THE EFFECTS OF WOMEN’S EDUCATION RATES ON FOREIGN DIRECT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS: ANALYSIS OF 22 OECD COUNTRIES

Öz

One of the most important factors affecting and accelerating the social, cultural and economic development of a country is the education level of women. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether women’s education levels affect foreign direct investment in a country. The relationship between women’s education rate and economic growth rate and human development index was investigated by using the Panel Causality Analysis. The percentages of educated women for the period 1999-2022 were taken annually for 22 OECD countries (Australia, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Czech, Denmark, Norway, Estonia, Netherlands, Italy, Greece, Finland, Poland, France, Japan, Mexico, Hungary, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Slovenia, Portugal). Economic growth rate and human development indices were included in the models as the control variables. Before the Panel Causality Analysis was applied to test the models, whether there was a cross-sectional dependence in the data was evaluated with the Peseran Caled LM Test and the Peseran CD Test. The Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality test was used after determining cross-sectional dependence and unit root existence. According to the results of the analyses, a one-way causality relationship was detected between foreign direct investment in and out of a country and the education rate of women. The findings also show that there was a bidirectional causality relationship between women’s education rate and human development index. The increase in the education rate of women and the increase in the human development index were considered important in attracting foreign direct investment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Women’s Education Rate
• Foreign Direct Investment
• Panel Causality Analysis

ВЛИЯНИЕ УРОВНЯ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ЖЕНЩИН НА ПРЯМЫЕ ИНОСТРАННЫЕ ИНВЕСТИЦИИ КАПИТАЛА: АНАЛИЗ 22 СТРАН ОЭСР

Öz

Одним из важнейших факторов, влияющих и ускоряющих социальное, культурное и экономическое развитие страны, является уровень образования женщин. Целью данного исследования является изучение влияния уровня образования женщин на прямые иностранные инвестиции по стране. Связь между уровнем образования женщин, темпами экономического роста и индексом человеческого развития исследуется с помощью панельного причинно-следственного анализа. В 22 странах ОЭСР (Австралия, Бельгия, Германия, Австрия, Чехия, Дания, Норвегия, Эстония, Нидерланды, Италия, Греция, Финляндия, Польша, Франция, Япония, Мексика, Венгрия, Южная Корея, Испания, Швеция, Словения, Португалия) процентные показатели образованных женщин за период 1999-2022 годов измерялись ежегодно. Темпы экономического роста и индексы человеческого развития включены в модели в качестве контрольных переменных. Прежде чем применять панельный причинно-следственный анализ для проверки моделей, было измерено наличие перекрёстной зависимости в данных с помощью теста Peseran Caled LM и теста Peseran CD. После определения поперечной зависимости и существования единичного корня был применён тест причинности Думитреску и Херлина. По результатам анализа видно, что существует односторонняя причинно-следственная связь между прямыми иностранными инвестициями в страну и за её пределы и уровнем образования женщин. Кроме того, результаты показывают, что существует двунаправленная причинно-следственная связь между уровнем образования женщин и индексом человеческого развития. Увеличение уровня образования женщин и рост индекса человеческого развития также считаются важными для привлечения прямых иностранных инвестиций.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• уровень образования женщин
• прямые иностранные инвестиции
• панельный причинно-следственный анализ

KADINLARIN EĞİTİM ORANLARININ DOĞRUDAN YABANCI SERMAYE YATIRIMINA ETKİSİ; 22 OECD ÜLKESİ ÜZERİNE BİR PANEL NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ

Öz

Bir ülkenin sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik yönden kalkınmasını etkileyen ve hızlandıran en önemli faktörlerden biri kadınların eğitim düzeyidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı kadınların eğitim düzeyinin, o ülkedeki doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımını etkileyip etkilemediğinin incelenmesidir. Kadınların eğitim oranının ekonomik büyüme oranı ve insani gelişmişlik indeksi ile arasındaki ilişkisi panel nedensellik analizi yardımıyla araştırılmaktadır. 22 OECD (Avustralya, Belçika, Almanya, Avusturya, Çekya, Danimarka, Norveç, Estonya, Hollanda, İtalya, Yunanistan, Finlandiya, Polonya, Fransa, Japonya, Meksika, Macaristan, Güney Kore, İspanya, İsveç, Slovenya, Portekiz) ülkesi için 1999-2022 dönemine ait eğitimli kadınların yüzde oranları yıllık olarak alınmaktadır. Ekonomik büyüme oranı ve insani gelişmişlik endeksleri kontrol değişken olarak modellere dâhil edilmektedir. Modellerin test edilmesinde panel nedensellik analizi uygulanmadan önce verilerde yatay kesit bağımlılığı olup olmadığı Peseran Caled LM testi ve Peseran CD testi ile ölçülmüştür. Yatay kesit bağımlılığı ve birim kök varlığı tespit edildikten sonra Dumitrescu ve Hurlin nedensellik testi uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre ülke içerisine ve ülke dışına yapılan doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırım ile kadınların eğitim oranı arasında tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca bulgular kadınların eğitim oranı ve insani gelişmişlik endeksi arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Kadınların eğitim oranın artması ile insani gelişmişlik endeksinin artışı, aynı zamanda doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımını çekmede önemli görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kadınların Eğitim Oranı
• Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımı
• Panel Nedensellik Analizi

Kaynakça

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