Araştırma Makalesi
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Innovative Practices for The Spatial Sustainability and Effciency of Smart Cities Built From Graund Up

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1, 137 - 166, 15.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1365474

Öz

The main objective of this study is to examine innovative policies and practices in the context of the sustainability of newly constructed smart cities. The efficiency of these settlements is also addressed within the scope of this study. Suggestions for Turkey are also included. Spatial analysis was conducted using the Space Syntax method in newly constructed smart cities. Recommendations were made for the sustainability of these settlements. The findings indicate that the spatial configuration of smart city infrastructure influences the sustainability of these cities. The findings also demonstrate the significant role of local factors in the sustainability of newly constructed smart cities. This study relates sustainability and innovative practices to urban efficiency. The smart city infrastructure and newly constructed settlements are approached using a different method compared with previous studies. A review of the literature did not uncover any studies in this direction or using this method. Therefore, this study will contribute to the relevant field.

Kaynakça

  • Aspern Airfield Master Plan (2008). “Çevrimiçi”, www.wien.gv.at/stadtentwicklung/projekte/aspern-seestadt/pdf/flugfeldaspern-kurzfassung-englisch.pdf, (date of access: 22 October 2023).
  • Aspern Plan (2022). “Çevrimiçi”, wiengv.at, (date of access: 25 October 2023).
  • Aspern Seestad (2015). “Çevrimiçi”, https://www.aspern-seestadt.at/ (date of access: 25 October 2023).
  • Ates, M. (2019). Türkiye’de Sosyal İnovasyon ve Kamu Kurumlarında Sosyal İnovasyonun Bilinirliği. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(3), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.25272/j.2147-7035.2019.7.3.01
  • Ates, M. (2020). Sosyal Politika ve Sosyal Refah Açısından Türkiye’de Sosyal İnovasyon ve İyi Uygulama Örnekleri. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 20(47), 441-472. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.vi.559147
  • Ates, M., & Onder, D. (2019). A Local Smart City Approach in the Context of Smart Environment and Urban Resilience. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 21(10), 2-11. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-07-2021-0064
  • Barnes, T., J. (2003). The Place of Locational Analysis: A Selective and Interpretive History, Progress in Human Geography, 27 (1), 15- 27. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132503ph419oa
  • Barry B. (2000). Understanding Agency: Social Theory and Responsible Action. Calif: Sage Publications.
  • Barton, A. C. (2002). Urban Science Education Studies: A Commitment to Equity, Social Justice and a Sense of Place, Studies in Science Education, 38(1), 1–37.
  • Beatley T. (2000). Green Urbanism. Washington DC: Island Press.
  • Beinrott, V. (2015). Bürgerorientierte Smart City: Potentiale und Herausforderungen. The Smart City in Vienna, (Editor: Spiesberger), Zappelin Universiaet, Germany, 62-89.
  • Bullinger H.J., & Röthlein B. (2012). Morgenstadt: Wie Wir Morgen Leben: Lösungen für das Urbane Leben der Zukunft, Gebundene Ausgabe, Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH&Co, Münih, KG s. 227-229.
  • Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P. (2009). Smart Cities in Europa, Journal of Urban Technology 18(2), 65-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117
  • Chourabi, H., Nam, T., Walker, S., Gil-garcia, J. R., Mellouli, S., Nahon, K., Pardo, T. A., & Scholl, H. J. (2012). Understanding Smart Cities: An Integrative Framework, 45th International Conference on System Sciences, 27-29 September 2012, 12(20), 8460, Hawaii. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208460
  • City of Vienna (2020). Stadtplan Wien, “Çevrimiçi”: https://www. wien.gv.at/stadtplan/ (date of access: 27 February 2023).
  • Coe, A., & Paquet, G., Roy, J. (2001). E-governance and Smart Communities: A Social Learning Challenge. Computers and Social Sciences Review, 19(1), 80-93, https://doi.org/10.1177/089443930101900107
  • Cohen, B., (2012). “Çevrimiçi”, What Exactly is a Smart City?, http://www.fastcoexist.com/1680538/what-exactly-is-a-smart-city/2012 (date of access: 14 May 2023).
  • Colantonio, A., Dixon, T. (2009). Measuring Socially Sustainable Urban Regeneration in Europe; Oxford Institute for Sustainable Development (OISD), School of the Built Environment Oxford Brookes University: Oxford, UK.
  • Cugurullo, F. (2013). How to Build a Sandcastle: An Analysis of the Genesis and Development of Masdar City, Journal of Urban Technology, 20 (1), 23-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2012.735105
  • Dempsey, N. (2006). The Influence of the Quality of the Built Environment on Social Cohesion in English Neighborhoods, Oxford Brookes University.
  • Egger, S. (2006). Determining a Sustainable City Model. Environmental Modelling & Software, 21(9), 1235-1246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2005.04.012
  • Eizenberg, E. & Yosef, J. (2017). Social Sustainability: A New Conceptual Framework, Sustainability, 9, 68.
  • Eurostat (2016). “Çevrimiçi”, Urban Europe Statistics on Cities, Towns and Suburbs, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/ (date of access: 26 Mai 2023).
  • Eurostat (2017). “Çevrimiçi”, People in the EU – Statistics on Housing Conditions, https://ec.europa.eu/, (date of access: 22 Mai 2023).
  • Fainstein, S. S. (2000). New Directions in Planning Theory. Urban Affairs Review, 35(4), 451-478. https://doi.org/10.1177/107808740003500401
  • Ferro E., Caroleo B., Leo M., Osella M., & Pautasso E. (2013). The Role of ICT in Smart City Governance. International Conference for E-Democracy and Open Government, 2-9, Vienna.
  • Florida R. (2002). The Rise of the Creative Class and How It‘s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life, New York: Sripringer.
  • Frost and Sullivan. (2014). Toplusal Zorlukları Aşmak için Sosyal İnovasyon”, Sosyal İnovasyon Araştırma Raporu
  • Gehl, J. (2007). Public Spaces for a Changing Public Life, Open space: People space, 7(2), 3-7.
  • Gehl, J. (2013). Cities for People, Washington: Island Press.
  • Giffinger, R. (2007). Smart Cities, Ranking of European Medium-Sized Cities, 51st IFHP World Congress (“Future of Cities”), October 9-11, Italy.
  • Glaeser, E.L., & Berry, C. R. (2006). Why are Smart Places Getting Smarter?, Rappaport Institute Taubman Center Policy Brief 2006.
  • Gleeson, B., & Low, N. (2000). Cities as Consumers of Worlds Environment. Consuming Cities: The Urban Environment in the Global Economy after the Rio Declaration, (Editors: Low, N., Gleeson, B., Elander, I. ve Lidskog, R.), Routledge, London, 1-29.
  • Graham, S., & Marvin, S. (2001). Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition., Sustainable Cties and Societies, Computers and Social Sciences Review,1(1), 179-191. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3410rvw
  • Greenfield, A. (2014). “Çevrimiçi”, The Smartest Cities Rely on Citizen Cunning and Unglamorous Technology, https://www.theguardian.com/, (date of acsess: 21.02.2023).
  • Habitat (1976). The Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements. Sustainable Cities, 31 May – 11 June 1976, British Columbia in Canada. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.04.003
  • Hardoy, J.E, Mitlin, D. & Satterthwaite, D. (1992). Environmental Problems in Third World Cities, Ch. 2, Earthscan: London.
  • Hauer, F. & Krammer, A. (2018). Das Wilde Wien –Rückblick auf ein Jahrhundert Informeller Stadtentwicklung. Zeitschrift für Stadtforschung, 71, 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2020.1794126
  • Healey, P. (2003). Collaborative Planning in Perspective. Planning Theory, 2(2), 101-123.
  • Hillier B., Hanson J., Peponis J., Hudson J. & Burdett R. (1983). Space Syntax. Architect Journal,178, 47-63.
  • Hillier, B., & Hanson J. (1984). The Social Logic of Space. UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hillier, B., Penn, A., Hanson, J., Grajewski, T. & ve Xu, J. (1993) “Natural Movement: Or, Configuration and Attraction in Urban Pedestrian Movement, Environment and Planning B: planning and design, 20(1), 29-66.
  • Hillier, B. (2009). Spatial Sustainability in Cities: Organic Patterns and Sustainable Forms. (editos: Koch, D. and Marcus, L. and Steen, J.). Proceedings of the 7th International Space Syntax Symposium. 6 Septeber 2009, Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Hollands, R. G. (2008). Will The Real Smart City Please Stand Up? City, 12(3), 303–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604810802479126
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Yeni İnşa Edilen Akıllı Şehirlerin Mekânsal Sürdürülebilirliği Verimliği için Yenilikçi Uygulamalar

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1, 137 - 166, 15.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1365474

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı, akıllı yeni şehirlerin sürdürebilirliğidir. Çalışma kapsamında akıllı yeni şehirler ele alınmıştır ve mekânsal bir okuma yapılmıştır. Türkiye’de yapılabileceklere de yer verilmiştir. Çalışmada Space syntax yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu yerleşimlerin sürdürülebilir için öneriler sunulmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular, akıllı yeni şehirlerdeki biçimlenmeyi göstermiştir. Bulgular, akıllı yeni şehirlerde, yerel etkilerin rolünün büyük olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu makalede, sürdürülebilirlik ve yenilikçi uygulamalar, kentsel verimlilik ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Akıllı şehir altyapısı ile yeni inşa edilen yerleşim bölgeleri, şimdiye kadar yapılan çalışmalardan farklı bir yöntem ile ele alınmıştır. Literatür incelendiğinde, bu yönde ve bu yöntemde bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Dolayısıyla, çalışmanın ilgili alana katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Aspern Airfield Master Plan (2008). “Çevrimiçi”, www.wien.gv.at/stadtentwicklung/projekte/aspern-seestadt/pdf/flugfeldaspern-kurzfassung-englisch.pdf, (date of access: 22 October 2023).
  • Aspern Plan (2022). “Çevrimiçi”, wiengv.at, (date of access: 25 October 2023).
  • Aspern Seestad (2015). “Çevrimiçi”, https://www.aspern-seestadt.at/ (date of access: 25 October 2023).
  • Ates, M. (2019). Türkiye’de Sosyal İnovasyon ve Kamu Kurumlarında Sosyal İnovasyonun Bilinirliği. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(3), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.25272/j.2147-7035.2019.7.3.01
  • Ates, M. (2020). Sosyal Politika ve Sosyal Refah Açısından Türkiye’de Sosyal İnovasyon ve İyi Uygulama Örnekleri. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 20(47), 441-472. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.vi.559147
  • Ates, M., & Onder, D. (2019). A Local Smart City Approach in the Context of Smart Environment and Urban Resilience. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 21(10), 2-11. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-07-2021-0064
  • Barnes, T., J. (2003). The Place of Locational Analysis: A Selective and Interpretive History, Progress in Human Geography, 27 (1), 15- 27. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132503ph419oa
  • Barry B. (2000). Understanding Agency: Social Theory and Responsible Action. Calif: Sage Publications.
  • Barton, A. C. (2002). Urban Science Education Studies: A Commitment to Equity, Social Justice and a Sense of Place, Studies in Science Education, 38(1), 1–37.
  • Beatley T. (2000). Green Urbanism. Washington DC: Island Press.
  • Beinrott, V. (2015). Bürgerorientierte Smart City: Potentiale und Herausforderungen. The Smart City in Vienna, (Editor: Spiesberger), Zappelin Universiaet, Germany, 62-89.
  • Bullinger H.J., & Röthlein B. (2012). Morgenstadt: Wie Wir Morgen Leben: Lösungen für das Urbane Leben der Zukunft, Gebundene Ausgabe, Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH&Co, Münih, KG s. 227-229.
  • Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P. (2009). Smart Cities in Europa, Journal of Urban Technology 18(2), 65-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117
  • Chourabi, H., Nam, T., Walker, S., Gil-garcia, J. R., Mellouli, S., Nahon, K., Pardo, T. A., & Scholl, H. J. (2012). Understanding Smart Cities: An Integrative Framework, 45th International Conference on System Sciences, 27-29 September 2012, 12(20), 8460, Hawaii. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208460
  • City of Vienna (2020). Stadtplan Wien, “Çevrimiçi”: https://www. wien.gv.at/stadtplan/ (date of access: 27 February 2023).
  • Coe, A., & Paquet, G., Roy, J. (2001). E-governance and Smart Communities: A Social Learning Challenge. Computers and Social Sciences Review, 19(1), 80-93, https://doi.org/10.1177/089443930101900107
  • Cohen, B., (2012). “Çevrimiçi”, What Exactly is a Smart City?, http://www.fastcoexist.com/1680538/what-exactly-is-a-smart-city/2012 (date of access: 14 May 2023).
  • Colantonio, A., Dixon, T. (2009). Measuring Socially Sustainable Urban Regeneration in Europe; Oxford Institute for Sustainable Development (OISD), School of the Built Environment Oxford Brookes University: Oxford, UK.
  • Cugurullo, F. (2013). How to Build a Sandcastle: An Analysis of the Genesis and Development of Masdar City, Journal of Urban Technology, 20 (1), 23-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2012.735105
  • Dempsey, N. (2006). The Influence of the Quality of the Built Environment on Social Cohesion in English Neighborhoods, Oxford Brookes University.
  • Egger, S. (2006). Determining a Sustainable City Model. Environmental Modelling & Software, 21(9), 1235-1246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2005.04.012
  • Eizenberg, E. & Yosef, J. (2017). Social Sustainability: A New Conceptual Framework, Sustainability, 9, 68.
  • Eurostat (2016). “Çevrimiçi”, Urban Europe Statistics on Cities, Towns and Suburbs, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/ (date of access: 26 Mai 2023).
  • Eurostat (2017). “Çevrimiçi”, People in the EU – Statistics on Housing Conditions, https://ec.europa.eu/, (date of access: 22 Mai 2023).
  • Fainstein, S. S. (2000). New Directions in Planning Theory. Urban Affairs Review, 35(4), 451-478. https://doi.org/10.1177/107808740003500401
  • Ferro E., Caroleo B., Leo M., Osella M., & Pautasso E. (2013). The Role of ICT in Smart City Governance. International Conference for E-Democracy and Open Government, 2-9, Vienna.
  • Florida R. (2002). The Rise of the Creative Class and How It‘s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life, New York: Sripringer.
  • Frost and Sullivan. (2014). Toplusal Zorlukları Aşmak için Sosyal İnovasyon”, Sosyal İnovasyon Araştırma Raporu
  • Gehl, J. (2007). Public Spaces for a Changing Public Life, Open space: People space, 7(2), 3-7.
  • Gehl, J. (2013). Cities for People, Washington: Island Press.
  • Giffinger, R. (2007). Smart Cities, Ranking of European Medium-Sized Cities, 51st IFHP World Congress (“Future of Cities”), October 9-11, Italy.
  • Glaeser, E.L., & Berry, C. R. (2006). Why are Smart Places Getting Smarter?, Rappaport Institute Taubman Center Policy Brief 2006.
  • Gleeson, B., & Low, N. (2000). Cities as Consumers of Worlds Environment. Consuming Cities: The Urban Environment in the Global Economy after the Rio Declaration, (Editors: Low, N., Gleeson, B., Elander, I. ve Lidskog, R.), Routledge, London, 1-29.
  • Graham, S., & Marvin, S. (2001). Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition., Sustainable Cties and Societies, Computers and Social Sciences Review,1(1), 179-191. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3410rvw
  • Greenfield, A. (2014). “Çevrimiçi”, The Smartest Cities Rely on Citizen Cunning and Unglamorous Technology, https://www.theguardian.com/, (date of acsess: 21.02.2023).
  • Habitat (1976). The Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements. Sustainable Cities, 31 May – 11 June 1976, British Columbia in Canada. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.04.003
  • Hardoy, J.E, Mitlin, D. & Satterthwaite, D. (1992). Environmental Problems in Third World Cities, Ch. 2, Earthscan: London.
  • Hauer, F. & Krammer, A. (2018). Das Wilde Wien –Rückblick auf ein Jahrhundert Informeller Stadtentwicklung. Zeitschrift für Stadtforschung, 71, 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2020.1794126
  • Healey, P. (2003). Collaborative Planning in Perspective. Planning Theory, 2(2), 101-123.
  • Hillier B., Hanson J., Peponis J., Hudson J. & Burdett R. (1983). Space Syntax. Architect Journal,178, 47-63.
  • Hillier, B., & Hanson J. (1984). The Social Logic of Space. UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hillier, B., Penn, A., Hanson, J., Grajewski, T. & ve Xu, J. (1993) “Natural Movement: Or, Configuration and Attraction in Urban Pedestrian Movement, Environment and Planning B: planning and design, 20(1), 29-66.
  • Hillier, B. (2009). Spatial Sustainability in Cities: Organic Patterns and Sustainable Forms. (editos: Koch, D. and Marcus, L. and Steen, J.). Proceedings of the 7th International Space Syntax Symposium. 6 Septeber 2009, Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Hollands, R. G. (2008). Will The Real Smart City Please Stand Up? City, 12(3), 303–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604810802479126
  • Jacobs, J. (2020). Büyük Amerikan Şehirlerinin Ölümü ve Yaşamı”, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Kaufmann, J. (2013). Smart Cities. Beispiele und mit der Umsetzung des Konzepts Verbundene Problemlagen. (Editor: Frazer, J.), San Francisco, 253-274.
  • Kogan, N. (2014). Exploratory Research on Success Factors and Challenges of Smart City Projects. Master Thesis, Department of Business Administration Thesis for Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea, 12-13.
  • Kolontay, A. (2021). Spatial Navigation Modelling Technology in Urban Planning Project, Real Corp 2021 Proceedings, 7-10 September 2021, Russia.
  • Komninos, N. (2002). Intelligent cities: Innovation, Knowledge Systems and Digital Spaces. Int. J. Innovation and Regional Development, Vol. 1 (4), 337-355. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIRD.2009.022726
  • Krisch, A., & Suitner, J. (2020). Aspern Explained: How the Discursive Institutionalisation of Infrastructure Planning Shaped North-Eastern Vienna’s Urban Transformation. The Planning Review, 56(2), 51-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2020.1794126.
  • Lara-Harnandez J. A. & Melis A. (2018). Understanding the Temporary Appropriation in Relationship to Social Sustainability, Sustainable Cities and Society, 39, 366-374.
  • Lehtonen, M. (2004). The Environmental-Social Interface of Sustainable Development: Capabilities, Social Capital, Institutions, Ecol. Econ, 49, 199–214. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.03.019
  • MA 18 [Stadtentwicklung Wien, Magistratsabteilung18 – Stadtentwicklung und Stadtplanung] (2014). STEP 2025, Stadtentwicklungsplan Wien, Selfpublished, Vienna.
  • MA 21 [Magistrat der Stadt Wien – MA 21 – Stadtteilplanung und Flächennutzung] (2013). Wo Willst Du Hin, Meine Donaustadt? Strategieplan für Das Zielgebiet U2 – Donaustadt. Selfpublished, Vienna.
  • Madakam, S., Ramaswamy R. (2016). Sustainable Smart City: Masdar (UAE) (A City: Ecologically Balanced. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(6), 4-27. DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i6/87669
  • Maden, S. I., & Kutgi D. (2019). Yenilik Polikalarında Yaşanan Küresel Dönüşümler ve Türkiye’de Paradigma Değişimler’i, SDÜ Fen- Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 47, 165-180. https://doi.org/10.35237/sufesosbil.560980
  • Magis, K. (2010). Community Resilience: An Indicator of Social Sustainability. Society and Natural Resources, 23, 401–416.
  • Mandl, B., & Zimmerman-Janschitz, S. (2014). Smartes Cities-ein Modell Lebenswerter Städte. Real Corp. Tagungsband, 611-618.
  • Menichetti, D., & Vuren, T. V. (2011). Modelling a Low-Carbon City. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport, 164(8), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1680/tran.2011.164.3.141
  • Moir, E., Moonen, T., & Clark, G. (2015). What the Future Cities? Origins, Meanings and Uses. London, 14-24.
  • Mubadala Company (2014). Engaging the Global Sustainability Community. Powering, Innovation, Sustainability Report, 4-27.
  • Nam, T., & Pardo, T. (2011). Smart City as Urban Innovation: Focusing on Management, Policy, and Context. 5. International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, 26–28 September 2011, Tallinn, Estonia. https://doi.org/10.1145/2072069.2072100
  • Odendaal, N. (2003). Information and Communication Technology and Local Governance: Understanding the Difference Between Cities in Developed and Emerging Economies. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 27, 585–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0198-9715(03)00016-4
  • Pardo, T. A. & Burke, G. B. (2008). Government Worth Having: A Briefing on Interoperability for Government Leaders, Journal of Information Policy, 17 (2), 83- 97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439310392184
  • Rainer, R. (1961). Planungskonzept Wien. Stadtbauamt der Stadt Wien. Stadtplan Wien, (Editören.) Wien: Verlag für Jugend und Volk. Institut für Städtebau an “der Akademie der Bildenden Künste
  • Rieder, J. (2014). “Çevrimiçi“, Smart Cities: Wenn Konzerne Städte Bauen. http://www.huffingtonpost.de/julia-rieder/smart-citieswenn- konzerne-stadte-bauen_b_5790542.html. s.l.: Huffington Post, (date of access: 18 June 2023).
  • Rios, P. (2008). Creating “The Smart City”. Sustainability, 10(106), 2-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2020.00077
  • Roˇcak M., Hospers G. & Reverda N. (2016). Searching for Social Sustainability: The Case of the Shrinking City of Heerlen, the Netherlands. Sustainability, 8, 382, doi: 10.3390/su8040382
  • Seaman, J. & McLaughlin, S. (2014). “Çevrimiçi“, The Importance of Outdoor Activity and Place Attachment to Adolescent Development in Coös County, New Hampshire, Building Knowledge for Families and Communities, Carsey Institute, http://scholars.unh.edu/ carsey/208/, (date of access: 25 November 2023).
  • Seamon, D. (2007). “Space Syntax”, 6th International Space Syntax Congress Speeches, 12-15 June, Istanbul.
  • Naturalistic Research
  • Smith, M. L. (1981). Naturalistic Research, The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 59 (9), 585-589. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-4918.1981.tb00623.x
  • Sneddon, C., Harris, L., Dimitrov, R., & Özesmi, U. (2002). Contested Waters: Conflict, Scale, and Sustainability in Aquatic Socioecological Systems. Society &Natural Resources, 15(8), 663-675. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920290069272.
  • Solesbury, W. (2013). Policy in Urban Planning: Structure Plans, Programmes and Local Plans. UK: Elsevier.
  • Tramwayforum. (2019). Linien. “Çevrimiçi”: https://www.tramway forum.at/index.php?board=19.0 (date of access: 14 May 2023).
  • Ujang, N. (2008). Place Attachment, Familiarity and Sustainability of Urban Place Identity, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 49, 156 – 167.
  • UN (2023). “Çevrimiçi”: https://sdgs.un.org/goals (date of access: 25 Oktober 2023).
  • Vienna City Council (2015). “Çevrimiçi”:www. sdgs.un.org (date of access: 24 September 2023).
  • Wien Geschichte Wiki. (2019). “Çevrimiçi”, Seestadt Aspern. https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/ Seestadt_Aspern (date of access: 14 May 2023).
  • Wien Geschichte Wiki. (2019). U-Bahn. “Çevrimiçi”, https:// www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/U-Bahn (date of access: 14 May 2023).
  • Woolever, C. A (1992). Contextual Approach to Neighborhood Attachment, Urban. Stud., 29, 99–116.
  • Yamu, C., van Nes, A. & Garau, C., (2021). Bill Hillier’s Legacy: Space Syntax—a Synopsis of Basic Concepts, Measures, and Empirical Application, Sustainability, 13(6), 3394. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063394
  • Yanrong, K., Lei, Z., Cai, C., Li Hao, Y., Ying, C., Whyte, J., & Hart, T. (2014). Comparative Study of Smart Cities in Europe and China, Berlin: Springer.
  • Ye, Y. & van Nes . (2014). Quantitative Tools in Urban Morphology: Combining Space Syntax, Spacematrix and Mixed-use Index in a GIS Framework, Urban Morphology, 18 (2), 97–118. https://doi.org/10.51347/jum.v18i2.3997
Toplam 84 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Görsel İletişim Tasarımı (Diğer)
Bölüm Tüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mücella Ateş 0000-0003-1449-0605

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 15 Ocak 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ocak 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ateş, M. (2024). Innovative Practices for The Spatial Sustainability and Effciency of Smart Cities Built From Graund Up. Kent Akademisi, 17(1), 137-166. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1365474

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