Underrated Diagnosis: Prenatal Depression

Özgür Koçak; Sabina Koçak

Underrated Diagnosis: Prenatal Depression

Öz

Mental health disorders characterized by emotional lability, difficulty in concentrating, hopelessness, low energy level, irritability, food intake disorder, and changes in sleep patterns are called depression. To be diagnosed with depression according to the DSM-5, the following five or more symptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks, and at least one of the symptoms must be depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure. Others include weight loss without dieting, decreased physical activity, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, decreased ability to think or concentrate, and recurrent thoughts of death. The detection of antenatal depression may have many clinical implications because; it was associated with poor obstetric, neonatal outcomes, postpartum depression, preterm birth and low birth weight, small for gestational age, suicidal attempts, higher incidence of cesarean section, prolonged labor, more painful labor, operative delivery and it was also associated with a low APGAR score. While Covid 19 treatment is certain for pregnant women, we think it is useful to remember the treatment of anxiety and depression, which is more important and has increased prevalence during Covid 19 pandemics. The treatment options are Psychotherapy, Acupuncture, Bright light therapy, Exercise/yoga, Massage therapy, Family/couples therapy, Folic acid, Omega-3 fatty acids, S-adenosyl methionine, and medical Antidepressant treatment. In this review, current treatment methods used in the treatment of pregnant depression are summarized in detail.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

1. Al Thomali A, Daghestani MH, Kaya N, Warsy A. Polymorphic Variations In Vdr Gene In Saudi Women With And Without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) And Significant Influence Of Seven Polymorphic Sites On Anthropometric And Hormonal Parameters. J Med Biochem. 2018;37:415–25.
2. Singhal T. A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian journal of pediatrics. 2020;87:281–6.
3. Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®): American Psychiatric Pub; 2013.
4. Organization WH. Maternal mental health and child health and development in low and middle income countries: report of the meeting, Geneva, Switzerland, 30 January-1 February, 2008. 2008.
5. Fisher J, Tran T, Tran TD, Dwyer T, Nguyen T, Casey GJ, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for symptoms of common mental disorders in early and late pregnancy in Vietnamese women: a prospective population-based study. J Affect Disord. 2013;146:213–9.
6. Hartley M, Tomlinson M, Greco E, Comulada WS, Stewart J, le Roux I, et al. Depressed mood in pregnancy: prevalence and correlates in two Cape Town peri-urban settlements. Reprod Health. 2011;8:9.
7. Felice E, Saliba J, Grech V, Cox J. Prevalence rates and psychosocial characteristics associated with depression in pregnancy and postpartum in Maltese women. J Affect Disord. 2004;82:297–301.
8. Alipour Z, Kheirabadi GR, Eslami AA, Kazemi A. Psychological profiles of risk for antenatal depression and anxiety in Iranian sociocultural context. J Educ Health Promot. 2018;7:160.

9. Nath A, Venkatesh S, Balan S, Metgud CS, Krishna M, Murthy GVS. The prevalence and determinants of pregnancy-related anxiety amongst pregnant women at less than 24 weeks of pregnancy in Bangalore, Southern India. International journal of women’s health. 2019;11:241.
10. Gavin NI, Gaynes BN, Lohr KN, Meltzer-Brody S, Gartlehner G, Swinson TJO, et al. Perinatal depression: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence. 2005;106:1071–83.
11. Melville JL, Gavin A, Guo Y, Fan M-Y, Katon WJJO, gynecology. Depressive disorders during pregnancy: prevalence and risk factors in a large urban sample. 2010;116:1064.
12. Viguera AC, Tondo L, Koukopoulos AE, Reginaldi D, Lepri B, Baldessarini RJJAJoP. Episodes of mood disorders in 2, 252 pregnancies and postpartum periods. 2011;168:1179–85.
13. Rallis S, Skouteris H, McCabe M, Milgrom J. A prospective examination of depression, anxiety and stress throughout pregnancy. Women and birth: journal of the Australian College of Midwives. 2014;27:e36–42.
14. Bennett HA, Einarson A, Taddio A, Koren G, Einarson TR. Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: systematic review. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2004;103:698–709.
15. Gaynes BN, Gavin N, Meltzer-Brody S, Lohr KN, Swinson T, Gartlehner G, et al. Perinatal depression: Prevalence, screening accuracy, and screening outcomes: Summary. AHRQ evidence report summaries: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2005.
16. Alderdice F, McNeill J, Lynn F. A systematic review of systematic reviews of interventions to improve maternal mental health and well-being. Midwifery. 2013;29:389–99.
17. Hartmann JM, Mendoza-Sassi RA, Cesar JA. Postpartum depression: prevalence and associated factors. Cadernos de saude publica. 2017;33:e00094016–e.
18. Davalos DB, Yadon CA, Tregellas HC. Untreated prenatal maternal depression and the potential risks to offspring: a review. Archives of women’s mental health. 2012;15:1–14.
19. Grote NK, Bridge JA, Gavin AR, Melville JL, Iyengar S, Katon WJJAogp. A meta-analysis of depression during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth restriction. 2010;67:1012–24.
20. Szegda K, Markenson G, Bertone-Johnson ER, Chasan-Taber LJTJoM-F, Medicine N. Depression during pregnancy: a risk factor for adverse neonatal outcomes? A critical review of the literature. 2014;27:960–7.
21. Mauri M, Oppo A, Borri C, Banti SJAowsmh. SUICIDALITY in the perinatal period: comparison of two self-report instruments. Results from PND-ReScU. 2012;15:39–47.
22. Newport DJ, Levey L, Pennell P, Ragan K, Stowe ZNJAowsmh. Suicidal ideation in pregnancy: assessment and clinical implications. 2007;10:181–7.
23. Nasreen HE, Kabir ZN, Forsell Y, Edhborg M. Low birth weight in offspring of women with depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy: results from a population based study in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:515.
24. Niemi M, Falkenberg T, Petzold M, Chuc NT, Patel V. Symptoms of antenatal common mental disorders, preterm birth and low birthweight: a prospective cohort study in a semi-rural district of Vietnam. Trop Med Int Health. 2013;18:687–95.
25. Alhusen JL, Alvarez C. Perinatal depression: A clinical update. The Nurse Practitioner. 2016;41:50.
26. Smorti M, Ponti L, Tani F. The effect of maternal depression and anxiety on labour and the well-being of the newborn. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2019;39:492–7.
27. Rhudy JL, Meagher MW. Fear and anxiety: divergent effects on human pain thresholds. Pain. 2000;84:65–75.
28. Bergman K, Sarkar P, O’CONNOR TG, Modi N, Glover V. Maternal stress during pregnancy predicts cognitive ability and fearfulness in infancy. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2007;46:1454–63.
29. Glover V. Maternal depression, anxiety and stress during pregnancy and child outcome; what needs to be done. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28:25–35.
30. Hanley GE, Oberlander TFJBDRPAC, Teratology M. Neurodevelopmental outcomes following prenatal exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants: a “social teratogen” or moderator of developmental risk?. 2012;94:651–9.
31. Graignic-Philippe R, Dayan J, Chokron S, Jacquet A, Tordjman SJN, reviews b. Effects of prenatal stress on fetal and child development: a critical literature review. 2014;43:137–62.
32. Flink IK, Mroczek MZ, Sullivan MJ, Linton SJ. Pain in childbirth and postpartum recovery-The role of catastrophizing. European Journal of Pain. 2009;13:312–6.
33. Balanzá-Martínez V, Atienza-Carbonell B, Kapczinski F, De Boni RB. Lifestyle behaviours during the COVID-19 - time to connect. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2020.
34. Özdin S, Bayrak Özdin Ş. Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry;0:0020764020927051.
35. Qiancheng X, Jian S, Lingling P, Lei H, Xiaogan J, Weihua L, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy. International journal of infectious diseases: IJID. official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 2020.
36. Elshafeey F, Magdi R, Hindi N, Elshebiny M, Farrag N, Mahdy S, et al. A systematic scoping review of COVID-19 during pregnancy and childbirth. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2020.
37. Breslin N, Baptiste C, Gyamfi-Bannerman C, Miller R, Martinez R, Bernstein K, et al. COVID-19 infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women: Two weeks of confirmed presentations to an affiliated pair of New York City hospitals. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2020:100118.
38. Di Mascio D, Khalil A, Saccone G, Rizzo G, Buca D, Liberati M, et al. Outcome of Coronavirus spectrum infections (SARS, MERS, COVID 1 -19) during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2020:100107.
39. Khan S, Jun L, Nawsherwan, Siddique R, Li Y, Han G, et al. Association of COVID-19 with pregnancy outcomes in healthcare workers and general women. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020.
40. Li N, Han L, Peng M, Lv Y, Ouyang Y, Liu K, et al. Maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia: a case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2020.
41. Schwartz DA. An Analysis of 38 Pregnant Women with COVID-19, Their Newborn Infants, and Maternal-Fetal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal Coronavirus Infections and Pregnancy Outcomes. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2020.
42. Della Gatta AN, Rizzo R, Pilu G, Simonazzi G. COVID19 during pregnancy: a systematic review of reported cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020.
43. https://www.smfm.org/covid19 (Accessed on May 13 2021).
44. https://www.acog.org/ (Accessed on May 13 2021).
45. Yonkers KA, Vigod S, Ross LEJF. Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of mood disorders in pregnant and postpartum women. 2012;10:51–66.
46. Roy A, Campbell MKJC, medicine i. A unifying framework for depression: bridging the major biological and psychosocial theories through stress. 2013:E170-E90.
47. Rubinow DJAowsmh. Reproductive steroids in context. 2005;8:1.
48. Phoenix CH, Goy RW, Gerall AA, Young WCJE. Organizing action of prenatally administered testosterone propionate on the tissues mediating mating behavior in the female guinea pig. 1959;65:369–82.
49. Nolten We, Lindheimer Md, Rueckert Pa, Oparil S, Ehrlich Enjtjoce, Metabolism. Diurnal patterns and regulation of cortisol secretion in pregnancy. 1980;51:466–72.
50. Magiakou M, Mastorakos G, Rabin D, Dubbert B, Gold P, Chrousos GJTJoCE, et al. Hypothalamic corticotropinreleasing hormone suppression during the postpartum period: implications for the increase in psychiatric manifestations at this time. 1996;81:1912–7.
51. Essex MJ, Klein MH, Cho E, Kalin NHJBp. Maternal stress beginning in infancy may sensitize children to later stress exposure: effects on cortisol and behavior. 2002;52:776–84.
52. Gold PW, Gabry KE, Yasuda MR, Chrousos GPJE, Clinics M. Divergent endocrine abnormalities in melancholic and atypical depression: clinical and pathophysiologic implications. 2002;31:37–62.
53. Pedersen CA, Johnson JL, Silva S, Bunevicius R, Meltzer-Brody S, Hamer RM, et al. Antenatal thyroid correlates of postpartum depression. 2007;32:235–45.
54. Dupont C, Armant DR, Brenner CA. Epigenetics: definition, mechanisms and clinical perspective. Seminars in reproductive medicine. 2009;27:351–7.
55. Curley JP, Davidson S, Bateson P, Champagne FAJFibn. Social enrichment during postnatal development induces transgenerational effects on emotional and reproductive behavior in mice. 2009;3:25.
56. Weaver IC, Cervoni N, Champagne FA, D’Alessio AC, Sharma S, Seckl JR, et al. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. 2004;7:847–54.
57. Champagne FAJFin. Epigenetic mechanisms and the transgenerational effects of maternal care. 2008;29:386–97.
58. Stewart DE. Clinical practice. Depression during pregnancy. The New England journal of medicine. 2011;365:1605–11.
59. Chaudron LH. Complex challenges in treating depression during pregnancy. The American journal of psychiatry. 2013;170:12–20.
60. Muñoz RF, Le H-N, Ippen CG, Diaz MA, Urizar Jr GG, Soto J, et al. Prevention of postpartum depression in low-income women: Development of the Mamás y Bebés/Mothers and Babies Course. 2007;14:70–83.
61. Dimidjian S, Goodman SHJBr, therapy. Preferences and attitudes toward approaches to depression relapse/recurrence prevention among pregnant women. 2014;54:7–11.
62. Stuart S, Koleva HJBP, Obstetrics RC, Gynaecology. Psychological treatments for perinatal depression. 2014;28:61–70.
63. Daley A, Foster L, Long G, Palmer C, Robinson O, Walmsley H, et al. The effectiveness of exercise for the prevention and treatment of antenatal depression: systematic review with metaanalysis. 2015;122:57–62.
64. Smith CA, Hay PP, Macpherson H. Acupuncture for depression. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2010: Cd004046.
65. Lieverse R, Van Someren EJ, Nielen MM, Uitdehaag BM, Smit JH, Hoogendijk WJ. Bright light treatment in elderly patients with nonseasonal major depressive disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Archives of general psychiatry. 2011;68:61–70.
66. Deligiannidis KM, Freeman MPJBP, Obstetrics RC, Gynaecology. Complementary and alternative medicine therapies for perinatal depression. 2014;28:85–95.
67. Field T, Diego M, Delgado J, Medina LJCticp. Tai chi/yoga reduces prenatal depression, anxiety and sleep disturbances. 2013;19:6–10.
68. Chong MF, Wong JX, Colega M, Chen LW, van Dam RM, Tan CS, et al. Relationships of maternal folate and vitamin B12 status during pregnancy with perinatal depression: The GUSTO study. Journal of psychiatric research. 2014;55:110–6.
69. Su KP, Huang SY, Chiu TH, Huang KC, Huang CL, Chang HC, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for major depressive disorder during pregnancy: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 2008;69:644–51.
70. Hardy ML, Coulter I, Morton SC, Favreau J, Venuturupalli S, Chiappelli F, et al. S-adenosyl-L-methionine for treatment of depression, osteoarthritis, and liver disease. Evidence report/ technology assessment (Summary) 2003:1-3.
71. Mitchell AA, Gilboa SM, Werler MM, Kelley KE, Louik C, Hernández-Díaz S, et al. Medication use during pregnancy, with particular focus on prescription drugs:1976-2008. 2011;205:51. e1-. e8.
72. Cooper WO, Willy ME, Pont SJ, Ray WAJAjoo, gynecology. Increasing use of antidepressants in pregnancy. 2007;196:544. e1-. e5.
73. Andrade SE, McPhillips H, Loren D, Raebel MA, Lane K, Livingston J, et al. Antidepressant medication use and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. 2009;18:246–52.
74. Cohen LS, Altshuler LL, Harlow BL, Nonacs R, Newport DJ, Viguera AC, et al. Relapse of major depression during pregnancy in women who maintain or discontinue antidepressant treatment. 2006;295:499–507.
75. Cohen LS, Nonacs R, Bailey J, Viguera A, Reminick A, Altshuler L, et al. Relapse of depression during pregnancy following antidepressant discontinuation: a preliminary prospective study. 2004;7:217–21.
76. Hernández-Díaz S, Van Marter LJ, Werler MM, Louik C, Mitchell AAJP. Risk factors for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. 2007;120:e272–e82.
77. Rubinow DR. Antidepressant treatment during pregnancy: between Scylla and Charybdis. Am Psychiatric Assoc; 2006.
78. Gur TL, Kim DR, Epperson CNJP. Central nervous system effects of prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: sensing the signal through the noise. 2013;227:567–82.
79. McDonagh MS, Matthews A, Phillipi C, Romm J, Peterson K, Thakurta S, et al. Depression drug treatment outcomes in pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2014;124:526–34.
80. Huang H, Coleman S, Bridge JA, Yonkers K, Katon WJGhp. A meta-analysis of the relationship between antidepressant use in pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight. 2014;36:13–8.
81. Ross LE, Grigoriadis S, Mamisashvili L, VonderPorten EH, Roerecke M, Rehm J, et al. Selected pregnancy and delivery outcomes after exposure to antidepressant medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2013;70:436–43.
82. Huybrechts KF, Sanghani RS, Avorn J, Urato ACJPO. Preterm birth and antidepressant medication use during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2014;9.
83. Yonkers KA, Blackwell KA, Glover J, Forray AJArocp. Antidepressant use in pregnant and postpartum women. 2014;10:369–92.
84. Roerecke M, Rehm J, Dennis C-L, Koren GJJCP. Antidepressant Exposure During Pregnancy and Congenital Malformations: Is There an Association? A Systematic Review and. 2013;74:e293e308.
85. Byatt N, Deligiannidis KM, Freeman MPJAPS. Antidepressant use in pregnancy: a critical review focused on risks and controversies. 2013;127:94–114.
86. Huybrechts KF, Palmsten K, Avorn J, Cohen LS, Holmes LB, Franklin JM, et al. Antidepressant use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac defects. 2014;370:2397–407.
87. Gentile SJEoods. Tricyclic antidepressants in pregnancy and puerperium. 2014;13:207–25.
88. Osborne LM, Birndorf CA, Szkodny LE, Wisner KLJAowsmh. Returning to tricyclic antidepressants for depression during childbearing: clinical and dosing challenges. 2014;17:239–46.
89. El Marroun H, White T, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier HJEc, psychiatry a. Maternal use of antidepressant or anxiolytic medication during pregnancy and childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes: a systematic review. 2014;23:973–92.
90. Gentile SJD, anxiety. Neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal exposure to psychotropic medications. 2010;27:675–86.
91. Pedersen LH, Henriksen T, Bech B, Licht R, Kjaer D, Olsen JJAps. Prenatal antidepressant exposure and behavioral problems in early childhood-a cohort study. 2013;127:126–35.
92. Nulman I, Koren G, Rovet J, Barrera M, Pulver A, Streiner D, et al. Neurodevelopment of children following prenatal exposure to venlafaxine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or untreated maternal depression. 2012;169:1165–74.
93. El Marroun H, White TJ, van der Knaap NJ, Homberg JR, Fernandez G, Schoemaker NK, et al. Prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and social responsiveness symptoms of autism: population-based study of young children. 2014;205:95–102.
94. Rai D, Lee BK, Dalman C, Golding J, Lewis G, Magnusson CJB. Parental depression, maternal antidepressant use during pregnancy, and risk of autism spectrum disorders: population based case-control study. 2013;346:f2059.
95. Sørensen MJ, Grønborg TK, Christensen J, Parner ET, Vestergaard M, Schendel D, et al. Antidepressant exposure in pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders. 2013;5:449.
96. Hviid A, Melbye M, Pasternak BJNEJoM. Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and risk of autism. 2013;369:2406–15.
97. Colvin L, Slack-Smith L, Stanley FJ, Bower CJCd. Early Morbidity and Mortality Following In Utero Exposure to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. 2012;26:e1–e14.
98. Ban L, Tata LJ, West J, Fiaschi L, Gibson JEJPo. Live and nonlive pregnancy outcomes among women with depression and anxiety: a population-based study. 2012;7.
99. Stephansson O, Kieler H, Haglund B, Artama M, Engeland A, Furu K, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and risk of stillbirth and infant mortality. 2013;309:48–54.
100. Jimenez-Solem E, Andersen JT, Petersen M, Broedbaek K, Lander AR, Afzal S, et al. SSRI use during pregnancy and risk of stillbirth and neonatal mortality. 2013;170:299–304.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Klinik Tıp Bilimleri

Bölüm

Derleme

Yazarlar

Özgür Koçak Bu kişi benim
Türkiye

Sabina Koçak Bu kişi benim
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

26 Nisan 2023

Gönderilme Tarihi

9 Kasım 2021

Kabul Tarihi

14 Şubat 2023

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2023 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA57YB43NL

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Koçak, Ö., & Koçak, S. (2023). Underrated Diagnosis: Prenatal Depression. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences, 13(1), 100-108. https://izlik.org/JA57YB43NL

AMA

1.Koçak Ö, Koçak S. Underrated Diagnosis: Prenatal Depression. KAFKAS TIP BİL DERG. 2023;13(1):100-108. https://izlik.org/JA57YB43NL

Chicago

Koçak, Özgür, ve Sabina Koçak. 2023. “Underrated Diagnosis: Prenatal Depression”. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences 13 (1): 100-108. https://izlik.org/JA57YB43NL.

EndNote

Koçak Ö, Koçak S (01 Nisan 2023) Underrated Diagnosis: Prenatal Depression. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences 13 1 100–108.

IEEE

[1]Ö. Koçak ve S. Koçak, “Underrated Diagnosis: Prenatal Depression”, KAFKAS TIP BİL DERG, c. 13, sy 1, ss. 100–108, Nis. 2023, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA57YB43NL

ISNAD

Koçak, Özgür - Koçak, Sabina. “Underrated Diagnosis: Prenatal Depression”. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences 13/1 (01 Nisan 2023): 100-108. https://izlik.org/JA57YB43NL.

JAMA

1.Koçak Ö, Koçak S. Underrated Diagnosis: Prenatal Depression. KAFKAS TIP BİL DERG. 2023;13:100–108.

MLA

Koçak, Özgür, ve Sabina Koçak. “Underrated Diagnosis: Prenatal Depression”. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences, c. 13, sy 1, Nisan 2023, ss. 100-8, https://izlik.org/JA57YB43NL.

Vancouver

1.Özgür Koçak, Sabina Koçak. Underrated Diagnosis: Prenatal Depression. KAFKAS TIP BİL DERG [Internet]. 01 Nisan 2023;13(1):100-8. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA57YB43NL