2011 UNIVERSIADE KIŞ OYUNLARININ ERZURUM EKONOMİSİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: BİR UYGULAMA

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 30, 5064 - 5085, 01.06.2013

Ş. Mustafa Ersungur Merter Akıncı

Öz

Today, one of the main issues for governments is to initiate the policies which aims at reducing regional development disparities. As well as the region-spesific measures which was taken into account to eliminate these disparities, being held the large-scale sports events such as Olympic Games was pursued a goal and thus it was aimed at introducing the dynamics of regional development. It was thought that such organizations would create significant impacts on production, employment and national income and it was expressed that they would make an additional contribution to desired goal. In this respect, to determine the effects of the 2011 Universiade Winter Games on economy of Erzurum, a survey was conducted. With the help of the datas from the surveys, the current situation was displayed by being formed the frequency and percentage tables. Then, the regression analysis were applied to determine the effects of the Games on the economy. The results of the analysis showed that the Games, an important stimulus for the regional development, created the positive impacts on the regional employment, profit, production, capacity utilisation and national income.

Anahtar Kelimeler

The Olympic Games, Regional Development, Survey Methods, Regression Analysis

2011 UNIVERSIADE KIŞ OYUNLARININ ERZURUM EKONOMİSİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: BİR UYGULAMA

Öz

Günümüzde hükümetlerin önem verdiği konulardan bir tanesi, bölgesel kalkınma farklılıklarının azaltılmasına yönelik politikaların uygulanmasıdır. Bu farklılıkların giderilebilmesi için dikkate alınan bölgeye özgü tedbirlerin yanı sıra, Olimpiyat Oyunları gibi geniş çaplı sportif faaliyetlerin düzenlenmesi bir amaç haline getirilmiş ve böylece bölgesel kalkınma dinamiklerinin ortaya çıkarılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu tür organizasyonların ev sahibi ülkede üretim, istihdam ve milli gelir düzeyi üzerinde önemli etkiler yaratacağı düşünülmüş ve arzulanan hedefe ilave bir katkı sağlayacağı belirtilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, 2011 Universiade Kış Oyunlarının Erzurum ekonomisi üzerindeki etkilerini belirleyebilmek amacıyla bir uygulama yapılmıştır. Anketlerden elde edilen veriler yardımıyla frekans ve yüzde tabloları oluşturularak mevcut durum ortaya konmuştur. Regresyon analizleri ise, Oyunların ekonomi üzerindeki etkilerinin tespit edilmesi için uygulanmıştır. Analiz sonuçları, Oyunların bölgesel istihdam, kâr, üretim, kapasite kullanımı ve gelir üzerinde pozitif yönlü etkiler yaratarak kalkınma için önemli bir uyarıcı olduğunu göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Olimpiyat Oyunları, Bölgesel Kalkınma, Anket Metodu, Regresyon Analizi

Kaynakça

• Andranovich, Greg, Matthew J. Burbank and Charles H. Heying (2001), “Olympic Cities: Lessons Learned from Mega-Event Politics”, Journal of Urban Affairs, Vol: 23, No: 2, pp. 113-131.
• Berman, Gabrielle, Robert Brooks and Sinclair Davidson (2000), “The Sydney Olympic Games Announcement and Australian Stock Market Reaction”, Applied Economics Letters, Vol: 7, No: 12, pp. 781-784.
• Chalkley, Brian and Stephen Essex (1999), “Urban Development Through Hosting International Events: A History of the Olympic Games”, Planning Perspectives, Vol: 14, pp. 369-394.
• Crompton, John L. (1995), “Economic Impact Analysis of Sports Facilities and Events: Eleven Sources of Misapplication”, Journal of Sport Management, Vol: 9, No: 1, pp. 14-35.
• Çıtır, Işıl Ö. ve Merter Akıncı (2010), “2008 – 2009 Ekonomik Krizi Çerçevesinde Ordu/Ünye’de Fındık Sektöründe Faaliyet Gösteren KOBİ’lerin Kriz Stratejileri”, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi 2. Yerel Ekonomiler Kongresi, ss. 345-362.
• Darcy, S. and A. J. Veal (1994), “The Sydney 2000 Olympic Games: The Story So Far”, Australian Journal of Leisure and Recreation, Vol: 4, No: 1, pp. 5-14.
• Deccio, Cary and Seyhmus Baloglu (2002), “Nonhost Community Resident Reactions to the 2002 Winter Olympics: The Spillover Impacts”, Journal of Travel Research, Vol: 41, No: 1, pp. 46-56. Dick, Christian D. and Qingwei Wang (2008), “The Economic Impact of Olympic Games: Evidence from Stock Markets”, ZEW Discussion Paper, No: 08-060, pp. 1-10.
• Essex, Stephen and Brian Chalkley (1998), “Olympic Games: Catalyst of Urban Change”, Leisure Studies, Vol: 17, No: 3, pp. 187-206.
• Floros, Christos (2010), “The Impact of the Athens Olympic Games on the Athens Stock Exchange”, Journal of Economic Studies, Vol: 37, No: 6, pp. 647-657.
• French, Steven P. and Mike E. Disher (1997), “Atlanta and the Olympics: A One-Year Retrospective”, Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol: 63, No: 3, pp. 379-392.
• Guttmann, Allen (1992), The Olympics: A History of the Modern Games, Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
• Hall, Colin M. (1987), “The Effects of Hallmark Events on Cities”, Journal of Travel Research, Vol: 26, No: 2, pp. 44-45.
• Hiller, Harry H. (1990), “The Urban Transformation of a Landmark Event: The 1988 Calgary Winter Olympics”, Urban Affairs Review, Vol: 26, No: 1, pp. 118-137.
• Hotchkiss, Julie L., Robert E. Moore and Stephanie M. Zobay (2003), “Impact of the 1996 Summer Olympic Games on Employment and Wages in Georgia”, Southern Economic Journal, Vol: 69, No: 3, pp. 691-704.
• Kang, Yong S. and Richard Perdue (1994), “Long-Term Impact of a Mega-Event on International Tourism to the Host Country: A Conceptual Model and the Case of the 1988 Seoul Olympics”, Journal of International Consumer Marketing, Vol: 6, No: 3-4, pp. 205-225.
• Kasimati, Evangelia (2003), “Economic Aspects and the Summer Olympics: A Review of Related Research”, International Journal of Tourism Research, Vol: 5, pp. 433-444.
• Kumar, Amresh (2007), Complete Book of Olympic Games, India: Khel Sahitya Kendra Publishing.
• Ma, Tao (2008), “The Prevention of ‘Valley Effect’ in the Olympic Games of Beijing”, Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol: 1, No: 2, pp. 116-119.
• Madden, John R. and Matthew Crowe (1998), “Estimating the Economic Impact of the Sydney Olympic Games”, pp. 1-26, http://www-sre.wuwien.ac.at/ersa/ersaconfs/ersa98/papers/498.pdf , (Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2011).
• Malfas, Maximos, Eleni Theodoraki and Barrie Houlihan (2004), “Impacts of the Olympic Games as Mega-Events”, Municipal Engineer, Vol: 157, No: ME3, pp. 209-220.
• Martin, Michael F. (2008), “China’s Economy and the Beijing Olympics”, CRS Report for Congress, No: RS22936, pp. 1-7.
• Martins, Antonio M. and Ana P. Serra (2007), “Market Impact of International Sporting and Cultural Events”, IASE Working Paper Series, No: 07-20, pp. 1-80.
• Mirman, Martin and Rajneesh Sharma (2010), “Stock Market Reaction to Olympic Games Announcement”, Applied Economics Letters, Vol: 17, No: 5, pp. 463-466.
• Newman, Harvey K. (1999), “Neighborhood Impacts of Atlanta’s Olympic Games”, Community Development Journal, Vol: 34, No: 2, pp. 151-159.
• Nishio, T., C. Lim and P. Downward (2009), “Analysing the Economic Impact of the Olympics Using Stock Market Indices of Host Countries”, 18 th World IMACS/MODSIM Congress, pp. 125812
• OECD (2010), “Local Development Benefits from Stating Global Events: Achieving the Local Development Legacy from 2012”, OECD LEED Report, pp. 1-88.
• Pyo, Sungsoo, Raymond Cook and Richard L. Howell (1988), “Summer Olympic Tourist Market: Learning from the Past”, Tourism Management, Vol: 9, No: 2, pp. 137-144.
• Ritchie, J. R. Brent and Catherine E. Aitken (1984), “Assessing the Impacts of the 1988 Olympic Winter Games: The Research Program and Initial Results”, Journal of Travel Research, Vol: 22, No: 3, pp. 17-24.
• Rose, Andrew K. and Mark M. Spiegel (2009), “The Olympic Effect”, CEPR Discussion Paper, No: DP7248, pp. 1-50.
• Rowe, David (1999), Sport, Culture and the Media: The Unruly Trinity, Philadelphia: Open University Press.
• Song, Wonho (2010), “Impacts of Olympics on Exports and Tourism”, Journal of Economic Development, Vol: 35, No: 4, pp. 93-110.
• Soydal, Haldun (2005), “Sanal İşletmelerde İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi ve Bir Anket Çalışması”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı: 14, ss. 455-474.
• Spilling, Olav R. (1998), “Beyond Intermezzo? On the Long-Term Industrial Impacts of Mega-Events: The Case of Lillehammer 1994”, Festival Management and Event Tourism, Vol: 5, No: 3, pp. 101-1
• Sterken, Elmer (2006), “Growth Impact of Major Sporting Events”, European Sport Management Quarterly, Vol: 6, No: 4, pp. 375-389.
• Veraros, Nikolaos, Evangelia Kasimati and Peter Dawson (2004), “The 2004 Olympic Games Announcement and Its Effect on the Athens and Milan Stock Exchanges”, Applied Economics Letters, Vol: 11, No: 12, pp. 749-753.
• Walle, A. H. (1995), “Festivals and Mega-Events: Varying Roles and Responsibilities”, Festival Management and Event Tourism, Vol: 3, No: 3, pp. 115-119.
• Zimbalist, Andrew (2010), “Is It Worth It?”, IMF Finance & Development, pp. 8-11.
• Zhang, Yaxiong and Kun Zhao (2007), “Impact of Beijing Olympic-Related Investments on Regional Economic Growth of China: Interregional Input-Output Approach”, Asian Economic Journal, Vol: 21, No: 3, pp. 261-282.