Araştırma Makalesi
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How Can Natural Environment Scoring Tool (Nest) be Adapted for Urban Parks?

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 127 - 139, 22.12.2021

Öz

Urban Parks, which are important elements of the urban environment, have many beneficial effects on people. They also increase the quality of life. The features, facilities, and possibilities of the parks are determined and evaluated by the users to increase qualityof these areas. This study aimed to develop a tool for evaluating the natural environments in different cities, supporting various uses, and determining the relationship between natural environment quality and user satisfaction levels. In the study conducted in the park areas selected from Jakarta and Ankara cities, the users of the area were scored according to the natural environment typologies of the areas with the Natural Environment Scoring Tool (NEST). The data obtained as a result of scoring were evaluated by correlation analysis. Within the scope of the analysis, it was an important result that access, facilities, aesthetics, safety, threats and usability typologies strongly affect the users' satisfaction levels. In addition, the study laid the groundwork for the development of a more comprehensive scoring system in terms of demonstrating the applicability of NEST for urban parks and ensuring the participation of users.

Kaynakça

  • Ozturk S., Ayan E., Isinkaralar, O. (2018a). Visual Landscape Evaluation of Kastamonu Clock Tower Environment as a Historical Urban Area. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 27(12B), 9617-9625.
  • Ozturk, S., Isinkaralar, O., Ayan, E. (2018b). Visibility Analysis in Historical Environments: The case of Kastamonu Castle and its Surrounding. Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences, 8 (4), 405-412.
  • Isinkaralar, K. & Ramazan, E. (2021). Landscape Plants as Biomonitors for Magnesium Concentration in Some Species. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies, 29(2), 468-473.
  • Ozturk, S., Isinkaralar, O. (2018). New Trends in Tourism: A Research on Farm Tourism. Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences, 8 (4), 537-546.
  • Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L. M., Knight, T. M., & Pullin, A. S. (2010). A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure to natural environments. BMC Public Health, 10(456), 1-10.
  • Hartig, T., Mitchell, R., de Vries, S., & Frumkin, H. (2014). Nature and Health. Annual Review of Public Health, 35(1), 207–228.
  • Dunnett, N., Swanwick, C., ve Woolley, H., (2002). Improving urban parks, play areas and green spaces. London: Department for transport, local government and the regions.
  • Walker, C., (2004). The public value of urban parks, Urban Institute.
  • Kaczynski, A. T., Potwarka, L. R., & Saelens, B. E. (2008). Association of Park Size, Distance, and Features with Physical Activity in Neighborhood Parks. American Journal of Public HealthAm Journal Public Health, 9898(810), 1451–1456.
  • Roberts H, Kellar I, Conner M, Gidlow C, Kelly B, Nieuwenhuijsen M, McEachan R. (2019).Associations between park features, park satisfaction and park use in a multi-ethnic deprived urban area.Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 46, 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126485
  • Isinkaralar O., Isinkaralar K., Ekizler A., Ilkdogan C. (2017). Changes in the Amounts of CO2 and Particulate Matter in Kastamonu Province Depending on Weather Conditions and Locations, Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences, 7(3), 643.
  • Cetin, M., Sevik, H., Isinkaralar, K. (2017). Changes In The Partıculate Matter And Co2 Concentratıons Based On The Tıme And Weather Condıtıons: The Case of Kastamonu. Oxidation Communications 40, No 1-II, 477–485
  • Sevik, H., Isinkaralar, K., Isinkaralar, O. (2018). Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences an International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences Section D: Environmental Sciences Indoor Air Quality in Hospitals: The Case of Kastamonu- Turkey. Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences 9(1):67-73.
  • Ozturk, S., Isinkaralar, O. (2019). Parkıng Problematıque in Kastamonu Cıty Center: A Crıtıcal Evaluatıon. The Journal of International Social Research, 12(67), 506-511.
  • Turkyilmaz, A. and Isinkaralar, K. (2020). Removal of Antibiotics (Tetracycline and Penicillin G) From Water Solutions by Adsorption on Activated Carbon. Journal of Engineering Sciences and Design, 8(3), 943-951. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.762953
  • Cetin, M., Sevik, H., Turkyilmaz, A. & Isinkaralar, K. (2021). Using Abies’s Needles as Biomonitors of Recent Heavy Metal Accumulation. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 7 (1), 1-6. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/kastamonujes/issue/63105/892118
  • Savas, D. S., Sevik, H., Isinkaralar, K., Turkyilmaz, A., & Cetin, M. (2021). The potential of using Cedrus atlantica as a biomonitor in the concentrations of Cr and Mn. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14826-1
  • Brown, G., Schebella, M.F., Weber, D. (2014). Using participatory GIS to measure physical activity and urban park benefits. Landscape and Urban Planning, 121, 34-44
  • Henderson, K.A. (2006). Urban parks and trails and physical activity. Annals of Leisure Research, 9(3–4) (2006), 201-213
  • Işınkaralar, Ö. & Varol, Ç. (2021). Kent Merkezlerinde Ticaret Birimlerin Mekansal Örüntüsü Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme: Kastamonu Örneği. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 6(2), 396-403.https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.927529
  • Fan, Y. and Luo, J.M. (2021). Development of a measurement scale for residents’ attitudes toward leisure activities in urban parks. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 33, 1- 13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2020.100360
  • Wong, K.K. (2009). Urban park visiting habits and leisure activities of residents in Hong Kong, China. Managing Leisure, 14(2), 125-140
  • Fang, Y., Bi, D., Gan, Q. (2012). Analysis on the urban residents' perception of the park free opening-up policy in the context of socioeconomic transformation: A case of Guangzhou. Tourism Tribune, 27(8), 78-87
  • Sahin, F., Ozturk S., Isinkaralar, O., (2019). An Assessment about Barrier Free Design in Urban Green Areas, Academic Stuedies in Engineering Arctitecture, Planning and Design 2019/2, IVPE, 289.
  • Öztürk, S., Işınkaralar, Ö., Yılmaz, D., Şimşek, M., Almansourı, H. M. S. & Elahsadı, A. H. M. (2021). Covıd-19’un tüketici alışkanlıklarına etkisi üzerine bir araştırma: Türkiye-Libya karşılaştırması. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 26 (46), 97-108 . DOI: 10.17295/ataunidcd.958864
  • Öztürk S., Işınkaralar, Ö., Yılmaz, D. (2019). Cittaslow Hareketi ve Toplumsal Farkındalık: Gerze Sinop Örneği, Academic Sciences on Social and Education Sciences, Kitap Bölümü, Gece Akademi, Chapter 1, 1-14.
  • Ozturk, A., Isinkaralar, O., Yilmaz, D., Cılginoglu, H. (2021a). Visitor Satisfaction In The Case Of Hasankeyf as A Cultural Tourism Destination. Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry, 23(2), 359-369.
  • Ozturk, A., Isinkaralar, O., Yilmaz, D. (2021b). Perception and Attitude of Local People after Restoration (Example of Kayseri). Journal of Eastern Geographical Rewiew, 26(45), 183-194.
  • Ozturk, S., Isinkaralar, O., Yilmaz, D. and Cicek, E. (2021c). Tourists’ Perspective of Cultural Heritage Areas: Importance-Performance Analysis of Safranbolu. Research&Reviews in Architecture, Planning and Design, Gece Akademi, Chapter 7, 133-155.
  • Öztürk, S., Işınkaralar, Ö., Yılmaz, D., İhtiyar, M., (2020). Koruma Yaklaşımı Olarak Tarihi Bir Güzergâhın Kültür Rotasına Dönüştürülmesi: Kastamonu Örneği Turizm ve Arastırma Dergisi Journal of Tourism and Research, 9(2), 144-159.
  • Zaloglu, A. (2006). The Study of Water as a Demonstrator in Ankara City Parks. Master Thesis, Ankara University Institute of Science, Landscape Architecture Department.
  • Setiowati, R., Hasibuan, H.S. and Koestoer, R.H. (2018). Green open space masterplan at Jakarta Capital City, Indonesia for climate change mitigation. International Conference on Climate Change IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 200, 1-8, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/200/1/01204.
  • Gidlow, C., Kempen, E. Van, Smith, G. Triguero-Mas, M. Kruize, H. Gražulevičiené, R. Ellis, N. Hurst, G. Masterson, D. Cirach, M. et al. (2018). Development of the natural environment scoring tool (NEST). Urban For. Urban Green., 29 , 322-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.12.007
  • Mowafi, M., Khadr, Z., Bennett, G., Hill, A., Kawachi, I., & Subramanian, S. V. (2012). Is access to neighborhood green space associated with BMI among Egyptians? A multilevel study of Cairo neighborhoods. Health & place, 18(2), 385-390.
  • Knobel, P., Radvand, P., Alonso, L., Costa, L., Espanol, M., Maneja, R. (2020). Development of the Urban Gren Space Quality Assessment Tool (RECITAL). Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 57, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126895.
  • Richardson, A. S., Ghosh-Dastidar, M., Collins, R. L., Hunter, G. P., Troxel, W. M., Colabianchi, N., & Dubowitz, T. (2020). Improved street walkability, incivilities, and esthetics are associated with greater park use in two low-income neighborhoods. Journal of Urban Health, 97(2), 204-212, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-019-00416-7
  • Groshong, L., Wilhelm Stanis, S. A., Kaczynski, A. T., & Hipp, J. A. (2020). Attitudes about perceived park safety among residents in low-income and high minority Kansas City, Missouri, neighborhoods. Environment and Behavior, 52(6), 639-665.
  • Peschardt, K. K., Schipperijn, J., & Stigsdotter, U. K. (2012). Use of small public urban green spaces (SPUGS). Urban forestry & Urban greening, 11(3), 235-244.
  • Ghoma WEO, Sevik H and Isinkaralar K (2021) Using indoor plants as biomonitors for detection of toxic metals by tobacco smoke. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01146-z (In press)
  • McCormack, G. R., Rock, M., Toohey, A. M., & Hignell, D. (2010). Characteristics of urban parks associated with park use and physical activity: A review of qualitative research. Health and Place, 16(4), 712–726.
  • Baran, P. K., Smith, W. R., Moore, R. C., Floyd, M. F., Bocarro, J. N., Cosco, N. G., & Danninger, T. M. (2014). Park Use among Youth and Adults: Examination of Individual, Social, and Urban Form Factors. Environment and Behavior, 46(6), 768–800.
  • Edwards, N., Hooper, P., Knuiman, M., Foster, S., Giles-Corti, B. (2015). Associations between park features and adolescent park use for physical activity. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12(1), 1-10, DOI 10.1186/s12966-015-0178-4.
  • Veitch, J., Salmon, J., Parker, K., Bangay, S., Deforche, B., & Timperio, A. (2016). Adolescents’ ratings of features of parks that encourage park visitation and physical activity. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 13(1), 1–10.
  • Douglas, J. A., Briones, M. D., Bauer, E. Z., Trujillo, M., Lopez, M., & Subica, A. M. (2018). Social and environmental determinants of physical activity in urban parks: Testing a neighborhood disorder model. Preventive Medicine, 109 (December 2017), 119–124.
  • Knapp, M., Gustat, J., Darensbourg, R., Myers, L., & Johnson, C. (2019). The relationships between park quality, park usage, and levels of physical activity in low-income, African American neighborhoods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(1), 1-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010085
  • Xu, Z., Gao, X., Wang, Z., Fan, J. (2019). Big Data-Based Evaluation of Urban Parks: A Chinese Case Study. Sustainability, 11 (7), 1-16, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072125
Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 127 - 139, 22.12.2021

Öz

Park alanlarının insanlar üzerinde birçok yararlı etkisi bulunmaktadır. Kentsel çevrenin önemli unsurları olan park alanları yaşam kalitesinin arttırılmasını da sağlamaktadır. Park alanlarının özelliklerinin, tesislerinin ve olanaklarının tespit edilerek kullanıcılar tarafından değerlendirilmesi bu alanların kalitelerini arttırmak için gereklidir. Çalışmada, çeşitli kullanımları da destekleyen, farklı kentlerde olan doğal ortamların değerlendirilmesinde bir araç geliştirmek ve doğal çevre kalitesi ile kullanıcıların memnuniyet düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Jakarta ve Ankara kentlerinden seçilen park alanlarında yapılan çalışmada, alan kullanıcıları tarafından Doğal Çevre Değerlendirme Aracı (NEST) ile alanların doğal çevre tipolojilerine göre puan verilmiştir. Puanlama sonucunda elde edilen veriler korelasyon analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Analiz kapsamında erişim, olanaklar, estetik, güvenlik, tehditler ve potansiyel kullanım tipolojilerinin kullanıcıların memnuniyet düzeylerini güçlü düzeyde etkilemesi ulaşılan önemli bir sonuç olmuştur. Ayrıca çalışma NEST’in park alanlarında uygulanabilirliğini ortaya koyması ve kullanıcıların da katılımını sağlaması açısından daha kapsamlı bir puanlama sistemi geliştirilmesine zemin hazırlamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Ozturk S., Ayan E., Isinkaralar, O. (2018a). Visual Landscape Evaluation of Kastamonu Clock Tower Environment as a Historical Urban Area. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 27(12B), 9617-9625.
  • Ozturk, S., Isinkaralar, O., Ayan, E. (2018b). Visibility Analysis in Historical Environments: The case of Kastamonu Castle and its Surrounding. Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences, 8 (4), 405-412.
  • Isinkaralar, K. & Ramazan, E. (2021). Landscape Plants as Biomonitors for Magnesium Concentration in Some Species. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies, 29(2), 468-473.
  • Ozturk, S., Isinkaralar, O. (2018). New Trends in Tourism: A Research on Farm Tourism. Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences, 8 (4), 537-546.
  • Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L. M., Knight, T. M., & Pullin, A. S. (2010). A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure to natural environments. BMC Public Health, 10(456), 1-10.
  • Hartig, T., Mitchell, R., de Vries, S., & Frumkin, H. (2014). Nature and Health. Annual Review of Public Health, 35(1), 207–228.
  • Dunnett, N., Swanwick, C., ve Woolley, H., (2002). Improving urban parks, play areas and green spaces. London: Department for transport, local government and the regions.
  • Walker, C., (2004). The public value of urban parks, Urban Institute.
  • Kaczynski, A. T., Potwarka, L. R., & Saelens, B. E. (2008). Association of Park Size, Distance, and Features with Physical Activity in Neighborhood Parks. American Journal of Public HealthAm Journal Public Health, 9898(810), 1451–1456.
  • Roberts H, Kellar I, Conner M, Gidlow C, Kelly B, Nieuwenhuijsen M, McEachan R. (2019).Associations between park features, park satisfaction and park use in a multi-ethnic deprived urban area.Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 46, 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126485
  • Isinkaralar O., Isinkaralar K., Ekizler A., Ilkdogan C. (2017). Changes in the Amounts of CO2 and Particulate Matter in Kastamonu Province Depending on Weather Conditions and Locations, Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences, 7(3), 643.
  • Cetin, M., Sevik, H., Isinkaralar, K. (2017). Changes In The Partıculate Matter And Co2 Concentratıons Based On The Tıme And Weather Condıtıons: The Case of Kastamonu. Oxidation Communications 40, No 1-II, 477–485
  • Sevik, H., Isinkaralar, K., Isinkaralar, O. (2018). Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences an International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences Section D: Environmental Sciences Indoor Air Quality in Hospitals: The Case of Kastamonu- Turkey. Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences 9(1):67-73.
  • Ozturk, S., Isinkaralar, O. (2019). Parkıng Problematıque in Kastamonu Cıty Center: A Crıtıcal Evaluatıon. The Journal of International Social Research, 12(67), 506-511.
  • Turkyilmaz, A. and Isinkaralar, K. (2020). Removal of Antibiotics (Tetracycline and Penicillin G) From Water Solutions by Adsorption on Activated Carbon. Journal of Engineering Sciences and Design, 8(3), 943-951. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.762953
  • Cetin, M., Sevik, H., Turkyilmaz, A. & Isinkaralar, K. (2021). Using Abies’s Needles as Biomonitors of Recent Heavy Metal Accumulation. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 7 (1), 1-6. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/kastamonujes/issue/63105/892118
  • Savas, D. S., Sevik, H., Isinkaralar, K., Turkyilmaz, A., & Cetin, M. (2021). The potential of using Cedrus atlantica as a biomonitor in the concentrations of Cr and Mn. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14826-1
  • Brown, G., Schebella, M.F., Weber, D. (2014). Using participatory GIS to measure physical activity and urban park benefits. Landscape and Urban Planning, 121, 34-44
  • Henderson, K.A. (2006). Urban parks and trails and physical activity. Annals of Leisure Research, 9(3–4) (2006), 201-213
  • Işınkaralar, Ö. & Varol, Ç. (2021). Kent Merkezlerinde Ticaret Birimlerin Mekansal Örüntüsü Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme: Kastamonu Örneği. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 6(2), 396-403.https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.927529
  • Fan, Y. and Luo, J.M. (2021). Development of a measurement scale for residents’ attitudes toward leisure activities in urban parks. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 33, 1- 13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2020.100360
  • Wong, K.K. (2009). Urban park visiting habits and leisure activities of residents in Hong Kong, China. Managing Leisure, 14(2), 125-140
  • Fang, Y., Bi, D., Gan, Q. (2012). Analysis on the urban residents' perception of the park free opening-up policy in the context of socioeconomic transformation: A case of Guangzhou. Tourism Tribune, 27(8), 78-87
  • Sahin, F., Ozturk S., Isinkaralar, O., (2019). An Assessment about Barrier Free Design in Urban Green Areas, Academic Stuedies in Engineering Arctitecture, Planning and Design 2019/2, IVPE, 289.
  • Öztürk, S., Işınkaralar, Ö., Yılmaz, D., Şimşek, M., Almansourı, H. M. S. & Elahsadı, A. H. M. (2021). Covıd-19’un tüketici alışkanlıklarına etkisi üzerine bir araştırma: Türkiye-Libya karşılaştırması. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 26 (46), 97-108 . DOI: 10.17295/ataunidcd.958864
  • Öztürk S., Işınkaralar, Ö., Yılmaz, D. (2019). Cittaslow Hareketi ve Toplumsal Farkındalık: Gerze Sinop Örneği, Academic Sciences on Social and Education Sciences, Kitap Bölümü, Gece Akademi, Chapter 1, 1-14.
  • Ozturk, A., Isinkaralar, O., Yilmaz, D., Cılginoglu, H. (2021a). Visitor Satisfaction In The Case Of Hasankeyf as A Cultural Tourism Destination. Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry, 23(2), 359-369.
  • Ozturk, A., Isinkaralar, O., Yilmaz, D. (2021b). Perception and Attitude of Local People after Restoration (Example of Kayseri). Journal of Eastern Geographical Rewiew, 26(45), 183-194.
  • Ozturk, S., Isinkaralar, O., Yilmaz, D. and Cicek, E. (2021c). Tourists’ Perspective of Cultural Heritage Areas: Importance-Performance Analysis of Safranbolu. Research&Reviews in Architecture, Planning and Design, Gece Akademi, Chapter 7, 133-155.
  • Öztürk, S., Işınkaralar, Ö., Yılmaz, D., İhtiyar, M., (2020). Koruma Yaklaşımı Olarak Tarihi Bir Güzergâhın Kültür Rotasına Dönüştürülmesi: Kastamonu Örneği Turizm ve Arastırma Dergisi Journal of Tourism and Research, 9(2), 144-159.
  • Zaloglu, A. (2006). The Study of Water as a Demonstrator in Ankara City Parks. Master Thesis, Ankara University Institute of Science, Landscape Architecture Department.
  • Setiowati, R., Hasibuan, H.S. and Koestoer, R.H. (2018). Green open space masterplan at Jakarta Capital City, Indonesia for climate change mitigation. International Conference on Climate Change IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 200, 1-8, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/200/1/01204.
  • Gidlow, C., Kempen, E. Van, Smith, G. Triguero-Mas, M. Kruize, H. Gražulevičiené, R. Ellis, N. Hurst, G. Masterson, D. Cirach, M. et al. (2018). Development of the natural environment scoring tool (NEST). Urban For. Urban Green., 29 , 322-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.12.007
  • Mowafi, M., Khadr, Z., Bennett, G., Hill, A., Kawachi, I., & Subramanian, S. V. (2012). Is access to neighborhood green space associated with BMI among Egyptians? A multilevel study of Cairo neighborhoods. Health & place, 18(2), 385-390.
  • Knobel, P., Radvand, P., Alonso, L., Costa, L., Espanol, M., Maneja, R. (2020). Development of the Urban Gren Space Quality Assessment Tool (RECITAL). Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 57, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126895.
  • Richardson, A. S., Ghosh-Dastidar, M., Collins, R. L., Hunter, G. P., Troxel, W. M., Colabianchi, N., & Dubowitz, T. (2020). Improved street walkability, incivilities, and esthetics are associated with greater park use in two low-income neighborhoods. Journal of Urban Health, 97(2), 204-212, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-019-00416-7
  • Groshong, L., Wilhelm Stanis, S. A., Kaczynski, A. T., & Hipp, J. A. (2020). Attitudes about perceived park safety among residents in low-income and high minority Kansas City, Missouri, neighborhoods. Environment and Behavior, 52(6), 639-665.
  • Peschardt, K. K., Schipperijn, J., & Stigsdotter, U. K. (2012). Use of small public urban green spaces (SPUGS). Urban forestry & Urban greening, 11(3), 235-244.
  • Ghoma WEO, Sevik H and Isinkaralar K (2021) Using indoor plants as biomonitors for detection of toxic metals by tobacco smoke. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01146-z (In press)
  • McCormack, G. R., Rock, M., Toohey, A. M., & Hignell, D. (2010). Characteristics of urban parks associated with park use and physical activity: A review of qualitative research. Health and Place, 16(4), 712–726.
  • Baran, P. K., Smith, W. R., Moore, R. C., Floyd, M. F., Bocarro, J. N., Cosco, N. G., & Danninger, T. M. (2014). Park Use among Youth and Adults: Examination of Individual, Social, and Urban Form Factors. Environment and Behavior, 46(6), 768–800.
  • Edwards, N., Hooper, P., Knuiman, M., Foster, S., Giles-Corti, B. (2015). Associations between park features and adolescent park use for physical activity. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12(1), 1-10, DOI 10.1186/s12966-015-0178-4.
  • Veitch, J., Salmon, J., Parker, K., Bangay, S., Deforche, B., & Timperio, A. (2016). Adolescents’ ratings of features of parks that encourage park visitation and physical activity. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 13(1), 1–10.
  • Douglas, J. A., Briones, M. D., Bauer, E. Z., Trujillo, M., Lopez, M., & Subica, A. M. (2018). Social and environmental determinants of physical activity in urban parks: Testing a neighborhood disorder model. Preventive Medicine, 109 (December 2017), 119–124.
  • Knapp, M., Gustat, J., Darensbourg, R., Myers, L., & Johnson, C. (2019). The relationships between park quality, park usage, and levels of physical activity in low-income, African American neighborhoods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(1), 1-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010085
  • Xu, Z., Gao, X., Wang, Z., Fan, J. (2019). Big Data-Based Evaluation of Urban Parks: A Chinese Case Study. Sustainability, 11 (7), 1-16, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072125
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Dilara Yılmaz 0000-0002-9151-0529

Öznur Işınkaralar 0000-0001-9774-5137

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Ekim 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, D., & Işınkaralar, Ö. (2021). How Can Natural Environment Scoring Tool (Nest) be Adapted for Urban Parks?. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 7(2), 127-139.
AMA Yılmaz D, Işınkaralar Ö. How Can Natural Environment Scoring Tool (Nest) be Adapted for Urban Parks?. KUJES. Aralık 2021;7(2):127-139.
Chicago Yılmaz, Dilara, ve Öznur Işınkaralar. “How Can Natural Environment Scoring Tool (Nest) Be Adapted for Urban Parks?”. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences 7, sy. 2 (Aralık 2021): 127-39.
EndNote Yılmaz D, Işınkaralar Ö (01 Aralık 2021) How Can Natural Environment Scoring Tool (Nest) be Adapted for Urban Parks?. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences 7 2 127–139.
IEEE D. Yılmaz ve Ö. Işınkaralar, “How Can Natural Environment Scoring Tool (Nest) be Adapted for Urban Parks?”, KUJES, c. 7, sy. 2, ss. 127–139, 2021.
ISNAD Yılmaz, Dilara - Işınkaralar, Öznur. “How Can Natural Environment Scoring Tool (Nest) Be Adapted for Urban Parks?”. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences 7/2 (Aralık 2021), 127-139.
JAMA Yılmaz D, Işınkaralar Ö. How Can Natural Environment Scoring Tool (Nest) be Adapted for Urban Parks?. KUJES. 2021;7:127–139.
MLA Yılmaz, Dilara ve Öznur Işınkaralar. “How Can Natural Environment Scoring Tool (Nest) Be Adapted for Urban Parks?”. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, c. 7, sy. 2, 2021, ss. 127-39.
Vancouver Yılmaz D, Işınkaralar Ö. How Can Natural Environment Scoring Tool (Nest) be Adapted for Urban Parks?. KUJES. 2021;7(2):127-39.