Yüksek Yapılarda Baza Tipolojileri ve Tarihsel Gelişimi

Öz

Çalışmada yüksek yapıların kentsel çevre ile etkileşimi sağlayan en önemli bileşeni olarak bazalar incelenmektedir. Bazaların yüksek yapıların i̇lk üretilmeye başlandığı 19. yy’dan günümüze kadar geçen süreçte kronolojik olarak nasıl bir gelişim gösterdiği ve tipolojik biçimlenişleri altı (6) döneme göre değerlendirilmiştir. Fonksiyonel Dönem, Eklektik Dönem, Art-Deco Dönemi, Uluslararası Dönem, Postmodern Dönem ve Yüksek Teknoloji Dönemi olarak incelenen çalışmada, her bir dönemi temsil eden onar (10) yapı üzerinden baza biçimlenişleri değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılara ait veriler Yüksek Yapı Konseyi’nin (CTBUH) veri tabanından elde edilmiştir. Dönemlere göre yüksek yapılarda bazaların nasıl biçimlen-diği, hangi etkenlerin belirleyici olduğu, form, doku, renk, doluluk-boşluk, transparanlık ve malzeme kullanımı gibi özellikler bakımından değer-lendirilmiştir. Çalışma bulgularına göre; her bir dönemde bazalar farklı bir anlam taşımakta, kullanım amacı ve bazalara olan gereksinimler değişmektedir. Bazaların yapısal biçimlenişlerinin dönemlerin teknolojik gelişmişliğine, mimari akımların ve stillerin etkisine, i̇mar yönetmelikle-rine ve yatırımcıların taleplerine bağlı olarak şekillendikleri görülmüştür. Çalışma bulgularına göre daha geleneksel ve klasik döneme öykünen yapılarda bazalar daha net bir şekilde ifade edilirken; modern ve teknolojik yapılarda bazalar yapı formu ile bütünleşmektedir. Sonuç olarak bazalar geçmişten günümüze çeşitli anlamsal dönüşümler geçirmekle birlikte, yüksek yapıların kentsel çevreyle kurucu bir öğesi olarak önemini korumaya devam etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yüksek Yapı
• Baza
• Podyum
• Zemin Kat
• Çok Katlı Yapı
• Yapı Tipolojisi.

Tall Buildings Base Typologies and Their Historical Development

Öz

The study focuses on the bases as the most significant component facilitating the interaction of tall buildings with the urban environment. It chronologically examines how bases have evolved from the 19th century when tall buildings were first produced to the present day, and eval-uates their typological developments in six (6) distinct periods. The study investigates the Functional period, Eclectic period, Art Deco period, International period, Postmodern period, and High-Tech period, and assesses the shaping of bases through ten (10) representative buildings from each period. Data related to the buildings were obtained from the database of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH). The study evaluates how bases in tall buildings evolved in terms of factors determining their design, such as form, texture, color, solidity-void ratio, transparency, and material usage, in accordance with the different periods. According to the findings of the study, bases carry different meanings in each period, and their purposes and requirements vary. The structural design of bases is seen to be shaped by the technological advancement of the periods, the influence of architectural movements and styles, zoning regulations, and investor demands. In buildings influenced by more traditional and classical styles, bases are expressed more distinctly, whereas in modern and technological buildings, bases integrate with the overall building form. In conclusion, bases have undergone various semantic transformations over time, but they continue to maintain their significance as an integral element of tall buildings in the urban environment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tall Building
• Base
• Podium
• Plinth
• Ground Floor
• High-Rise Building
• Building Typology

Kaynakça

1. Ali, M.M., Armstrong, P.J. (1995). Architecture of tall buildings, McGraw-Hill, New York, 227-284.
2. Ali, M.M. (1990). Integration of structural form and aesthetics in tall building design: the future challenge, Proceedings of 4th World Congress on Tall Buildings: Tall Buildings 2000 and Beyond, Hong Kong, 210-222.
3. Ali, M.M., Moon, K.S., (2007). Structural developments in tall buildings: current trends and future prospects, Architectural Science Review, 50(3), 205-223.
4. Al-Kodmany, K. (2012). Guidelines for tall buildings development, International Journal of High-Rise Buildings, 1(4), 11.
5. Boake, T.M. (2015). It’s not about the skyline, It’s about the base condition. CTBUH 2015 New York Conference, 494-501.
6. City of Cape Town Tall Building Policy (2013). Cape Town: City Council. s. 15. Erişim adresi: https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/
7. City of Kitchener Design for Tall Buildings (2017). Kitchener: City Council. s. 3. Erişim adresi: https://lf.kitchener.ca/WebLinkExt/DocView.aspx?dbid=0&id=1554544&page=1&cr=1 (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
8. Generalova, E., Generalov, V. (2020). Connecting a skyscraper to urban space: a stylobates typology for tall buildings. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1-7.

9. Gibbs, K.T. (1984). Business architectural imagery in America, 1870-1930, UMI Research Press, Michigan, 45.
10. Goettsch, J. (2012). How tall buildings meet the ground is as important as how they meet the sky. CTBUH 9th World Congress, Shanghai, 360-367.
11. Goldberger, P. (1985, December 29). Photography view; Is Trump’s latest proposal just a castle in the air? The New York Times, 2–3.
12. Hasol, D. (1999). Chicago’dan mimari izlenimler, Mimari İzlenimler, YEM Yayın, s.12
13. Hou, F., Jafari, M. (2020) Investigation approaches to quantify wind induced load and response of tall buildings: A review., Sustainable Cities and Society 62, USA, s. 32.
14. Huxtable, A.L. (1984) The tall building artistically reconsidered: the search for a skyscraper style, Pantheon Books, New York, 65.
15. London Borough of Tower Hamlets Tall Buildings SPD (2021). London: City Council. s. 49. Erişim adresi: https://talk.towerhamlets.gov.uk/tallbuildings (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
16. Milton Tall Building Guidelines (2018). Milton: City Council. s. 5-14. Erişim adresi: https://www.milton.ca/en/business-and-development/resources/Tall-Building-Guidelines.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
17. Naperville Building Design Guidelines (2007). Naperville: City Council. s. 23. Erişim adresi: https://www.naperville.il.us/contentassets/7fed1bf2ba19496fa9a037f019616748/cdg-building-design-guidelines.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
18. Nordberg-Schultz, C. (1974) Roots of Modern Architecture, Edita, Tokyo, s. 68.
19. Ottowa Urban Design Guidelines for High-rise Buildings (2018). Ottowa: City Council. s. 20. Erişim adresi: https://documents.ottawa.ca/sites/documents/files/design_guide_tall_bldgs_en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
20. Özer,F.,(1989), Yüksek yapıların gelişimine toplu bir bakış, Yüksek Binalar 1. Ulusal Sempozyumu, İstanbul, s.10.
21. Pelli, C. (1982). Skyscrapers, Perspecta 18: Yale Papers in Architecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 12.
22. Pickering City Centre Urban Design Guidelines (2017). Pickering: City Council. s. 34. Erişim adresi: https://www.pickering.ca/en/city-hall/resources/city-centre-urban-design-guidelinesACC.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
23. Sanders, N.M. (2005). Super-podium: Hong-Kong’s new multi-functional housing base. Conference on Sustainable Building South East Asia, 11-13 April, Malaysia, 158-166.
24. Sev, A. (2009). Türkiye ve dünya'daki yüksek binaların mimari tasarım ve taşıyıcı sistem açısından analizi, Doktora Tezi, Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, s. 107.
25. Smith B. S., Coull A. (1991). Tall building structures- analysis and design, A Wiley Interscience Publication, USA., s. 3-9.
26. The Galt Core Area Building Height Guidelines (2020). Galt: City Council. s. 32. Erişim adresi: https://www.cambridge.ca/en/learn-about/resources/Galt-Heights-Study/Galt-Core-Area-Heights-Guidelines-September-2021.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
27. Toronto Tall Building Design Guidelines (2013). Toronto: City Council. s. 37-45. Erişim adresi: toronto.ca/planning/tallbuildingdesign.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
28. URL-1: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/auditorium-building/9585, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
29. URL-2: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/sullivan-center/15125, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
30. URL-3: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/guaranty-building/9578, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
31. URL-4: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/home-insurance-building/9071, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
32. URL-5: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/manhattan-building/29263, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
33. URL-6: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/masonic-temple/9081, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
34. URL-7: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/monadnock-building/9073, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
35. URL-8: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Building_%28Spartanburg,_South_Carolina%29, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
36. URL-9: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/reliance-building/9072, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
37. URL-10: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wainwright-building/15055, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
38. URL-11: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/renaissance-blackstone/13835, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
39. URL-12: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/equitable-building/2993, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
40. URL-13: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/singer-building/2080, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
41. URL-14: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/woolworth-building/969, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
42. URL-15: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/monroe-building/22557, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
43. URL-16: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/municipal-building/2471, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
44. URL-17: https://www.timessquarebuilding.com/gallery-1, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
45. URL-18: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/flatiron-building/9014, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
46. URL-19: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/fisher-building/11142, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
47. URL-20: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/the-trump-building/619, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
48. URL-21: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/chicago-temple-building/2609, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
49. URL-22: https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/tribune-tower/, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
50. URL-23: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/chrysler-building/422, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
51. URL-24: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/empire-state-building/261, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
52. URL-25: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclay%E2%80%93Vesey_Building, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
53. URL-26: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/palmolive-building/2626, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
54. URL-27: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/comcast-building/775, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
55. URL-28: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/metropolitan-tower/9865, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
56. URL-29: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wrigley-building/9018, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
57. URL-30: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/aon-center/339, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
58. URL-31: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/ibm-building/19708, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
59. URL-32: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/875-north-michigan-avenue/345, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
60. URL-33: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/lake-point-tower/1799, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
61. URL-34: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/willis-tower/169, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
62. URL-35: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/lever-house/9068, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
63. URL-36: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/marina-city-i/2377, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
64. URL-37: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/seagram-building/3529, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
65. URL-38: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/transamerica-pyramid-center/772, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
66. URL-39: https://www.archdaily.com/54260/mies-van-der-rohe-lake-shore-drive-restoration-kruek, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
67. URL-40: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/190-south-lasalle/2551, Erişim (Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
68. URL-41: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/900-north-michigan-avenue/708, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
69. URL-42: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/1201-third-avenue-tower/1045, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
70. URL-43: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/att-building/2047, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
71. URL-44: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/capital-tower/824, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
72. URL-45: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/cityspire/895, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
73. URL-46: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/53rd-at-third/9138, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
74. URL-47: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/bny-mellon-bank-center/971, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
75. URL-48: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/tc-energy-center/1026, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
76. URL-49: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/company/542, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
77. URL-50: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/al-faisaliah-center/701, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
78. URL-51: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/bank-of-china-tower/287, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
79. URL-52: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/burj-khalifa/3, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
80. URL-53: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/emirates-tower-one/311, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
81. URL-54: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/hong-kong-and-shanghai-banking-corporation-headquarters/2408, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
82. URL-55: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/landmark-tower/547, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
83. URL-56: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/menara-maybank/946, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
84. URL-57: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/one-world-trade-center/98, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
85. URL-58: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/osaka-world-trade-center/834, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
86. URL-59: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/30-st-mary-axe/2369, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
87. Watford’s Approach to Taller Buildings Supplementary Planning Document (2016). Watford: City Council. s. 30. Erişim adresi: https://www.watford.gov.uk/downloads/file/229/skyline-watford-s-approach-to-taller-buildings-supplementary-planning-document (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2023)
88. Willis, C. (1995). Forms follows finance: skyscrapers and skylines in New York and Chicago, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 45-65.
89. Ye, Y., Wang, Z., Dong, N., Zhou, X. (2020). Tall building’s lower public spaces: impact on health and behavior, CTBUH Journal, Issue I, 26-33.
90. Yıldız, A., Kalaycı, P. D. (2022). Fractal change of facades of high-rise buildings according to architectural periods, International Refereed Journal of Design and Architecture, 26, 220-243.
91. Yıldız, A. (2023). Yüksek Yapıların Tarihi Kent Merkezlerine Etkileri: İstanbul, Ankara, Moskova ve Londra Örneklemi. Online Journal of Art and Design, 11(5), 301-315.
92. Zhang, S., Xu, X. (2018). Pedestrian level wind around super-tall buildings: effects of podium. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 218, 1-5.