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OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU’NDAN TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ’NE KALAN BİR MESELE: KADINLARIN KONUMU

Yıl 2016, Sayı: 29, 33 - 45, 24.03.2016
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.87599

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’ndeki modernleşme sürecinin, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’ndan devraldığı cinsiyet ilişkileri, “yurttaşlık” ve “iktidar paylaşımı” ekseninde analiz edilmektedir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu altında 19. Yüzyılın başlarına dayanan Kadın Hareketi, ulusal modernleşme sürecinin bir görünümü idi. Kadın hakları için yapılan mücadelede “Birinci Dalga” olarak adlandırılan bu dönem, Osmanlı toplum ve devlet yapısında reforma duyulan gereksinimi ifade eder. Cumhuriyetin kurucuları da, Osmanlı dünyasında başlayıp kadınların taleplerinin oldukça açık bir şekilde tanımlandığı reformist girişimleri izlemeyi amaçladılar. Ancak, Cumhuriyet’in başlangıçtaki vaatlerine rağmen, yaşanan dönüşüm sürecinde, kadın talepleri beklenenden daha zor ve daha uzun sürede gerçekleşmekteydi. Bu çerçevede makalede, yaşanan bu sürecin analizi yapılarak kadınların konumu ve kadınlar ile erkekler arasındaki eşitsizlik durumu üzerine yeniden odaklanmayı sağlayan bir değerlendirme sunulmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Ayşe Durakbaşa (2002), Halide Edip: Türk Modernleşmesi ve Feminizm, [Halide Edip, Turkish Modernism and Feminism] İstanbul, İletişim Publications.
  • Ayşe Güneş Ayata (1998), “Lâiklik, Güç ve Katılım Üçgeninde Türkiye’de Kadın ve Siyaset,” [Women and Politics within the Triangle of Laicity, Power and Participation in Turkey] 75. Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler [Women and Men in the 75th Year of the Republic], İş Bank of Turkey Publishing, pp. 237–48.
  • Ayşe Kadıoğlu (1998), “Cinselliğin İnkârı: Büyük Toplumsal Projelerin Nesnesi Olarak Türk Kadınları,” [The Denial of Sexuality: Turkish Women as the Object of Major Social Projects], 75. Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler [Women and Men in the 75th Year of the Republic], İş Bank of Turkey Publishing, pp. 89–100.
  • AyşegülYaraman (2001), Resmi Tarihten Kadın Tarihine, [From Official History to Women’s History], İstanbul Bağlam Publications.
  • Bernard Lewis (2002), The Emergence of Modern Turkey, Oxford University Press.
  • Betül Karagöz (2008), “Türkiye’de 1980 Sonrası Kadın Hareketinin Siyasal Temelleri ve İkinci Dalga Uğrağı,” [The Political Foundations of the Women’s Movement in Turkey after 1980 and the Second Wave of Feminism] Memleket, Siyaset, Yönetim – Kuramsal Dergi [Homeland, Politics and Management – Theory Magazine], No. 7, pp. 168–90.
  • CEDAW (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women), (1997), Concluding Observations: Turkey, U.N. Doc. A/52/38/Rev.1, paras.151-206; http://www. wfrt. org/ humanrts/cedaw/cedaw-turkey.htm, May 19, 2012.
  • Elif Akşit (2010), “Fatma Aliye’s Stories: Ottoman Marriages beyond the Harem”,
  • Journal of Family History, No: 35, pp. 207-18.
  • Fatmagül Berktay (1998), “Cumhuriyet’in 75 Yıllık Serüvenine Kadınlar Açısından Bakmak” [A View of the 75 Year Republican Adventure from the Point of View of Women], 75. Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler [Women and Men in the 75th Year of the Republic], İş Bank of Turkey Publishing, pp. 1–11.
  • Fatmagül Berktay (2002), “Doğu ile Batı’nın Birleştiği Yer: Kadın İmgesinin Kurgulanışı,” [Where East and West Meet: The Imagining of the Image of Womanhood]
  • Modern Türkiye’de Siyasi Düşünce: Modernleşme ve Batıcılık, [Political Thought in
  • Modern Turkey: Modernisation and Westernism] Volume III, İstanbul, İletişim Publications, pp. 248–85.
  • Helin Uçar (2009), “Women’s Rights in Turkey: Interaction of State and Non-State Actors in the Implementation of Judicial Equality”, Fokus Türkei, No. 15, pp. 1–19.
  • Herbert Croly (2004), “The Promise of American Life (1909)”, American Political Thought, Kenneth M. Dolbeare and Michael S. Cummings (eds.), Fifth Edition, Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, pp. 370-79.
  • Jenny White (2012), “Status of Women in Turkey”, http://www.ips.siu.edu/iss/WID/project /Turkey, May 19, 2012.
  • Lee Ann Banaszak (1998), “Use of the Initiative Process by Woman Suffrage
  • Movements”, Social Movements and American Political Institutions, Anne N. Costainand
  • Andrew S. Mcfarland (eds.), New York, Rowman&Littlefield Publishers, pp. 99-114.
  • Michel Focault (1966), Lest Mots et les choses, Paris: Gallimard.
  • Nermin Abadan Unat (1998), “Söylemden Protestoya: Türkiye’de Kadın Hareketlerinin Dönüşümü,” [From Discourse to Protest: The Transformation of Women’s Movements in Turkey] 75. Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler [Women and Men in the 75th Year of the Republic], İş Bank of Turkey Publishing, pp. 323–36.
  • Nilüfer Göle (2001), Modern Mahrem [The Forbidden Modern], Istanbul: Metis Publications.
  • Serpil Çakır (1996), Osmanlı Kadın Hareketi [The Ottoman Women’s Movement], Istanbul: Metis Publications.
  • Serpil Sancar (1998), “Siyasal Alanda Cinsiyetçilik ve Kadınların Söylemsel Kuşatılmışlığı,” [Sexuality in the Political Arena and the Discursive Encirclement of Women] 20. Yüzyılın Sonunda Kadınlar ve Gelecek, Women at the end of the 20th Century and the Future TODAİE (The Turkish Institution for Public Administration in the Middle East) Publications No. 285, pp. 531–42.
  • Soner Cagaptay (2006), Islam, Secularism, and Nationalism in Modern Turkey – Who is a Turk? New York, Routledge.
  • Stanley Aronowitz (2003), How Class Works – Power and Social Movements, New Haven, Yale University.
  • Şirin Tekeli (1998), “Birinci ve İkinci Dalga Feminist Hareketlerin Karşılaştırmalı İncelemesi Üzerine Bir Deneme,” 75. Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler [Women and Men in the 75th Year of the Republic], İş Bank of Turkey Publishing, pp. 337–46.
  • Tevfik Temelkuran (1970), “Türkiye’de Açılan İlk Kız Öğretmen Okulu”, [The First Women’s Teacher’s Training College in Turkey] Belgelerle Türkiye Tarihi Dergisi, [The Turkish Documentary History Magazine] No. 36, pp.65-6.
  • Tezer Taşkıran (1976), Women in Turkey, İstanbul: Redhouse Publications.
  • William H. Chafe (1977), Women and Equality, Oxford University Press.
  • Yaprak Zihnioğlu (2003), Kadınsız İnkılâp, [Revolution without Women] İstanbul: Metis Publications.
  • Yeşim Arat (1998a), “Türkiye’de Modernleşme Projesi ve Kadınlar,” [Turkey’s Modernising Project and Women] in Türkiye’de Modernleşme ve Ulusal Kimlik [Modernisation and National Identity in Turkey], İstanbul Historical Foundation, Yurt Publications, No: 55, pp. 82–98.
  • Yeşim Arat (1998b), “Türkiye’de Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Vatandaşlık,”[Social Sexuality and Citizenship in Turkey] 75. Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler [Women and Men in the 75th Year of the Republic], İş Bank of Turkey Publishing, pp. 67–76.

AN ISSUE FROM THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE TO THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY: THE STATUS OF WOMEN

Yıl 2016, Sayı: 29, 33 - 45, 24.03.2016
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.87599

Öz

This study analyses the specific set of gender relationships that the modernization processes commenced under the Ottoman Empire, which passed on to the Turkish Republic, with particular attention to elements of citizenship and power sharing. The Women’s Movement dating from the beginning of the 19th century under the Ottoman Empire was an aspect of a national process of modernization. This period, often referred to as the “First Wave” of the struggle for women’s rights in Turkey, can be regarded as a manifestation of the need for reform in the structure of Ottoman society and state. The founders of the Republic aimed to follow through the reformist enterprise initiated in the Ottoman world, which was comprised of a quite clearly defined bundle of demands. However, despite the promises of the Republican vanguard, the process of turning women’s demands into authentically experienced rights was a much more difficult and much longer process than might have been expected. This article provides an evaluation of this process and re-focuses on the status of women and the inequality between women and men in.

Kaynakça

  • Ayşe Durakbaşa (2002), Halide Edip: Türk Modernleşmesi ve Feminizm, [Halide Edip, Turkish Modernism and Feminism] İstanbul, İletişim Publications.
  • Ayşe Güneş Ayata (1998), “Lâiklik, Güç ve Katılım Üçgeninde Türkiye’de Kadın ve Siyaset,” [Women and Politics within the Triangle of Laicity, Power and Participation in Turkey] 75. Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler [Women and Men in the 75th Year of the Republic], İş Bank of Turkey Publishing, pp. 237–48.
  • Ayşe Kadıoğlu (1998), “Cinselliğin İnkârı: Büyük Toplumsal Projelerin Nesnesi Olarak Türk Kadınları,” [The Denial of Sexuality: Turkish Women as the Object of Major Social Projects], 75. Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler [Women and Men in the 75th Year of the Republic], İş Bank of Turkey Publishing, pp. 89–100.
  • AyşegülYaraman (2001), Resmi Tarihten Kadın Tarihine, [From Official History to Women’s History], İstanbul Bağlam Publications.
  • Bernard Lewis (2002), The Emergence of Modern Turkey, Oxford University Press.
  • Betül Karagöz (2008), “Türkiye’de 1980 Sonrası Kadın Hareketinin Siyasal Temelleri ve İkinci Dalga Uğrağı,” [The Political Foundations of the Women’s Movement in Turkey after 1980 and the Second Wave of Feminism] Memleket, Siyaset, Yönetim – Kuramsal Dergi [Homeland, Politics and Management – Theory Magazine], No. 7, pp. 168–90.
  • CEDAW (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women), (1997), Concluding Observations: Turkey, U.N. Doc. A/52/38/Rev.1, paras.151-206; http://www. wfrt. org/ humanrts/cedaw/cedaw-turkey.htm, May 19, 2012.
  • Elif Akşit (2010), “Fatma Aliye’s Stories: Ottoman Marriages beyond the Harem”,
  • Journal of Family History, No: 35, pp. 207-18.
  • Fatmagül Berktay (1998), “Cumhuriyet’in 75 Yıllık Serüvenine Kadınlar Açısından Bakmak” [A View of the 75 Year Republican Adventure from the Point of View of Women], 75. Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler [Women and Men in the 75th Year of the Republic], İş Bank of Turkey Publishing, pp. 1–11.
  • Fatmagül Berktay (2002), “Doğu ile Batı’nın Birleştiği Yer: Kadın İmgesinin Kurgulanışı,” [Where East and West Meet: The Imagining of the Image of Womanhood]
  • Modern Türkiye’de Siyasi Düşünce: Modernleşme ve Batıcılık, [Political Thought in
  • Modern Turkey: Modernisation and Westernism] Volume III, İstanbul, İletişim Publications, pp. 248–85.
  • Helin Uçar (2009), “Women’s Rights in Turkey: Interaction of State and Non-State Actors in the Implementation of Judicial Equality”, Fokus Türkei, No. 15, pp. 1–19.
  • Herbert Croly (2004), “The Promise of American Life (1909)”, American Political Thought, Kenneth M. Dolbeare and Michael S. Cummings (eds.), Fifth Edition, Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, pp. 370-79.
  • Jenny White (2012), “Status of Women in Turkey”, http://www.ips.siu.edu/iss/WID/project /Turkey, May 19, 2012.
  • Lee Ann Banaszak (1998), “Use of the Initiative Process by Woman Suffrage
  • Movements”, Social Movements and American Political Institutions, Anne N. Costainand
  • Andrew S. Mcfarland (eds.), New York, Rowman&Littlefield Publishers, pp. 99-114.
  • Michel Focault (1966), Lest Mots et les choses, Paris: Gallimard.
  • Nermin Abadan Unat (1998), “Söylemden Protestoya: Türkiye’de Kadın Hareketlerinin Dönüşümü,” [From Discourse to Protest: The Transformation of Women’s Movements in Turkey] 75. Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler [Women and Men in the 75th Year of the Republic], İş Bank of Turkey Publishing, pp. 323–36.
  • Nilüfer Göle (2001), Modern Mahrem [The Forbidden Modern], Istanbul: Metis Publications.
  • Serpil Çakır (1996), Osmanlı Kadın Hareketi [The Ottoman Women’s Movement], Istanbul: Metis Publications.
  • Serpil Sancar (1998), “Siyasal Alanda Cinsiyetçilik ve Kadınların Söylemsel Kuşatılmışlığı,” [Sexuality in the Political Arena and the Discursive Encirclement of Women] 20. Yüzyılın Sonunda Kadınlar ve Gelecek, Women at the end of the 20th Century and the Future TODAİE (The Turkish Institution for Public Administration in the Middle East) Publications No. 285, pp. 531–42.
  • Soner Cagaptay (2006), Islam, Secularism, and Nationalism in Modern Turkey – Who is a Turk? New York, Routledge.
  • Stanley Aronowitz (2003), How Class Works – Power and Social Movements, New Haven, Yale University.
  • Şirin Tekeli (1998), “Birinci ve İkinci Dalga Feminist Hareketlerin Karşılaştırmalı İncelemesi Üzerine Bir Deneme,” 75. Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler [Women and Men in the 75th Year of the Republic], İş Bank of Turkey Publishing, pp. 337–46.
  • Tevfik Temelkuran (1970), “Türkiye’de Açılan İlk Kız Öğretmen Okulu”, [The First Women’s Teacher’s Training College in Turkey] Belgelerle Türkiye Tarihi Dergisi, [The Turkish Documentary History Magazine] No. 36, pp.65-6.
  • Tezer Taşkıran (1976), Women in Turkey, İstanbul: Redhouse Publications.
  • William H. Chafe (1977), Women and Equality, Oxford University Press.
  • Yaprak Zihnioğlu (2003), Kadınsız İnkılâp, [Revolution without Women] İstanbul: Metis Publications.
  • Yeşim Arat (1998a), “Türkiye’de Modernleşme Projesi ve Kadınlar,” [Turkey’s Modernising Project and Women] in Türkiye’de Modernleşme ve Ulusal Kimlik [Modernisation and National Identity in Turkey], İstanbul Historical Foundation, Yurt Publications, No: 55, pp. 82–98.
  • Yeşim Arat (1998b), “Türkiye’de Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Vatandaşlık,”[Social Sexuality and Citizenship in Turkey] 75. Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler [Women and Men in the 75th Year of the Republic], İş Bank of Turkey Publishing, pp. 67–76.

ПРОБЛЕМА ЖЕНЩИНЫ ОТ НАЧАЛА ОСМАНСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ ДО ТУРЕЦКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ

Yıl 2016, Sayı: 29, 33 - 45, 24.03.2016
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.87599

Öz

В данном исследовании дается анализ процесса модернизации в Республике
Турции, гендерные отношения, вопросы «гражданство» и «разделения власти»,
унаследованные Османской империей. В начале 19-го века начинаются изменения в
женском движении. Период борьбы женщин за свои права и попытки
реформирования структуры османского общества и государства был назван «Первая
волна». Несмотря на то, что было первоначальное обещание со стороны Республики
требований женщин в отношении преобразования, затянулось на длительное время.
Это еще раз доказало о неравенстве между мужчинами и женщинами. В работе мы
попытались дать повторную оценку данной проблемы. 

Kaynakça

  • Ayşe Durakbaşa (2002), Halide Edip: Türk Modernleşmesi ve Feminizm, [Halide Edip, Turkish Modernism and Feminism] İstanbul, İletişim Publications.
  • Ayşe Güneş Ayata (1998), “Lâiklik, Güç ve Katılım Üçgeninde Türkiye’de Kadın ve Siyaset,” [Women and Politics within the Triangle of Laicity, Power and Participation in Turkey] 75. Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler [Women and Men in the 75th Year of the Republic], İş Bank of Turkey Publishing, pp. 237–48.
  • Ayşe Kadıoğlu (1998), “Cinselliğin İnkârı: Büyük Toplumsal Projelerin Nesnesi Olarak Türk Kadınları,” [The Denial of Sexuality: Turkish Women as the Object of Major Social Projects], 75. Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler [Women and Men in the 75th Year of the Republic], İş Bank of Turkey Publishing, pp. 89–100.
  • AyşegülYaraman (2001), Resmi Tarihten Kadın Tarihine, [From Official History to Women’s History], İstanbul Bağlam Publications.
  • Bernard Lewis (2002), The Emergence of Modern Turkey, Oxford University Press.
  • Betül Karagöz (2008), “Türkiye’de 1980 Sonrası Kadın Hareketinin Siyasal Temelleri ve İkinci Dalga Uğrağı,” [The Political Foundations of the Women’s Movement in Turkey after 1980 and the Second Wave of Feminism] Memleket, Siyaset, Yönetim – Kuramsal Dergi [Homeland, Politics and Management – Theory Magazine], No. 7, pp. 168–90.
  • CEDAW (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women), (1997), Concluding Observations: Turkey, U.N. Doc. A/52/38/Rev.1, paras.151-206; http://www. wfrt. org/ humanrts/cedaw/cedaw-turkey.htm, May 19, 2012.
  • Elif Akşit (2010), “Fatma Aliye’s Stories: Ottoman Marriages beyond the Harem”,
  • Journal of Family History, No: 35, pp. 207-18.
  • Fatmagül Berktay (1998), “Cumhuriyet’in 75 Yıllık Serüvenine Kadınlar Açısından Bakmak” [A View of the 75 Year Republican Adventure from the Point of View of Women], 75. Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler [Women and Men in the 75th Year of the Republic], İş Bank of Turkey Publishing, pp. 1–11.
  • Fatmagül Berktay (2002), “Doğu ile Batı’nın Birleştiği Yer: Kadın İmgesinin Kurgulanışı,” [Where East and West Meet: The Imagining of the Image of Womanhood]
  • Modern Türkiye’de Siyasi Düşünce: Modernleşme ve Batıcılık, [Political Thought in
  • Modern Turkey: Modernisation and Westernism] Volume III, İstanbul, İletişim Publications, pp. 248–85.
  • Helin Uçar (2009), “Women’s Rights in Turkey: Interaction of State and Non-State Actors in the Implementation of Judicial Equality”, Fokus Türkei, No. 15, pp. 1–19.
  • Herbert Croly (2004), “The Promise of American Life (1909)”, American Political Thought, Kenneth M. Dolbeare and Michael S. Cummings (eds.), Fifth Edition, Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, pp. 370-79.
  • Jenny White (2012), “Status of Women in Turkey”, http://www.ips.siu.edu/iss/WID/project /Turkey, May 19, 2012.
  • Lee Ann Banaszak (1998), “Use of the Initiative Process by Woman Suffrage
  • Movements”, Social Movements and American Political Institutions, Anne N. Costainand
  • Andrew S. Mcfarland (eds.), New York, Rowman&Littlefield Publishers, pp. 99-114.
  • Michel Focault (1966), Lest Mots et les choses, Paris: Gallimard.
  • Nermin Abadan Unat (1998), “Söylemden Protestoya: Türkiye’de Kadın Hareketlerinin Dönüşümü,” [From Discourse to Protest: The Transformation of Women’s Movements in Turkey] 75. Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler [Women and Men in the 75th Year of the Republic], İş Bank of Turkey Publishing, pp. 323–36.
  • Nilüfer Göle (2001), Modern Mahrem [The Forbidden Modern], Istanbul: Metis Publications.
  • Serpil Çakır (1996), Osmanlı Kadın Hareketi [The Ottoman Women’s Movement], Istanbul: Metis Publications.
  • Serpil Sancar (1998), “Siyasal Alanda Cinsiyetçilik ve Kadınların Söylemsel Kuşatılmışlığı,” [Sexuality in the Political Arena and the Discursive Encirclement of Women] 20. Yüzyılın Sonunda Kadınlar ve Gelecek, Women at the end of the 20th Century and the Future TODAİE (The Turkish Institution for Public Administration in the Middle East) Publications No. 285, pp. 531–42.
  • Soner Cagaptay (2006), Islam, Secularism, and Nationalism in Modern Turkey – Who is a Turk? New York, Routledge.
  • Stanley Aronowitz (2003), How Class Works – Power and Social Movements, New Haven, Yale University.
  • Şirin Tekeli (1998), “Birinci ve İkinci Dalga Feminist Hareketlerin Karşılaştırmalı İncelemesi Üzerine Bir Deneme,” 75. Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler [Women and Men in the 75th Year of the Republic], İş Bank of Turkey Publishing, pp. 337–46.
  • Tevfik Temelkuran (1970), “Türkiye’de Açılan İlk Kız Öğretmen Okulu”, [The First Women’s Teacher’s Training College in Turkey] Belgelerle Türkiye Tarihi Dergisi, [The Turkish Documentary History Magazine] No. 36, pp.65-6.
  • Tezer Taşkıran (1976), Women in Turkey, İstanbul: Redhouse Publications.
  • William H. Chafe (1977), Women and Equality, Oxford University Press.
  • Yaprak Zihnioğlu (2003), Kadınsız İnkılâp, [Revolution without Women] İstanbul: Metis Publications.
  • Yeşim Arat (1998a), “Türkiye’de Modernleşme Projesi ve Kadınlar,” [Turkey’s Modernising Project and Women] in Türkiye’de Modernleşme ve Ulusal Kimlik [Modernisation and National Identity in Turkey], İstanbul Historical Foundation, Yurt Publications, No: 55, pp. 82–98.
  • Yeşim Arat (1998b), “Türkiye’de Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Vatandaşlık,”[Social Sexuality and Citizenship in Turkey] 75. Yılda Kadınlar ve Erkekler [Women and Men in the 75th Year of the Republic], İş Bank of Turkey Publishing, pp. 67–76.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Betül Karagöz Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Mart 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Mart 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Sayı: 29

Kaynak Göster

APA Karagöz, B. (2016). AN ISSUE FROM THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE TO THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY: THE STATUS OF WOMEN. Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi, 1(29), 33-45. https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.87599