Avrupa Birliği'nde Seçilmiş Kentlerden Yeşil Ekonomi Uygulamaları: Amsterdam, Freiburg, Kopenhag ve Ljubljana Örnekleri

Öz

Bu çalışma, Avrupa Birliği’ne üye dört öncü kent olan Amsterdam, Kopenhag, Freiburg ve Ljubljana’daki yeşil ekonomi uygulamalarını karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmektedir. Kentlerin yeşil dönüşüm stratejileri; çok düzeyli yönetişim yapıları, politika araçları, yurttaş katılımı, döngüsel ekonomi uygulamaları ve sürdürülebilir altyapı yatırımları çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Şehirler; (i) AB üyeliği, (ii) uzun vadeli yeşil ekonomi stratejilerine gösterilen bağlılık, (iii) uluslararası tanınırlık (örneğin, Avrupa Yeşil Başkenti) ve (iv) akademik ve kurumsal verilerin kullanılabilirliği ölçütlerine göre amaçlı örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilmiştir. Veri analizi, kategori tabanlı kodlama çerçevesi kullanılarak nitel içerik analizi yoluyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kodlama ve tematik yapılandırma için NVivo 14 yazılımı kullanılmıştır. Temel analitik kategoriler arasında; politika alanları (enerji, mobilite, atık, yeşil altyapı), yönetişim modelleri (katılımcı, kamu-özel), politika araçları (teşvikler, düzenleyici araçlar) ve performans ölçütleri (emisyon azaltımları, atık yönlendirme oranları) yer almaktadır. Niteliksel karşılaştırmalı durum çalışması yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilen analizde; belediye strateji belgeleri, Avrupa Birliği politika metinleri, akademik literatür ve uluslararası kuruluş raporlarından elde edilen ikincil veriler kullanılmıştır. Bulgular; her bir kentin kendine özgü kaynakları, kurumsal kapasiteleri ve toplumsal dinamiklerine göre farklı politika bileşimleri oluşturduğunu göstermektedir. Örneğin, Amsterdam döngüsel ekonomi ve akıllı mobilite üzerine odaklanırken; Kopenhag karbon nötr hedefleri doğrultusunda entegre altyapı sistemlerine öncelik vermektedir. Freiburg, yurttaş katılımını merkeze alan bir yönetişim modeli geliştirirken; Ljubljana, atık yönetimi ve yeşil alan planlamasında dikkat çekici başarılar elde etmiştir. Araştırmada, SWOT analizleri gerçekleştirilerek yeşil ekonomi politikaları bağlamında her şehrin güçlü ve zayıf yönleri ortaya konulmuştur. Çalışma; kent düzeyinde geliştirilen yeşil ekonomi politikalarının Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları ile uyumlu şekilde ilerleyebilmesi için çok katmanlı ve katılımcı bir yönetişim çerçevesi, zaman ve etki temelli politika araçları ve veri odaklı izleme sistemlerinin gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, Avrupa’daki sürdürülebilir kent politikaları literatürüne kavramsal ve pratik katkılar sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kentsel Ekonomi
• Döngüsel Ekonomi
• Yeşil Politikalar
• Vatandaş Katılımı
• Nitel İçerik Analizi

Green Economy Practices in Selected Cities of the European Union: The Cases of Amsterdam, Freiburg, Copenhagen and Ljubljana

Öz

This study comparatively analyzes green economy practices in four leading EU member states: Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Freiburg, and Ljubljana. Urban green transition strategies through multi-level governance, policy instruments, citizen participation, circular economy practices, and sustainable infrastructure development. A qualitative multiple case study design was adopted for the analysis based on secondary data from municipal strategy documents, EU policy frameworks, academic literature, and reports by international organizations. The cities were selected using purposive sampling based on the following criteria: (i) EU membership; (ii) long-term green economy strategies; (iii) international recognition such as European Green Capital; and (iv) academic and institutional data availability. Data analysis was carried out by means of qualitative content analysis using a category-based coding framework. NVivo 14 was used for coding and thematic structuring. Key analytical categories included policy domains (e.g., energy, mobility, waste, green infrastructure), governance models (e.g., participatory, public-private), policy instruments (e.g., incentives regulatory tools), and performance metrics (e.g., emissions reductions waste diversion rates). Results indicated that the city has developed a distinct mix of green policies determined by its institutional capacity local resources and social context. For example: Amsterdam emphasizes circular economy and smart mobility; Copenhagen integrated infrastructure in line with carbon neutrality targets; Freiburg governance model centered on civic engagement; Ljubljana success in waste management plus planning for green spaces. SWOT analyses revealed the strengths and weaknesses of each city in terms of their green economy policies. The study underlines the importance of multi-layered and participatory governance frameworks, temporally and contextually sensitive policy instruments, as well as data-driven monitoring systems to align local green economy initiatives with broader EU strategies such as the European Green Deal or Sustainable Development Goals. Results provide both conceptual and practical contributions toward an ever-growing literature about sustainable urban policy plus governance within a European context.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Urban Economy
• Circular Economy
• Green Policies
• Citizen Participation
• Qualitative Content Analysis

Kaynakça

1. Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J., & Brand, A. L. (2018). From landscapes of utopia to the margins of the green urban life: For whom is the new green city? City, 22(3), 417–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2018.1473126
2. Beatley, T. (2012). Green Cities of Europe: Global Lessons on Green Urbanism. Island Press.
3. Bibri, S. E. (2018). Big data analytics and context-aware computing: Core enabling technologies, techniques, processes, and systems. In Smart sustainable cities of the future: The untapped potential of big data analytics and context–aware computing for advancing sustainability. (133-188). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73981-6
4. Bulkeley, H. (2021). Climate changed urban futures: Environmental politics in the anthropocene city. Environmental Politics, 30(1–2), 266–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2021.1880713
5. Bulkeley, H., & Betsill, M. (2005). Rethinking sustainable cities: Multilevel governance and the 'urban' politics of climate change. Environmental Politics, 14(1), 42–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/0964401042000310178
6. Bulkeley, H., Edwards, G. A., & Fuller, S. (2014). Contesting climate justice in the city: Examining politics and practice in urban climate change experiments. Global environmental change, 25, 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.01.009
7. City of Copenhagen. (2012). Copenhagen 2025 Climate Plan. https://urbandevelopmentcph.kk.dk/climate
8. City of Freiburg. (2020). Freiburg Sustainability Report. https://www.pr2.uni-freiburg.de/publikationen/nachhaltigkeitsbericht/2021-en/epaper/ausgabe.pdf

9. European Commission. (2016). Ljubljana – European Green Capital. https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14-719_en.htm
10. European Commission. (2019). The European Green Deal. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en
11. European Commission. (2020). A new Circular Economy Action Plan for a Cleaner and More Competitive Europe. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy
12. European Commission. (2023). European Green Capital Award – Case Studies. https://urban-mobility-observatory.transport.ec.europa.eu/news-events/news/european-green-capital-2023-and-european-green-leaf-2022-award-results-2021-09-10_en?prefLang=de
13. European Environment Agency (EEA). (2020). Urban Sustainability in Europe: What is Driving Cities’ Environmental Performance? https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/urban-sustainability-in-europe
14. European Environment Agency. (2023). Urban sustainability in Europe. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/urban-sustainability
15. Frantzeskaki, N., Vandergert, P., Connop, S., Schipper, K., Zwierzchowska, I., Collier, M. & Lodder, M. (2020). Examining the policy needs for implementing nature-based solutions in cities: Findings from city-wide transdisciplinary experiences in Glasgow, UK, Genk, Belgium and Poznań, Poland. Land Use Policy. 96 (Art.104688). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104688
16. Gemeente Amsterdam (2023). Green Economy Climate Report of 2023 https://assets.amsterdam.nl/publish/pages/943415/climate_report_2023.pdf
17. Gorgulu, N., Foster, V., S. Straub, & M. Vagliasind (2023). The Impact of Infrastructure on Development Outcomes: A Qualitative Review of Four Decades of Literature. Policy Research Working Papers; 10343. World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/39515
18. Jacobs, M. (2013). Green growth. In R. Fouquet (Ed.), Handbook on Energy and Climate Change (pp. 197–210). Edward Elgar Publishing.
19. Jänicke, M. (2008). Ecological modernisation: New perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(5), 557–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.02.011
20. Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage Publications.
21. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
22. Mayring, P. (2014). Qualitative content analysis: Theoretical foundation, basic procedures and software solution. Klagenfurt. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-395173
23. McGranahan, G., Songsore, J., & Kjellén, M. (1999). Sustainability, poverty and urban environmental transitions. In The Earthscan reader in sustainable cities (107-133). Routledge.
24. Municipality of Amsterdam. (2020). Amsterdam Circular Strategy 2020–2025. https://assets.amsterdam.nl/publish/pages/1043702/amsterdam-circular-2020-2025-public_version.pdf
25. OECD. (2012). Green Growth and Sustainable Development. https://www.oecd.org/en/networks/green-growth-and-sustainable-development-forum.html
26. OECD. (2013). Green Growth in Cities. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264195325-en
27. OECD. (2013). Green Growth in Copenhagen. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/towards-green-growth-in-denmark_5k962hjpwwvj-en.html
28. OECD. (2022). Financing climate action in cities: Mobilising investment and local resources. OECD Publishing.
29. Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
30. Piattoni, S. (2010). The Theory of Multi-Level Governance: Conceptual, Empirical, and Normative Challenges. Oxford University Press.
31. Rogge, K. S., & Reichardt, K. (2016). Policy mixes for sustainability transitions: An extended concept and framework for analysis. Research Policy, 45(8), 1620–1635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2016.04.004
32. Rosenzweig, C., Solecki, W. D., Hammer, S. A., & Mehrotra, S. (2011). Climate Change and Cities: First Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network. Cambridge University Press.
33. Smetschka, B., Haas, T. & Stangl, R. (2022). Green Facades–How they Matter for Working Environments, Public Spaces and the Livability of a City. In Mobility, Knowledge and Innovation Hubs in Urban and Regional Development. Proceedings of REAL CORP 2022, 27th International Conference on Urban Development, Regional Planning and Information Society (417-425).
34. UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). (2011). Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. https://www.unep.org/resources/green-economy
35. UN-Habitat. (2021). World Cities Report 2020: The Value of Sustainable Urbanization. https://unhabitat.org
36. Van Langen, S. K., Vassillo, C., Ghisellini, P., Restaino, D., Passaro, R., & Ulgiati, S. (2021). Promoting circular economy transition: A study about perceptions and awareness by different stakeholders’ groups. Journal of Cleaner Production, 316, 128166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128166
37. Vezzoni, R. (2023). Green growth for whom, how and why? The REPowerEU Plan and the inconsistencies of European Union energy policy. Energy Research & Social Science, 101, 103134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.103134
38. Vodovod Kanalizacija Snaga (2021), Price, billing and payment for municipal waste management services, Ljubljana. https://www.vokasnaga.si/odpadki/pogosta-vprasanja/cena-obracun-placevanje.
39. Yigitcanlar, T., Mehmood, R., & Corchado, J. M. (2021). Green Artificial Intelligence: Towards an Efficient, Sustainable and Equitable Technology for Smart Cities and Futures. Sustainability, 13(16), 8952. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168952
40. Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
41. Zero Waste Europe. (2020). Ljubljana Case Study. https://zerowastecities.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/zero_waste_europe_cs5_ljubljana_en.pdf