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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC FREEDOM AND ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT IN G-7 COUNTRIES: ANALYSIS WITH QRPD METHOD

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 29, 163 - 187, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2024.007

Öz

This study aims to investigate the effect of economic freedom on ecological footprint in G-7 countries. To achieve this goal, we used annual data of G-7 countries during the period 1998-2018. In the analysis, quantile regression estimator for panel data (QRPD) with nonadditive fixed effects by Powell (2022) was applied as a newly developed method. In the study, ecological footprint was used as the dependent variable and Economic Freedom Index was used as the independent variable. As a result of the analyses performed, it was found that economic freedom increases the ecological footprint in G-7 countries for all three quantiles.

Kaynakça

  • Acar, T. & Topdağ, D. (2022). OECD ülkelerinde sefalet endeksi ve ekonomik kalkınma ekseninde sağlık harcamalarının belirleyicileri: Toplamsal olmayan sabit etkili panel kantil regresyon yaklaşımı, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 82, 267-286. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2022.82.946640.
  • Adesina, K. S., & Mwamba, J. W. M. (2019). Does economic freedom matter for CO2 emissions? Lessons from Africa. The Journal of Developing Areas, 53(3).
  • Akadırı, S.S., Alola, A.A. & Usman, O. (2021). Energy mix outlook and the EKC hypothesis in BRICS countries: A perspective of economic freedom vs. economic growth. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 8922–8926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11964-w
  • Alharthi, M., Dogan, E., & Taskin, D. (2021). Analysis of CO2 emissions and energy consumption by sources in MENA countries: Evidence from quantile regressions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 1-8.
  • Al-Mulali, U., Tang, C.F. & Ozturk, I. (2015). Estimating the environment Kuznets curve hypothesis: Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean countries, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50, 918–924.
  • Alola, A.A., Alola, U.V., Akdag, S. & Yildirim, S. (2022). The role of economic freedom and clean energy in environmental sustainability: Implication for the G-20 economies, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 36608–36615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18666-5.
  • Amegavi, G.B., Langnel, Z., Ahenkan, A. & Buabeng, T. (2022). The dynamic relationship between economic globalisation, institutional quality, and ecological footprint: Evidence from Ghana”, Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 31(6), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 09638199.2022.2033303
  • Amin, S., Li, C., Khan, Y.A & Bibi, A. (2022). Fishing grounds footprint and economic freedom indexes: Evidence from Asia-Pacific, PLoS ONE, 17(4), 1-16, e0263872. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263872
  • Antweiler, W., Copeland, B. R., & Taylor, M. S. (2001). Is free trade good for the environment?. American Economic Review, 91(4), 877-908.
  • Ashraf, J. (2022). The spillover effects of political risk, financial risk, and economic freedom on ecological footprint: Empirical evidence from belt and road initiative countries, Borsa Istanbul Review, 22, 873– 885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2022.06.004.
  • Aygören, H. & Uyar, U. (2016). The analysis of financial beta behaviour via panel quantile regression approach, Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting, 3(4), 255-265.
  • Bektur, Ç. (2023). The role of economic freedom in achieving the environmental sustainability for the highest economic freedom countries: Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29120-5
  • Belaid, F., Elsayed, A. H. & Omri, A. (2021). Key drivers of renewable energy deployment in the MENA Region: Empirical evidence using panel quantile regression, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 57,225-238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.011.
  • Binder, M., & Coad, A. (2011). From average Joe’s happiness to Miserable Jane and Cheerful John: Using quantile regressions to analyze the full subjective well-being distribution, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 79(3), 275-290
  • Boubellouta, B. & Kusch-Brandt, S. (2022). Driving factors of e-waste recycling rate in 30 European countries: New evidence using a panel quantile regression of the EKC hypothesis coupled with the STIRPAT model, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02356-w
  • Bucak, Ç. (2022). Ekonomik özgürlük endeksi, insani gelişme endeksi ve ekolojik ayak izi: E7 Ülkeleri İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz , Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi , 12 (23), 141-158 . DOI: 10.53092/duiibfd.992572
  • Cade, B. S., & Noon, B. R. (2003). A gentle introduction to quantile regression for ecologists, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1(8), 412– 420.
  • Chen, L. (2005). An introduction to quantile regression and the QUANTREG procedure, Statistics and Data Analysis, 213-230, SUGI30 Proceedings, available at children and adolescents. Conference on Quantitative Social Science Research Using R. available at http://www.cis.fordham.edu/QR2009/presentations/RefGrowthCharts.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2023).
  • CRED (2008). EM-DAT: emergency events database. Available at http://www.emdat.be/, (Erişim: 30.03.2023).
  • Destek, M. A., & Sinha, A. (2020). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and ecological footprint: Evidence from organisation for economic Co-operation and development countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 118537.
  • Dogan, E., Ulucak, R., Kocak, E. & Isik, C. (2020). The use of ecological footprint in estimating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for BRICST by considering cross-section dependence and heterogeneity, Science of the Total Environment, 723, 1-8, 138063.
  • Ferng, J. J. (2001). Using composition of land multiplier to estimate ecological footprints associated with production activity, Ecological Economics, 37, 159– 172.
  • Galli, A., Kitzes, J., Niccolucci, V., Wackernagel, M., Wada, Y. & Marchettini, N.(2012). Assessing the global environmental consequences of economic growth through the ecological footprint: A focus on China and India. Ecological Indicators, 17, 99–107.
  • Global Footprint Network (2019). Advancing the science of sustainability”, http://data.footprintnetwork.org/?_ga=2.128662604.1393481519.1589555821-401373056.1547219594#/countryTrends?type=BCtot,EFCtot&cn=351. (Erişim: 25.03.2023).
  • Global Footprint Network (2024). Ecological Footprint, 07 Mart 2024 tarihinde https://www.footprintnetwork.org/our-work/ecological-footprint/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Güriş, S., & Şak, N. (2019). Çevresel kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin toplamsal olmayan sabit etkili panel kantil yöntemiyle incelenmesi, Business and Economics Research Journal, 10(2), 327–340.
  • Gyamfi, B. A., Bein, M. A., Ozturk, I. & Bekun, F. V. (2020). The moderating role of employment in an environmental kuznets curve framework revisited in G7 countries. Indonesian Journal of Sustainability Accounting and Management,4(2), 241–248. https://doi.org/10.28992/ijsam.v4i2.283.
  • Heath, Y., & Gifford, R. (2006). Free-market ideology and environmental degradation. Environment and Behavior, 38(1), 48–71. doi:10.1177/0013916505277998.
  • Hemmati, R. & Khosroshahi, M. K. (2020). The interaction of economic freedom and governance on ecological footprint (selected developing countries)”, Iranian Energy Economics, 37(10), 159-182.
  • Heritage Foundation (2024). Index of Economic Freedom, 07 Mart 2024 tarihinde https://www.heritage.org/index/pages/report adresinden erişildi.
  • Jiang, Y., Zhou, Z. & Liu, C. (2019). The impact of public transportation on carbon emissions: A panel quantile analysis based on Chinese provincial data, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 4000–4012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3921-y.
  • Joshi, P. & Beck, K., (2018). Democracy and carbon dioxide emissions: Assessing the interactions of political and economic freedom and the environmental Kuznets curve, Energy Research & Social Science, 39, 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. erss.2017.10.020.
  • Karimi, M., Khezri, M., Khan, Y.A. & Razzaghi, S. (2022). Exploring the influence of economic freedom index on fishing grounds footprint in environmental Kuznets curve framework through spatial econometrics technique: evidence from Asia-Pacific countries, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 6251–6266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16110-8
  • Koenker R., & Bassett, G. Jr. (1978). Regression quantiles, Econometrica, 46(1), 33-50 Koenker, R. (2005). Quantile regression, USA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kratena, K., & Streicher, G. (2012). Spatial welfare economics versus ecological footprint: A sensitivity analysis introducing strong sustainability, Environmental and Resource Economics, 51, 617– 622.
  • Lenzen, M., Borgstrom Hansson, C., & Bond, S. (2007). On the bioproductivity and land-disturbance metrics of the ecological footprint, Ecological Economics, 61, 6– 10.
  • Liu, X., Razzaq, A., Shahzad, M. & Irfan, M. (2022). Technological changes, financial development and ecological consequences: A comparative study of developed and developing economies, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 184, 122004, ISSN 0040-1625, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122004.
  • Mamkhezri, J., Muhamad, G. M. & Khezri, M. (2022). Assessing the spatial effects of economic freedom on forest-products, grazing-land, and cropland footprints: The case of Asia-Pacific countries, Journal of Environmental Management, 316, ISSN 0301-4797, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115274.
  • National Research Council. (1999). Global environmental change: Research pathways for the next decade, Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
  • Numan, U., Ma, B., Aslam, M., Bedru, H.D., Jiang, C. & Sadiq, M. (2023). Role of economic complexity and energy sector in moving towards sustainability in the exporting economies, Energy Strategy Reviews, 45, 101038 https://doi.org/10.1016/j. esr.2022.101038.
  • Ozler, S. I. & Obach, B. (2009). Capitalism, state economic policy, and ecological footprint: An international comparative analysis, Global Environmental Politics, 9, 79-108.
  • Ponce, P., Álvarez-García, J., Álvarez, V., & Irfan, M. (2023). Analysing the influence of foreign direct investment and urbanization on the development of private financial system and its ecological footprint, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 9624–9641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22772-9
  • Powell, D. (2022). Quantile regression with nonadditive fixed effects. Empirical Economics, 63(5), 2675-2691.
  • Rees, W. E. (1992). Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: What urban economics leaves out, Environment and Urbanization, 4(2), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/095624789200400212.
  • Shahbaz, M. & Sinha, A. (2019). Environmental kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: A literature survey, Journal of Economic Studies, 46(1), 106-168. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-09-2017-0249.
  • Shen, Y., & Yue, S. (2023). Does ecological footprint affect biocapacity? Evidence from the experiences of G20 countries, Natural Resource Modeling, 36(3), e12369.
  • Sofuoğlu, E., Kirikkaleli, D. (2023). The effect of mineral saving and energy on the ecological footprint in an emerging market: Evidence from novel Fourier based approaches, Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, 16(3), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12076-023-00328-w
  • Sukmaningrum, P. S. (2022). Political freedom, economic freedom and Co2 emission in long run: Evidence from ASEAN countries, Asian Bulletin of Contemporary Issues in Economics and Finance, 2(2), 36-47.
  • Tekin, B. & Bastak, S. N. (2022). Panel kantil regresyon yaklaşımı ile getiriyi etkileyen içsel faktörlerin modellenmesi: BIST 100 örneği . Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi , 24(42) , 194-208 .
  • Usman, A., Ozturk, I. Naqvi, S. M. M. A., Ullah, S. & Javed, M. I. (2022). Revealing the nexus between nuclear energy and ecological footprint in STIRPAT model of advanced economies: Fresh evidence from novel CS-ARDL model, Progress in Nuclear Energy, 148, 104220, ISSN 0149-1970, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2022.104220.
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  • Yu, K., Zudi, L., & Stander, J. (2003). Quantile regression: Applications and current research areas. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series D (The Statistician). 52, 331-350. doi: 10.1111/1467-9884.00363

G-7 ÜLKELERİNDE EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜK İLE EKOLOJİK AYAK İZİ İLİŞKİSİ: QRPD YÖNTEMİ İLE ANALİZ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 29, 163 - 187, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2024.007

Öz

Bu çalışmada G-7 ülkelerinde ekonomik özgürlüğün ekolojik ayak izine etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Belirtilen bu amaç doğrultusunda G-7 ülkeleri için 1998-2018 dönemini kapsayan yıllık veriler analize dahil edilmiştir. Analizin gerçekleştirilmesinde güncel bir yöntem olarak Powell (2022) tarafından geliştirilen QRPD (quantile regression for panel data with non-additive fixed effects) uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada bağımlı değişken olarak ekolojik ayak izi, bağımsız değişken olarak Ekonomik Özgürlük Endeksi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda araştırılan tüm kantil düzeyleri için G-7 ülkelerinde ekonomik özgürlüğün ekolojik ayak izini artırdığı bulgusu elde edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Acar, T. & Topdağ, D. (2022). OECD ülkelerinde sefalet endeksi ve ekonomik kalkınma ekseninde sağlık harcamalarının belirleyicileri: Toplamsal olmayan sabit etkili panel kantil regresyon yaklaşımı, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 82, 267-286. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2022.82.946640.
  • Adesina, K. S., & Mwamba, J. W. M. (2019). Does economic freedom matter for CO2 emissions? Lessons from Africa. The Journal of Developing Areas, 53(3).
  • Akadırı, S.S., Alola, A.A. & Usman, O. (2021). Energy mix outlook and the EKC hypothesis in BRICS countries: A perspective of economic freedom vs. economic growth. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 8922–8926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11964-w
  • Alharthi, M., Dogan, E., & Taskin, D. (2021). Analysis of CO2 emissions and energy consumption by sources in MENA countries: Evidence from quantile regressions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 1-8.
  • Al-Mulali, U., Tang, C.F. & Ozturk, I. (2015). Estimating the environment Kuznets curve hypothesis: Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean countries, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50, 918–924.
  • Alola, A.A., Alola, U.V., Akdag, S. & Yildirim, S. (2022). The role of economic freedom and clean energy in environmental sustainability: Implication for the G-20 economies, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 36608–36615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18666-5.
  • Amegavi, G.B., Langnel, Z., Ahenkan, A. & Buabeng, T. (2022). The dynamic relationship between economic globalisation, institutional quality, and ecological footprint: Evidence from Ghana”, Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 31(6), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 09638199.2022.2033303
  • Amin, S., Li, C., Khan, Y.A & Bibi, A. (2022). Fishing grounds footprint and economic freedom indexes: Evidence from Asia-Pacific, PLoS ONE, 17(4), 1-16, e0263872. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263872
  • Antweiler, W., Copeland, B. R., & Taylor, M. S. (2001). Is free trade good for the environment?. American Economic Review, 91(4), 877-908.
  • Ashraf, J. (2022). The spillover effects of political risk, financial risk, and economic freedom on ecological footprint: Empirical evidence from belt and road initiative countries, Borsa Istanbul Review, 22, 873– 885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2022.06.004.
  • Aygören, H. & Uyar, U. (2016). The analysis of financial beta behaviour via panel quantile regression approach, Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting, 3(4), 255-265.
  • Bektur, Ç. (2023). The role of economic freedom in achieving the environmental sustainability for the highest economic freedom countries: Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29120-5
  • Belaid, F., Elsayed, A. H. & Omri, A. (2021). Key drivers of renewable energy deployment in the MENA Region: Empirical evidence using panel quantile regression, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 57,225-238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.011.
  • Binder, M., & Coad, A. (2011). From average Joe’s happiness to Miserable Jane and Cheerful John: Using quantile regressions to analyze the full subjective well-being distribution, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 79(3), 275-290
  • Boubellouta, B. & Kusch-Brandt, S. (2022). Driving factors of e-waste recycling rate in 30 European countries: New evidence using a panel quantile regression of the EKC hypothesis coupled with the STIRPAT model, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02356-w
  • Bucak, Ç. (2022). Ekonomik özgürlük endeksi, insani gelişme endeksi ve ekolojik ayak izi: E7 Ülkeleri İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz , Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi , 12 (23), 141-158 . DOI: 10.53092/duiibfd.992572
  • Cade, B. S., & Noon, B. R. (2003). A gentle introduction to quantile regression for ecologists, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1(8), 412– 420.
  • Chen, L. (2005). An introduction to quantile regression and the QUANTREG procedure, Statistics and Data Analysis, 213-230, SUGI30 Proceedings, available at children and adolescents. Conference on Quantitative Social Science Research Using R. available at http://www.cis.fordham.edu/QR2009/presentations/RefGrowthCharts.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2023).
  • CRED (2008). EM-DAT: emergency events database. Available at http://www.emdat.be/, (Erişim: 30.03.2023).
  • Destek, M. A., & Sinha, A. (2020). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and ecological footprint: Evidence from organisation for economic Co-operation and development countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 118537.
  • Dogan, E., Ulucak, R., Kocak, E. & Isik, C. (2020). The use of ecological footprint in estimating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for BRICST by considering cross-section dependence and heterogeneity, Science of the Total Environment, 723, 1-8, 138063.
  • Ferng, J. J. (2001). Using composition of land multiplier to estimate ecological footprints associated with production activity, Ecological Economics, 37, 159– 172.
  • Galli, A., Kitzes, J., Niccolucci, V., Wackernagel, M., Wada, Y. & Marchettini, N.(2012). Assessing the global environmental consequences of economic growth through the ecological footprint: A focus on China and India. Ecological Indicators, 17, 99–107.
  • Global Footprint Network (2019). Advancing the science of sustainability”, http://data.footprintnetwork.org/?_ga=2.128662604.1393481519.1589555821-401373056.1547219594#/countryTrends?type=BCtot,EFCtot&cn=351. (Erişim: 25.03.2023).
  • Global Footprint Network (2024). Ecological Footprint, 07 Mart 2024 tarihinde https://www.footprintnetwork.org/our-work/ecological-footprint/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Güriş, S., & Şak, N. (2019). Çevresel kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin toplamsal olmayan sabit etkili panel kantil yöntemiyle incelenmesi, Business and Economics Research Journal, 10(2), 327–340.
  • Gyamfi, B. A., Bein, M. A., Ozturk, I. & Bekun, F. V. (2020). The moderating role of employment in an environmental kuznets curve framework revisited in G7 countries. Indonesian Journal of Sustainability Accounting and Management,4(2), 241–248. https://doi.org/10.28992/ijsam.v4i2.283.
  • Heath, Y., & Gifford, R. (2006). Free-market ideology and environmental degradation. Environment and Behavior, 38(1), 48–71. doi:10.1177/0013916505277998.
  • Hemmati, R. & Khosroshahi, M. K. (2020). The interaction of economic freedom and governance on ecological footprint (selected developing countries)”, Iranian Energy Economics, 37(10), 159-182.
  • Heritage Foundation (2024). Index of Economic Freedom, 07 Mart 2024 tarihinde https://www.heritage.org/index/pages/report adresinden erişildi.
  • Jiang, Y., Zhou, Z. & Liu, C. (2019). The impact of public transportation on carbon emissions: A panel quantile analysis based on Chinese provincial data, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 4000–4012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3921-y.
  • Joshi, P. & Beck, K., (2018). Democracy and carbon dioxide emissions: Assessing the interactions of political and economic freedom and the environmental Kuznets curve, Energy Research & Social Science, 39, 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. erss.2017.10.020.
  • Karimi, M., Khezri, M., Khan, Y.A. & Razzaghi, S. (2022). Exploring the influence of economic freedom index on fishing grounds footprint in environmental Kuznets curve framework through spatial econometrics technique: evidence from Asia-Pacific countries, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 6251–6266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16110-8
  • Koenker R., & Bassett, G. Jr. (1978). Regression quantiles, Econometrica, 46(1), 33-50 Koenker, R. (2005). Quantile regression, USA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kratena, K., & Streicher, G. (2012). Spatial welfare economics versus ecological footprint: A sensitivity analysis introducing strong sustainability, Environmental and Resource Economics, 51, 617– 622.
  • Lenzen, M., Borgstrom Hansson, C., & Bond, S. (2007). On the bioproductivity and land-disturbance metrics of the ecological footprint, Ecological Economics, 61, 6– 10.
  • Liu, X., Razzaq, A., Shahzad, M. & Irfan, M. (2022). Technological changes, financial development and ecological consequences: A comparative study of developed and developing economies, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 184, 122004, ISSN 0040-1625, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122004.
  • Mamkhezri, J., Muhamad, G. M. & Khezri, M. (2022). Assessing the spatial effects of economic freedom on forest-products, grazing-land, and cropland footprints: The case of Asia-Pacific countries, Journal of Environmental Management, 316, ISSN 0301-4797, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115274.
  • National Research Council. (1999). Global environmental change: Research pathways for the next decade, Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
  • Numan, U., Ma, B., Aslam, M., Bedru, H.D., Jiang, C. & Sadiq, M. (2023). Role of economic complexity and energy sector in moving towards sustainability in the exporting economies, Energy Strategy Reviews, 45, 101038 https://doi.org/10.1016/j. esr.2022.101038.
  • Ozler, S. I. & Obach, B. (2009). Capitalism, state economic policy, and ecological footprint: An international comparative analysis, Global Environmental Politics, 9, 79-108.
  • Ponce, P., Álvarez-García, J., Álvarez, V., & Irfan, M. (2023). Analysing the influence of foreign direct investment and urbanization on the development of private financial system and its ecological footprint, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 9624–9641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22772-9
  • Powell, D. (2022). Quantile regression with nonadditive fixed effects. Empirical Economics, 63(5), 2675-2691.
  • Rees, W. E. (1992). Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: What urban economics leaves out, Environment and Urbanization, 4(2), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/095624789200400212.
  • Shahbaz, M. & Sinha, A. (2019). Environmental kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: A literature survey, Journal of Economic Studies, 46(1), 106-168. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-09-2017-0249.
  • Shen, Y., & Yue, S. (2023). Does ecological footprint affect biocapacity? Evidence from the experiences of G20 countries, Natural Resource Modeling, 36(3), e12369.
  • Sofuoğlu, E., Kirikkaleli, D. (2023). The effect of mineral saving and energy on the ecological footprint in an emerging market: Evidence from novel Fourier based approaches, Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, 16(3), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12076-023-00328-w
  • Sukmaningrum, P. S. (2022). Political freedom, economic freedom and Co2 emission in long run: Evidence from ASEAN countries, Asian Bulletin of Contemporary Issues in Economics and Finance, 2(2), 36-47.
  • Tekin, B. & Bastak, S. N. (2022). Panel kantil regresyon yaklaşımı ile getiriyi etkileyen içsel faktörlerin modellenmesi: BIST 100 örneği . Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi , 24(42) , 194-208 .
  • Usman, A., Ozturk, I. Naqvi, S. M. M. A., Ullah, S. & Javed, M. I. (2022). Revealing the nexus between nuclear energy and ecological footprint in STIRPAT model of advanced economies: Fresh evidence from novel CS-ARDL model, Progress in Nuclear Energy, 148, 104220, ISSN 0149-1970, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2022.104220.
  • Wackernagel, M. (1995). Our ecological footprint: Reducing human impact on the Earth, Population and Environment, 1(3), 171– 174.
  • Wackernagel, M., Monfreda, C., Schulz, N. B., Erb, K. H., Haberl, H., & Krausmann, F. (2004). Calculating national and global ecological footprint time series: Resolving conceptual challenges, Land Use Policy, 21, 271– 278.
  • World Bank (2019). World Bank annual reports & financial statements, https://openknowledge.world bank.org/handle/10986/2127 (Erişim: 10.01.2023).
  • WWF (2018). Living planet report 2018, World Wide Fund for Nature. https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/living-planet-report-2018 (Erişim: 12.02.2023).
  • Yeo, M. J., & Kim, Y. P. (2016). Changes of the carbon dioxide emissions and the overshoot ratio resulting from the implementation of the 2nd energy master plan in the Republic of Korea, Energy Policy, 96, 241– 250.
  • Yu, K., Zudi, L., & Stander, J. (2003). Quantile regression: Applications and current research areas. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series D (The Statistician). 52, 331-350. doi: 10.1111/1467-9884.00363
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çevre Ekonomisi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ömer Faruk Biçen 0000-0003-1021-5198

Mustafa Necati Çoban 0000-0003-2839-4403

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 22 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 29

Kaynak Göster

APA Biçen, Ö. F., & Çoban, M. N. (2024). G-7 ÜLKELERİNDE EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜK İLE EKOLOJİK AYAK İZİ İLİŞKİSİ: QRPD YÖNTEMİ İLE ANALİZ. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(29), 163-187. https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2024.007

KAÜİİBFD, Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergi Yayıncılığı'nın kurumsal dergisidir.

KAÜİİBFD 2022 yılından itibaren Web of Science'a dahil edilerek, Clarivate ürünü olan Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) uluslararası alan endeksinde taranmaya başlamıştır. 

2025 Haziran sayısı makale kabul ve değerlendirmeleri devam etmektedir.