GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİNE İNSANİ GELİŞME ENDEKSİ YÖNÜYLE YENİ BİR BAKIŞ AÇISI

Yıl 2024, , 214 - 242, 28.06.2024

Ramazan Kılıç , Emre Gökçeli

https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2024.009

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, İnsani Gelişme Endeksi'nin gelir eşitsizliği üzerindeki etkisinin farklı gelişmişlik seviyesindeki ülkeler için farklı olup olmadığını incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, gelişmekte olan ülke grubundan Brezilya ve gelişmiş ülke grubundan İrlanda için İnsani Gelişme Endeksi'nin gelir dağılımını temsil etmek amacıyla kullanılan Gini Endeksi üzerindeki etkisi, 1990-2020 yılları arasında ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) modeli kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın bulguları, İnsani Gelişme Endeksi'nin kısa dönemde sadece Brezilya’daki gelir dağılımında adaleti arttırıcı etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Uzun dönemde ise, hem Brezilya'da hem de İrlanda'da gelir eşitsizliğini azalttığını göstermiştir. Ancak, İnsani Gelişme Endeksi'nin, Brezilya'daki gelir eşitsizliğini İrlanda'ya kıyasla yaklaşık iki kat daha fazla azalttığı görülmüştür. Çalışmanın bulguları ışığında politikacılara bazı öneriler sunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnsani gelişme endeksi, gelir eşitsizliği, ARDL.

A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON INCOME INEQUALITY THROUGH THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX

Öz

This research seeks to explore whether the influence of the Human Development Index on income inequality differs among countries at various stages of development. To achieve this goal, the relationship between the Human Development Index and the Gini Index, a measure of income distribution, was analyzed for Brazil, representing a developing country, and Ireland, representing a developed country, using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model spanning from 1990 to 2020. The results suggest that the Human Development Index has a positive impact on promoting fairness in income distribution in the short term, particularly in Brazil. Over the long term, it has been found to mitigate income inequality in both Brazil and Ireland. The Human Development Index seems to decrease income inequality in Brazil approximately twice as much as it does in Ireland when compared. The study provides recommendations to policymakers based on these findings.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Human development index, income inequality, ARDL

Kaynakça

• Alam, I., & Quazi, R. (2003). Determinants of capital flight: An econometric case study of Bangladesh. International Review of Applied Economics, 17(1), 85-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/713673164
• Andres, A. R., & Ramlogan-Dobson, C. (2011). Is corruption really bad for inequality? Evidence from Latin America. Journal of Development Studies, 47(7), 959-976. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2010.509784
• Bakırtaş, T. (2014). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Ekonomik Kalkınma, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, Ankara.
• Bucak, Ç., & Saygili, F. (2022). Ticari Açiklik, Gelir Eşitsizliği ve İnsani Gelişme İlişkisi: Panel Veri Analizi. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 13(2), 23-41. https://doi.org/10.18354/esam.1089120
• Chang, S., Gupta, R., & Miller, S. M. (2018). Causality between per capita real GDP and income inequality in the US: Evidence from a wavelet analysis. Social Indicators Research, 135, 269-289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1485-0
• Clarke, G. R., Xu, L. C., & Zou, H. F. (2006). Finance and income inequality: what do the data tell us?. Southern economic journal, 72(3), 578-596. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2325-8012.2006.tb00721.x
• Doğan, E. M., & Tatli, H. (2014). İnsani Gelişme ve Yoksulluk Bağlaminda Türkiye’nin Dünyadaki Yeri. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 28(1), 99-124.
• DOKUZOĞLU, S., & AKTAŞ, E. E. (2022). Gelir eşitsizliğinin insani gelişme endeksi üzerindeki etkisi: OECD ülkeleri için bir analiz. 25-43.
• Durgun, B., & Durgun, Ö. (2023). Gelir Eşitsizliği ve İnsani Gelişme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(1), 45-73.
• Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 251-276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
• Fakir, A. M., Ahmad, A. U., Hosain, K. M., Hossain, M. R., & Gani, R. S. (2017). The comparative effect of corruption and Piketty’s second fundamental law of capitalism on inequality. Economic Analysis and Policy, 55, 90-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2017.04.006
• Fitoussi, J.P., Saraceno, F., (2010). Inequality and macroeconomic performance, 13. Centre De Recherche En Economie De Sciences, pp. 1-18.
• Galor, O., & Tsiddon, D. (1996). Income distribution and growth: the Kuznets hypothesis revisited. Economica, S103-S117. https://doi.org/10.2307/2554811
• Gupta, S., Davoodi, H., & Alonso-Terme, R. (2002). Does corruption affect income inequality and poverty?. Economics of governance, 3, 23-45.
• Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration with appucations to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 52(2), 169-210.
• Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality, The American Economic Review, 45(1).
• Law, C. H., & Soon, S. V. (2020). The impact of inflation on income inequality: the role of institutional quality. Applied Economics Letters, 27(21), 1735-1738. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2020.1717425
• Martínez-Navarro, D., Amate-Fortes, I., & Guarnido-Rueda, A. (2020). Inequality and development: is the Kuznets curve in effect today?. Economia Politica, 37, 703-735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40888-020-00190-9
• Mbaku, J. M. (1997). Inequality in income distribution and economic development: Evidence using alternative measures of development. Journal of Economic development, 22(2), 57-67.
• Menna, L., & Tirelli, P. (2017). Optimal inflation to reduce inequality. Review of Economic Dynamics, 24, 79-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2017.01.004
• Metin, B. (2014). Yoksullukla mücadeleye insan hakları açısından bakmak: Amartya Sen’in kapasite (capability) yaklaşımı temelinde bir değerlendirme. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 9(36), 6315-6327.
• Nadeem, A. M., Ali, T., Khan, M. T., & Guo, Z. (2020). Relationship between inward FDI and environmental degradation for Pakistan: an exploration of pollution haven hypothesis through ARDL approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 15407-15425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08083-x
• Ngoc, B. H., & Hai, L. M. (2022). Time-frequency nexus between tourism development, economic growth, human capital, and income inequality in Singapore. Applied Economics Letters, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2022.2130865
• Nussbaum, M., & Sen, A. (Eds.). (1993). The quality of life. Clarendon press. Ota, T. (2017). Economic growth, income inequality and environment: assessing the applicability of the Kuznets hypotheses to Asia. Palgrave Communications, 3(1), 1-23. DOI: 10.1057/palcomms.2017.69
• Özden, E., Gültekin, Ö. F., & Bayramoğlu, T. (2022). Panel Veri ve Makine Öğrenmesi Yöntemiyle Gelir Dağilimi ve İnsani Gelişmişlik Arasindaki İlişki Üzerine Bir Analiz. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 21(2), 564-582. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.883079
• Öztürk, E., & Oktar, S. (2017). Kalkinma Gelir Eşitsizliği İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 4(8), 101-123.
• Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (1995). An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis (Vol. 9514). Cambridge, UK: Department of Applied Economics, University of Cambridge.
• Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
• Ranis, G., & Stewart, F. (2000). Strategies for success in human development. Journal of human development, 1(1), 49-69.
• Sehrawat, M., Giri, A. K., & Mohapatra, G. (2015). The impact of financial development, economic growth and energy consumption on environmental degradation: Evidence from India. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 26(5), 666-682. DOI 10.1108/MEQ-05-2014-0063
• Sen, A. (1983). Poor, relatively speaking, oxford economic papers, New Series. Vol.35, No.2: 153- 169.
• Sema, B. U. Z., & Aygüler, E. (2017). Amartya Sen'in kapasite-yapabilirlik yaklaşımı bağlamında Türkiye'de yoksulluk durumu. International Journal of Academic Value Studies, 3(15), 177-189.
• Solt, F. (2020). Measuring Income Inequality Across Countries and Over Time: the Standardized World Income Inequality Database. Social Science Quarterly, 101(3), 1183–1199. https://doi.org/10.1111/ ssqu.12795. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12795
• Standaert, S. (2015). Divining the level of corruption: a bayesian state-space approach. Journal of Comparative Economics, 43(3), 782-803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2014.05.007
• Theyson, K. C., & Heller, L. R. (2015). Development and income inequality: A new specification of the Kuznets hypothesis. The Journal of Developing Areas, 49(3), 103-118. DOI 10.1353/jda.2015.0153
• Un, Human Development Report (2020). United Nation Development Programme, https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/technical-notes-calculating-human development-indices.pdf
• Yue, H. Y. (2011). Income inequality, economic growth and inflation: a study on Korea. International Journal of Economics and Research, 2(5), 14-21.
• Wolde-Rufael, Y., & Idowu, S. (2017). Income distribution and CO2 emission: A comparative analysis for China and India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 1336-1345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.149