 423-438.
  • Nelson, Richard ve Phelps, Edmund. 1966. “Investment in Humans, Technological Diffusion and Economic Growth.”American Economic Review 56(1/2), 69–75.
  • Neycheva, Mariya. 2019. “How Might the Negative Impact of Higher Education on Growth Be Explained? The Role of Vertical Qualification (Mis)Match in an MRW-Type Model.” Economics of Transition and Institutional Change 27(4), 943-969.
  • Ogundari, Kolawole ve Awokuse, Titus. 2018. “Human Capital Contribution to Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does Health Status Matter More Than Education?” Economic Analysis and Policy 58: 131-140.
  • Park, Joon Y. 1992. “Canonical Cointegrating Regressions.” Econometrica 60(1), 119-143.
  • Phillips, Peter C.B. ve Hansen, Bruce E. 1990. “Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regressions with I(1) Processes.” Review of Economic Studies 57(1), 99-125. Pritchett, Lant. 2001. “'Where Has All the Education Gone?” The World Bank Economic Review 15(3), 367-391.
  • Rahman, Zia Ur, Khattak, Shoukat Iqbal, Ahmas, Manzoor ve Khan, Anwar. 2020. “A Disaggregated-Level Analysis of the Relationship Among Energy Production, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from China.” Energy 194: 1-11.
  • Ram, Rani.2007. “IQ and Economic Growth: Further Augmentation of mankiw-Romer-Weil Model.” Economics Letters 94(1), 7-11.
  • Ranis, Gustav, Stewart, Frances ve Ramirez, Alejandro. 2000. “Economic Growth and Human Development.” World Development 28(2), 197-219.
  • Romer, Paul M. 1986. “Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth.” Journal of Political Economy 94(5), 1102-1037.
  • Romer, Paul M. 1990a. “Human Capital and Growth: Theory and Evidence.” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 32: 251-286.
  • Romer, Paul M. 1990b.“Endogenous Technological Change.”Journal of Political Economy 98(5),71–102.
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Türkiye’de Yüksek Eğitim, Sağlık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Dinamik İlişkinin Analizi

Yıl 2021, , 434 - 454, 31.01.2021

Gülten Dursun , Zeynep Yeşilmen

https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.818267

Öz

Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de 1991-2018 dönemi için beşeri sermaye yatırımı olarak yükseköğretim, sağlık ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki uzun vadeli ilişki Gregory-Hansen (GH) yapısal kırılmalı eşbütünleşme yaklaşımıyla incelenmiştir. Eşbütünleşme vektöründeki yapısal değişim altında değişkenler arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi tespit edildikten sonra model C/T için bulunan eşbütünleşme ilişkisi dikkate alınarak, uzun dönem katsayılarının elde edilmesinde Tam Değiştirilmiş EKK (FMOLS), Dinamik En Küçük Kareler (DOLS) ve Kanonik Eşbütünleşme Regresyonu (CCR) tahmincileri kullanılmıştır. Temel sonuçlarımız yükseköğretimin ekonomik büyüme üzerinde negatif bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu sonuç teorik öngörülerle çelişmekle birlikte Türkiye’de genç işsiz sayısının artmaya devam etmesi, yükseköğretimin planlanmamış karakterini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu bulgu Türkiye ekonomisinin düşük beceri ve düşük üretkenlik faaliyetlerinde uzmanlaştığının da bir ifadesidir. Dolayısıyla yükseköğretimin nitel yönlerinden ziyade niceliksel olarak genişlemesinin ekonomik büyümeye katkıda bulunmadığı bu çalışmanın önemli bir bulgusudur. Sağlıkla ilgili dikkate aldığımız vekil değişken olarak doğumda yaşam beklentisinin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi pozitif ve sabit sermaye yatırımlarının etkisinden daha büyüktür. Hacker ve Hatemi-J (2006) bootstrap nedensellik test sonuçları ise büyüme ve bağımsız değişkenlerle ilgili sadece yüksek eğitimden büyümeye doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yüksek eğitim sağlık ekonomik büyüme

Kaynakça

  • Abdioğlu, Zehra ve Albayrak, Nilcan. 2018. “Türkiye’de Yükseköğretimin Sektörel Büyümeye Etkisi.” Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi 127-140.
  • Adu, George. 2013. “Determinants of Economic Growth in Ghana: Parametric and Nonparametric Investigations.” The Journal of Developing Areas 47(2), 277- 301.
  • Aghion, Philippe ve Peter Howitt. 1992. “A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction." Econometrica 60(2), 323-351.
  • Ak, Rengin. 2012. “The Relationship between Health Expenditures and Economic Growth: Turkish Case.” International Journal of Business Management & Economic Research 3(1), 404-409.
  • Aka, Bedia F. ve Dumont, J.C. 2008. “Health, Education and Economic Growth: Testing for Longrun Relationships and Causal Linksin the United States.” Applied Econometrics and International Development 8(2), 101-110.
  • Ay, Ahmet ve Yardımcı, Pınar. 2008. “Türkiye’de Beşeri Sermaye Birikimine Dayalı Ak Tipi İçsel Ekonomik Büyümenin VAR Modeli ile Analizi (1950-2000).” Maliye Dergisi 155: 39-54.
  • Awel, Ahmed Mohammed. 2013. “The Long-Run Relationship between Human Capital and Economic Growth in Sweden.”MRPA Paper No. 45183.
  • Barro, Robert J. 1991. “Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries.”Quarterly Journal of Economics106(2), 407–443.
  • Barro, Robert J. ve Sala-i-Martin, Xavier. 1995.Economic Growth.New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Barro, Robert J. 1996. “Health and Economic Growth.”Harvard University.
  • Barro, Robert J. 1997. Determinants of Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Study.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Becker, Gary S. 1962. “Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis.” Journal of Political Economy 70(5), part 2, 9-49.
  • Behrman, Jere R. ve Rosenzweig, Mark R. 2004. “Return to Birthweight.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 86(2), 586-601.
  • Bhargavaa, Alok, Jamison, Dean T., Lau, Lawrence J. ve Murray, Christopher J.L. 2001. “Modeling the Effects of Health on Economic Growth.” Journal of Health Economics 20: 423–440.
  • Bils, Mark ve Klenow, Peter J. 2000. “Does Schooling Cause Growth?”American Economic Review 90(5), 1160–1183.
  • Bleakley, Hoyt. 2007. “Disease and Development: Evidence from Hookworm Eradication in the American South.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 22(1), 73–117.
  • Bloom, David E., Canning, David ve Sevilla, Jaypee. 2004. “The Effect of Health on Economic Growth: A Production Function Approach.” World Development 32(1), 1–13.
  • Bloom, David E., Canning, David, Kotschy, Rainer, Prettner, Klaus ve Schünemann, Johannes. 2018. “Health and Economic Growth: Reconciling the Micro and Macro Evidence.” IZA DP No. 11940.
  • Boachi, Micheal K. 2017. “Health and Economic Growth in Ghana: An Empirical Investigation.” Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 10: 253-265.
  • Bowen, William M. ve Qian, Haifeng. 2017. “State Spending for Higher Education: Does it Improve Economic Performance?” Regional Science Policy & Practice 9(1), 7-23.
  • Dănăcică, Daniela-Emanuela. 2011. “Causality between School Education and Economic Growth in Romania.”Argumenta Oeconomica 1(26), 57-72.
  • Dănăcică, Daniela-Emanuela, Belașcu, Lucian ve Ilie, Livia. 2010. “The Interactive Causality between Higher Education and Economic Growth in Romania.” International Review of Business Research Papers 6(4), 491-500.
  • Denison, Edward F. ve Poullier, Jean-Pierre. 1967. Why Growth Rates Differ. Postwar Experience in Nine Western Countries, Washington DC, Brookings Institution.
  • Ehrlich, Isaac ve Lui, Francis T. 1991. “Intergenerational Trade, Longevity, and Economic Growth.” Journal of Political Economy 99: 1029–59.
  • Erdem, Ekrem ve Tugcu, Can T. 2012. “Higher Education and Unemployment: A Cointegration and Causality Analysis of the Case of Turkey.” European Journal of Education 47(2), 299-309.
  • Erdoğan, Seyfettin ve Yıldırım, Durmuş Ç. 2009. “Türkiye’de Eğitim-İktisadi Büyüme İlişkisi Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir İnceleme.” Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi 4(2), 11-22.
  • Gemmell, Norman. 1995. “Endogenous Growth, the Solow Model and Human Capital.” Economics of Planning 28: 169-183.
  • Goldin, Claudia D. 2016. “Human Capital.” In edited by C. Diebolt and M. Haupert, M. Handbook of Cliometrics,55-86. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
  • Greiner, A., Semmlery, W., ve Gong, G. 2005.Economic Growth: A Time Series Perspective, Princeton University Press.
  • Gregory, Allan W. ve Hansen Bruce E. 1996. “Residual-Based Tests for Cointegration in Models with Regime Shifts.” Journal of Econometrics 70: 99-126.
  • Grossman, Michael. 1972.“On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health.”Journal of Political Economy 80: 223–55.
  • Hacker, R. Scott ve Hatemi-J, Abdulnasser. 2006. “Tests for Causality between Integrated Variables Using Asymptotic and Bootstrap Distributions: Theory and Application.” Applied Economics 38(13), 1489-1500.
  • Hamdan, Allam, Sarea, Adel, Khamis, Reem ve Anasweh, Mohammad. 2020. “A Causality Analysis of the Link between Higher Education and Economic Development: Empirical Evidence.”Heliyon 6: 1-6.
  • Han, Hsiang-Ling. 1996. “Small Sample Properties of Canonical Cointegrating Regressions.” Empirical Economics 21(2), 235-253.
  • Hansen, Bruce E. 1992 (a). “Efficient Estimation and Testing of Cointegrating Vectors in the Presence of Deterministic Trends”. Journal of Econometrics 53 (1-3), 87-121.
  • Hansen, Bruce E. 1992 (b). “Tests for Parameter Instability in Regressions with I(1) Processes.” Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 10(3), 321-335.
  • Hanushek, E.A. ve Wößmann, L. 2007. “The Role of Education Quality in Economic Growth.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4122.
  • Hanushek, E. A. ve Woessmann, L. 2010. “Education and Economic Growth.” In International Encyclopedia of Education (Vol. 2) edited by P. Peterson, E. Baker, B. McGaw, 245-252). Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Hanushek, Eric A. 2016. “Will More Higher Education Improve Economic Growth?” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 32(4), 538-552.
  • Harmon, Colm, Oosterbeek, Hessel ve Walker, Ian. 2003. “The Returns to Education: Microeconomics.” Journal of Economic Surveys 17(2), 115-155.
  • Hatemi-J, Abdulnasser. 2008. “Tests for Cointegration with Two Unknown Regime Shifts with an Application To Financial Market Integration.” Empirical Economics, 35(3), 497-505.
  • Hoenack, Stephen A. 1993. “Higher Education and Economic Growth.” In Higher Education and Economic Growth, edited by William E. Becker ve Darrell R. Lewis, 21-50.New York: Springer.
  • Katırcıoğlu, Salih T. 2009. “Investigating Higher-education-led Growth Hypothesis in a Small Island: Time Series Evidence from Northern Cyprus.” EconAnadolu 17-19 Haziran.
  • Khan, Raza, Salim, H. ve Laila, A. 2019. “Does the Improved Health Can Raise GDP? (A Longitudinal Study of Pakistan Economy) Airlines.”Journal of Economic and Business Studies 2(8), 1-4.
  • Kim, Dong-Hyeun, Wu, Yi-Chen ve Lin, Shu-Chin. 2017. “Education, Health and Economic Development.” Macroeconomic Dynamics 23(2), 837-869.
  • Kumar, Chandra Shekhar. 2006. “Human Capital and Growth Empirics.” The Journal of Developing Areas 40(1), 153-179.
  • Lee, Junsoo ve StrazicichMark C. 2003. “Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 85(4), 1082-1089.
  • Li, Hongyi ve Liang, Huang. 2010. “Health, Education, and Economic Growth in East Asia.” Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 3(2),110-131.
  • Lucas, Robert E. 1988.“On the Mechanisms of Economic Development.”Journal of Monetary Economics 22(1), 3-42.
  • Lucas, Robert E. 1993. “Making a Miracle.” Econometrica 61(2), 251-272.
  • Mackinnon, James G. 1996. “Numerical Distribution Functions for Unit Root and Cointegration Tests.” Journal of Applied Econometrics 11: 601-618.
  • Mankiw, N. Gregory, Romer, Davidve Weil, David N. 1992.“A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth.”Quarterly Journal of Economics 107(2), 407 –437.
  • Mariana, Dragoescu Raluca. 2015. “Education As a Determinant of the Economic Growth. The Case of Romania.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 197: 404-412.
  • Marquez-Ramos, Laura ve Mourelle, Estefanía. 2019. “Education and Economic Growth: an Empirical Analysis of Nonlinearities.” Applied Economic Analysis 27(79), 21-45.
  • Mercan, Mehmet ve Sezer, Sevgi. 2014. “The Effect of Education Expenditure on Economic Growth: The Case of Turkey.” Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 109: 925-930.
  • Narayan, Paresh Kumar ve Narayan, Seema 2005. “Estimating Income and Price Elasticities of Imports for Fiji in a Cointegration Framework.” Economic Modelling 22(3), 423-438.
  • Nelson, Richard ve Phelps, Edmund. 1966. “Investment in Humans, Technological Diffusion and Economic Growth.”American Economic Review 56(1/2), 69–75.
  • Neycheva, Mariya. 2019. “How Might the Negative Impact of Higher Education on Growth Be Explained? The Role of Vertical Qualification (Mis)Match in an MRW-Type Model.” Economics of Transition and Institutional Change 27(4), 943-969.
  • Ogundari, Kolawole ve Awokuse, Titus. 2018. “Human Capital Contribution to Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does Health Status Matter More Than Education?” Economic Analysis and Policy 58: 131-140.
  • Park, Joon Y. 1992. “Canonical Cointegrating Regressions.” Econometrica 60(1), 119-143.
  • Phillips, Peter C.B. ve Hansen, Bruce E. 1990. “Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regressions with I(1) Processes.” Review of Economic Studies 57(1), 99-125. Pritchett, Lant. 2001. “'Where Has All the Education Gone?” The World Bank Economic Review 15(3), 367-391.
  • Rahman, Zia Ur, Khattak, Shoukat Iqbal, Ahmas, Manzoor ve Khan, Anwar. 2020. “A Disaggregated-Level Analysis of the Relationship Among Energy Production, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from China.” Energy 194: 1-11.
  • Ram, Rani.2007. “IQ and Economic Growth: Further Augmentation of mankiw-Romer-Weil Model.” Economics Letters 94(1), 7-11.
  • Ranis, Gustav, Stewart, Frances ve Ramirez, Alejandro. 2000. “Economic Growth and Human Development.” World Development 28(2), 197-219.
  • Romer, Paul M. 1986. “Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth.” Journal of Political Economy 94(5), 1102-1037.
  • Romer, Paul M. 1990a. “Human Capital and Growth: Theory and Evidence.” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 32: 251-286.
  • Romer, Paul M. 1990b.“Endogenous Technological Change.”Journal of Political Economy 98(5),71–102.
  • Saikkonen, Pentti 1992. “Estimation and Testing of Cointegrated Systems by an Autoregressive Approximation.” Econometric Theory 8: 1-27.
  • Schultz, Theodore W. 1961. “Investment in Human Capital.”American Economic Review 51(1), 1-17.
  • Schultz, Theodore W. 1963. The Economic Value of Education.New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Siddique, Hafiz M.A.,Mohey-ud-din, Ghulam ve Kiani, Adiqa. 2018. “Health, Education and Economic Growth Nexus: Evidence from Middle Income Countries.” Global Social Sciences Review 3(4), 68-86.
  • Solow, Robert M. 1956. “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 70: 65–94.
  • Stock, James H. ve Watson, Mark. 1993. “A Simple Estimator of Cointegrating Vectors in Higher Order Integrated Systems.” Econometrica 61(4), 783-820.
  • Swan, Trevor W. 1956. “Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation.” Economic Record 32(63), 334–61.
  • T.C. Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı. 2020. AB Tanımlı Genel Yönetim Borç İstatistikleri. https://www.hmb.gov.tr/kamu-finansmani-istatistikleri
  • Toda, Hiro Y. ve Yamamoto, Taku. 1995. “Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes.”Journal of Econometrics66:225-250.
  • Şimşek, Muammer ve Kadılar, Cem. 2010. “Türkiye’de Beşeri Sermaye, İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Nedensellik Analizi.” Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 11(1), 115-140.
  • Taban, Sami. 2006. “Türkiye’de Sağlık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi.” Sosyoekonomi 4(4), 31-46. Topallı, Nurgün. 2015. “Türkiye’de Beşeri Sermaye ve Büyüme İlişkisinin Ekonometrik Bir Analizi.” Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi34(1), 217-234.
  • Tursoy, Turgut ve Faisal, Faisal. 2018. “The Impact of Gold and Crude Oil Prices on Stock Market in Turkey: Empirical Evidences from ARDL Bounds Test and Combined Cointegration.”Resources Policy 55: 49-54.
  • Umar, Dominic Ikoh. 2017. “Education Outcomes, Health Outcomes and Economic Growth in Nigeria (1980-2013).” Journal of Social and Economic Development 19(1), 227-244.
  • Van Zon, Adriaan ve Muysken, Joan. 2001. “Health and Endogenous Growth.” Journal of Health Economics 20: 169–185.
  • Yardımcıoğlu, Fatih. 2012. “OECD Ülkelerinde Sağlık ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Ekonometrik Bir İncelemesi.” Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 13(2), 27-47.
  • Yu, Haiqing, Zhao, Shukuan, Xu, Xiaobo ve Wang, Yilin. 2014. “An Empirical Study on the Dynamic Relationship between Higher Educational Investment and Economic Growth using VAR Model.” Systems Research and Behavioral Science 31: 461–470.
  • Zhao, Xuelian, Zou, Yu, Yin, Jiuli ve Fan, Xinghua. 2017. “Cointegration Relationship between Carbon Price and Its Factors: Evidence from Structural Breaks Analysis.”Energy Procedia 142: 2503-2510.
  • Zivot, Eric ve Andrews, Donald W.K. 1992. “Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis.” Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 10(3), 251-270.
Toplam 85 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gülten Dursun 0000-0003-2430-3412

Zeynep Yeşilmen 0000-0003-0802-3592

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Dursun, G., & Yeşilmen, Z. (2021). Türkiye’de Yüksek Eğitim, Sağlık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Dinamik İlişkinin Analizi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 16(61), 434-454. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.818267
AMA Dursun G, Yeşilmen Z. Türkiye’de Yüksek Eğitim, Sağlık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Dinamik İlişkinin Analizi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. Ocak 2021;16(61):434-454. doi:10.19168/jyasar.818267
Chicago Dursun, Gülten, ve Zeynep Yeşilmen. “Türkiye’de Yüksek Eğitim, Sağlık Ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Dinamik İlişkinin Analizi”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 16, sy. 61 (Ocak 2021): 434-54. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.818267.
EndNote Dursun G, Yeşilmen Z (01 Ocak 2021) Türkiye’de Yüksek Eğitim, Sağlık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Dinamik İlişkinin Analizi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 16 61 434–454.
IEEE G. Dursun ve Z. Yeşilmen, “Türkiye’de Yüksek Eğitim, Sağlık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Dinamik İlişkinin Analizi”, Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 16, sy. 61, ss. 434–454, 2021, doi: 10.19168/jyasar.818267.
ISNAD Dursun, Gülten - Yeşilmen, Zeynep. “Türkiye’de Yüksek Eğitim, Sağlık Ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Dinamik İlişkinin Analizi”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 16/61 (Ocak 2021), 434-454. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.818267.
JAMA Dursun G, Yeşilmen Z. Türkiye’de Yüksek Eğitim, Sağlık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Dinamik İlişkinin Analizi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2021;16:434–454.
MLA Dursun, Gülten ve Zeynep Yeşilmen. “Türkiye’de Yüksek Eğitim, Sağlık Ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Dinamik İlişkinin Analizi”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 16, sy. 61, 2021, ss. 434-5, doi:10.19168/jyasar.818267.
Vancouver Dursun G, Yeşilmen Z. Türkiye’de Yüksek Eğitim, Sağlık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Dinamik İlişkinin Analizi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2021;16(61):434-5.