Yeşil Hidrojen Üretimi ve İhracatı Açısından Balıkesir’in Potansiyelinin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 6, 3335 - 3355, 20.11.2025

Sevgi Sezer

https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1566858

Öz

Bu çalışma, Balıkesir İli’nin yeşil hidrojen üretimi ve ihracatı için bir merkez olma
potansiyelini değerlendirerek, onu Türkiye’nin yenilenebilir enerjide lider olma
yönündeki daha geniş stratejisi içerisine yerleştirmektedir. Coğrafi, ekonomik ve
teknolojik analizlerden yararlanan bu çalışma, Balıkesir’i yeşil hidrojen
tesislerinin, özellikle de rüzgâr ve güneş enerjisi gibi bol yenilenebilir enerji
kaynaklarının geliştirilmesi için uygun bir yer haline getiren temel faktörleri
belirlemektedir. Araştırma, bölgedeki yeşil hidrojen projelerinin fizibilitesini
etkileyen altyapıyı, politika ortamını ve yatırım eğilimlerini değerlendirmek için veri
analizini paydaş görüşmeleri ile birleştiren karma yöntem yaklaşımını
kullanacaktır. Bulgular, Balıkesir’in hem yerel hem de küresel olarak hidrojen
dağıtımını kolaylaştıran önemli endüstriyel pazarlara ve ihracat limanlarına
yakınlığı da dâhil olmak üzere stratejik faydalarını vurgulamaktadır. Ancak yapılan
literatür taramasında, bu faydaların gerçekleşmesi için önemli miktarda mali
harcama gerekliliği ve özel teknoloji ve yeteneklerin geliştirilmesi gibi önemli
engelleri tespit etmiştir. Ayrıca büyüyen hidrojen ekonomisini desteklemek için
gereken düzenleyici değişiklikleri analiz etmiştir. Bu çalışma, Balıkesir’in yeşil
hidrojene geçişi için düzenleyici öneriler ve işbirliği modelleri de dâhil olmak üzere
bir yol önererek sürdürülebilir enerji üretimine ilişkin bilimsel söyleme katkıda
bulunmaktadır. Aynı zamanda yatırımcılara ve düzenleyicilere hidrojen
teknolojisinin bölgesel bağlamlarda ölçeklenebilirliği konusunda faydalı bilgiler de
sağlayacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yeşil hidrojen , Yenilenebilir enerji , İhracat potansiyeli , Sürdürülebilir kalkınma

Evaluating Balıkesir’s Potential for Green Hydrogen Production and Export

Öz

This research evaluates Balıkesir Province’s potential for producing and exporting
green hydrogen, aligning with Turkey’s renewable energy plan. This research
examines the fundamental variables that make Balıkesir a favorable site for green
hydrogen facilities, notably the development of plentiful renewable energy sources
such as wind and solar power. The study takes a mixed-methods approach,
combining data analysis with stakeholder interviews to assess the infrastructure,
policy environment, and investment patterns influencing the viability of green
hydrogen projects in the region. The findings emphasize Balıkesir’s strategic
benefits, including its closeness to key industrial markets and export ports,
facilitating local and worldwide hydrogen distribution. However, the literature
study revealed considerable impediments to attaining these benefits, such as the
requirement for large financial investment and the development of specialized
technologies and expertise. The report also examines the regulatory adjustments
required to enable an expanding hydrogen economy. This study offers regulatory
suggestions and collaborative models for Balıkesir’s transition to green hydrogen,
adding to the scientific discussion on sustainable energy generation. It also offers
vital information for investors and regulators about the scalability of hydrogen
technology in regional contexts.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Green hydrogen , Renewable energy , Export potential , Sustainable development

Kaynakça

• Abulfotuh, F. (2007). Energy Efficiency and Renewable Technologies: The Way to Sustainable Wnergy Future. Desalination, 209(1-3), 275-282.
• Ahad, M. T., Bhuiyan, M. M. H., Sakib, A. N., & Siddique, Z. (2023). An Overview of Challenges for the Future of Hydrogen. Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 16(20), 1-28.
• Ahmed, S. F., Mofijur, M., Nuzhat, S., Rafa, N., Musharrat, A., Lam, S. S., & Boretti, A. (2022). Sustainable Hydrogen Production: Technological Advancements and Economic Analysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47(88), 37227-37255.
• Ajanovic, A., & Haas, R. (2018). Economic Prospects and Policy Framework for Hydrogen as Fuel in the Transport Sector. Energy Policy, 123, 280-288.
• Ajiboye, Y., Ojo, O. L., Kayode, J. F., Awolusi, T., Jayesimi, B., Afolalu, S. A., ... & Ilevbare, M. (2024, April). The Future of Green Hydrogen in the Global Economy: Opportunities, Challenges and Implications. In 2024 International Conference on Science, Engineering and Business for Driving Sustainable Development Goals (SEB4SDG) (pp. 1-28). IEEE.
• Al Irsyad, M. I., Halog, A. B., Nepal, R., & Koesrindartoto, D. P. (2017). Selecting Tools for Renewable Energy Analysis in Developing Countries: An Expanded Review. Frontiers in Energy Research, 5, 34.
• Amer, M., & Daim, T. U. (2011). Selection of Renewable Energy Technologies for A Developing County: A Case of Pakistan. Energy for Sustainable Development, 15(4), 420-435.
• Ang, T. Z., Salem, M., Kamarol, M., Das, H. S., Nazari, M. A., & Prabaharan, N. (2022). A Comprehensive study of renewable energy sources: Classifications,Sthallenges and Suggestions. Energy Strategy Reviews, 43, 1-27.
• Aragonés-Beltrán, P., Chaparro-González, F., Pastor-Ferrando, J. P., & Pla-Rubio, A. (2014). An AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process)/ANP (Analytic Network Process)-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Approach for the Selection of Solar-Thermal Power Plant Investment Projects. Energy, 66, 222-238.
• Avrupa Komisyonu (European Commission). (2020). A Hydrogen Strategy for a Climate-Neutral Europe. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Com-Mittee and the Committee of the Regions.
• Barkhouse, D. A. R., Gunawan, O., Gokmen, T., Todorov, T. K., & Mitzi, D. B. (2012). Device Characteristics of a 10.1% Hydrazine‐Processed Cu2ZnSn (Se, S) 4 Solar Cell. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 20(1), 6-11.
• Beyoğlu, M. F. (2011). Balıkesir İlinde Çift Eksenli Güneş Takip Sistemi ile Sabit Eksenli PV Sistemin Verimlerinin Karşılaştırılması (Master’s Thesis, Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
• Biniş, M. (2020). Çeşitli Sosyo-Ekonomik Göstergeler Açısından Balıkesir İlinin Görünümü. Vergi ve Sosyoekonomik Göstergeler Çerçevesinde Türkiye, 199-231.
• Boudellal, M. (2023). Power-to-gas: Renewable Hydrogen Economy for the Energy Transition. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
• Caldés, N., Varela, M., Santamaría, M., & Sáez, R. (2009). Economic Impact of Solar Thermal Electricity Deployment in Spain. Energy Policy, 37(5), 1628-1636.
• Cheng, W., Calle, A. d. l., Atwater, H. A., Stechel, E. B., & Xiang, C. (2021). Hydrogen from Sunlight and Water: A Side-by-side Comparison Between Photoelectrochemical and Solar Thermochemical Water-splitting. ACS Energy Letters, 6(9), 3096-3113.
• Choudhary, D., & Shankar, R. (2012). An STEEP-fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS Framework for Evaluation and Selection of Thermal Power Plant Location: A Case Study from India. Energy, 42(1), 510-521.
• Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2023). Revisiting Mixed Methods Research Designs Twenty Years Later. Handbook of Mixed Methods Research Designs, 21-36.
• Creutzig, F., Goldschmidt, J. C., Lehmann, P., Schmid, E., von Blücher, F., Breyer, C., ... & Wiegandt, K. (2014). Catching two European Birds with one Renewable Stone: Mitigating Climate Change and Eurozone Crisis by an Energy Transition. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 38, 1015-1028.
• Çelebi, N., Arlı, F., Soysal, F., & Salimi, K. (2021). Z-scheme ZnO@ PDA/CeO2 Heterojunctions Using Polydopamine as Electron Transfer Layer for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical H2 Generation. Materials Today Energy, 21, 100765.
• Delaval, B., Rapson, T., Sharma, R., Hugh-Jones, W., McClure, E., Temminghoff, M., & Srinivasan, V. (2022). Hydrogen RD&D collaboration opportunities: Japan.
• Dehghani-Sanij, A. R., Tharumalingam, E., Dusseault, M. B., & Fraser, R. (2019). Study of Energy Sorage Systems and Environmental Challenges of Batteries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 104, 192-208.
• Demircan, N., & Bayraktar, B. (2020). Rüzgâr Enerjisi ve Balıkesir Bölgesindeki Potansiyeli. Balıkesir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2), 84-105.
• Dicks, A. L., & Rand, D. A. (2018). Fuel Cell Systems Explained. John Wiley & Sons.
• Downie, C. (2020). Strategies for Survival: The International Energy Agency’s Response to a New World. Energy Policy, 141, 1-7.
• Dumrul, H., Fatih, A. R., & Taşkesen, E. (2023). Dust Effect on PV Modules: Its Cleaning Methods. Innovative Research in Engineering, 183-200.
• Elam, C. C., Padró, C. E. G., Sandrock, G., Luzzi, A., Lindblad, P., & Hagen, E. F. (2003). Realizing the Hydrogen Future: The International Energy Agency’s Efforts to Advance Hydrogen Energy Technologies. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 28(6), 601-607.
• Ersoy, S. R., Terrapon-Pfaff, J., Pregger, T., Braun, J., Jamea, E. M., Al-Salaymeh, A., ... & Viebahn, P. (2024). Industrial and Infrastructural Conditions for Production and Export of Green Hydrogen and Synthetic Fuels in the MENA Region: Insights from Jordan, Morocco, and Oman. Sustainability Science, 19(1), 207-222.
• Farhad, S., Saffar‐Avval, M., & Younessi‐Sinaki, M. (2008). Efficient Design of Feedwater Heaters Network in Steam Power Plants Using Pinch Technology and Exergy Analysis. International Journal of Energy Research, 32(1), 1-11.
• Gan, L., Jiang, P., Lev, B., & Zhou, X. (2020). Balancing of Supply and Demand of Renewable Energy Power System: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Sustainable Futures, 2, 100013.
• García-Olivares, A., Ballabrera-Poy, J., García-Ladona, E., & Turiel, A. (2012). A Global Renewable Mix with Proven Technologies and Common Materials. Energy Policy, 41, 561-574.
• García-Olivares, A., Solé, J., & Osychenko, O. (2018). Transportation in a 100% Renewable Energy System. Energy Conversion and Management, 158, 266-285.
• Gielen, D., Boshell, F., Saygin, D., Bazilian, M. D., Wagner, N., & Gorini, R. (2019). The Role of Renewable Energy in the Global Energy Transformation. Energy Strategy Reviews, 24, 38-50.
• Gomonov, K., Reshetnikova, M., & Ratner, S. (2023). Economic Analysis of Recently Announced Green Hydrogen Projects in Russia: A Multiple Case Study. Energies, 16(10), 4023.
• Goncalves, C., Pinson, P., & Bessa, R. J. (2020). Towards Data Markets in Renewable Energy Forecasting. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 12(1), 533-542.
• Hamukoshi, S. S., Mama, N., Shimanda, P. P., & Shafudah, N. H. (2022). An Overview of the Socio-economic Impacts of the Green Hydrogen Value Chain in Southern Africa. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, 33(3), 12-21.
• Harmon, R. R., & Cowan, K. R. (2009). A Multiple Perspectives View of the Market Case for Green Energy. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 76(1), 204-213.
• Hiesl, A., Ajanovic, A., & Haas, R. (2020). On Current and Future Economics of Electricity Storage. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology, 10(6), 1176-1192.
• Isac, N. (2019). Sustainable Development in Renewable Energy: The New Strategy Direction for the Automotive Industry. Ecoforum Journal, 8(1), 1-5.
• Jacobson, M. Z., & Delucchi, M. A. (2011). Providing all Global Energy with Wind, Water and Solar Power, Part I: Technologies, Energy Resources, Quantities and Areas of Infrastructure, and Materials. Energy Policy, 39(3), 1154-1169.
• Kar, S. K., Sinha, A. S. K., Bansal, R., Shabani, B., & Harichandan, S. (2023). Overview of Hydrogen Economy in Australia. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, 12(1), 1-27.
• Karagüç, B. (2013). Balıkesir İlinde Jeotermal Enerji Potansiyeli ve Ekonomik Etkileri (Master’s thesis, Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
• Kockel, C., Nolting, L., Priesmann, J., & Praktiknjo, A. (2022). Does Renewable Electricity Supply Match with Energy Demand?–A Spatio-Temporal Analysis for the German Case. Applied Energy, 308, 118226.
• Kovač, A., Paranos, M., & Marciuš, D. (2021). Hydrogen in Energy Transition: A Review. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(16), 10016-10035.
• Lepage, T., Kammoun, M., Schmetz, Q., & Richel, A. (2021). Biomass-to-hydrogen: A Review of Main Routes Production, Processes Evaluation and Techno-Economical Assessment. Biomass and Bioenergy, 144, 105920.
• Li, L., Lin, J., Wu, N., Xie, S., Meng, C., Zheng, Y., ... & Zhao, Y. (2022). Review and Outlook on the International Renewable Energy Development. Energy and Built Environment, 3(2), 139-157.
• Lui, J., Chen, W. H., Tsang, D. C., & You, S. (2020). A Critical Review on the Principles, Applications, and Challenges of Waste-to-hydrogen Technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 134, 110365.
• Lund, P. D. (2009). Effects of Energy Policies on Industry Expansion in Renewable Energy. Renewable Energy, 34(1), 53-64.
• Luttkus, M. (2002). External Company Management: The Example of the Marl Chemical Park. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 25(5), 475-479.
• Maggio, G., Nicita, A., & Squadrito, G. (2019). How the Hydrogen Production from RES Could Change Energy and Fuel markets: A Review of Recent Literature. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(23), 11371-11384.
• Mekhilef, S., Saidur, R., & Safari, A. (2011). A Review on Solar Energy Use in Industries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(4), 1777-1790.
• Mohr, D., Muller, N., Krieg, A., Gao, P., Kaas, H. W., Krieger, A., & Hensley, R. (2013). The Road to 2020 and Beyond: What’s Driving the Global Automotive Industry? Mc Kinsey & Company. Inc. Stuttgart.
• Nicita, A., Maggio, G., Andaloro, A. P. F., & Squadrito, G. J. I. J. (2020). Green Hydrogen as Feedstock: Financial Analysis of a Photovoltaic-Powered Electrolysis Plant. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45(20), 11395-11408.
• Noussan, M., Raimondi, P. P., Scita, R., & Hafner, M. (2020). The Role of Green and Blue Hydrogen in the Energy Transition-A Technological and Geopolitical Perspective. Sustainability, 13(1), 298.
• Odenweller, A., Ueckerdt, F., Nemet, G. F., Jensterle, M., & Luderer, G. (2022). Probabilistic Feasibility Space of Scaling up Green Hydrogen Supply. Nature Energy, 7(9), 854-865.
• Oliveira, A. M., Beswick, R. R., & Yan, Y. (2021). A Green Hydrogen Economy for a Renewable Energy Society. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, 33, 100701.
• Otaki, T., & Shaw, R. (2024). Global Hydrogen Energy: Potentials and Challenges. Energy, Sustainability and Resilience: A Futuristic Vision from Asia, 127-138.
• Öner, Ş., & Çam, B. (2022). Akıllı Kent Vizyonu ve Balıkesir Akıllı Kent Girişimleri. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(26), 1154-1187.
• Özcan, M. (2018). The Role of Renewables in Increasing Turkey’s Self-sufficiency in Electrical Energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 2629-2639.
• Panwar, N. L., Kaushik, S. C., & Kothari, S. (2011). Role of Renewable Energy Sources in Environmental Protection: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(3), 1513-1524.
• Pechancová, V. (2017). Renewable Energy Potential in the Automotive Sector: Czech Regional Case Study. Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, 6(4), 537–545.
• Pleßmann, G., Erdmann, M., Hlusiak, M., & Breyer, C. (2014). Global Energy Storage Demand for a 100% Renewable Electricity Supply. Energy Procedia, 46, 22-31.
• Pradhan, B. B., Limmeechokchai, B., Chaichaloempreecha, A., & Rajbhandari, S. (2024). Role of Green Hydrogen in the Decarbonization of the Energy System in Thailand. Energy Strategy Reviews, 51, 1-16.
• Reddy, S., & Painuly, J. P. (2004). Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technologies-Barriers and Stakeholders’ Perspectives. Renewable Energy, 29(9), 1431-1447.
• Rezk, M. R., Piccinetti, L., Saleh, H. A., Salem, N., Mostafa, M. M., Santoro, D., ... & Sakr, M. M. (2023). Future Scenarios of Green Hydrogen in the MENA Countries: The Case of Egypt. Insights Into Regional Development, 5(4), 92-114.
• Rizzo, G. (2010). Automotive Applications of Solar Energy. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 43(7), 174-185.
• Rolo, I., Costa, V. A., & Brito, F. P. (2023). Hydrogen-Based Energy Systems: Current Technology Development Status, Opportunities and Challenges. Energies, 17(1), 1-74.
• Salimi, M., Hosseinpour, M., & N. Borhani, T. (2022). The Role of Clean Hydrogen Value Chain in a Successful Energy Transition of Japan. Energies, 15(16), 6064.
• Sattar, M. A., Sameeroddin, M., Deshmukh, M. K. G., & Sami, M. A. (2020). Renewable Energy and its Industrial Applications. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol.(IRJET 2020), 7(6), 6042-6046.
• Schrotenboer, A. H., Veenstra, A. A., uit het Broek, M. A., & Ursavas, E. (2022). A Green Hydrogen Energy System: Optimal Control Strategies for Integrated Hydrogen Storage and Power Generation with Wind Energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 168, 112744.
• Schwabe, J. (2024). Regime-driven Niches and Institutional Entrepreneurs: Adding Hydrogen to Regional Energy Systems in Germany. Energy Research & Social Science, 108, 1-11.
• Sgouridis, S., Csala, D., & Bardi, U. (2016). The Sower’s Way: Quantifying the Narrowing Net-Energy Pathways to a Global Energy Transition. Environmental Research Letters, 11(9), 094009.
• Smith, O., Cattell, O., Farcot, E., O’Dea, R. D., & Hopcraft, K. I. (2022). The Effect of Renewable Energy Incorporation on Power Grid Stability and Resilience. Science Advances, 8(9), eabj6734.
• Squadrito, G., Andaloro, L., Ferraro, M., & Antonucci, V. (2014). Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology. In Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage and Distribution (pp. 451-498). Woodhead Publishing.
• Squadrito, G., Giacoppo, G., Barbera, O., Urbani, F., Passalacqua, E., Borello, L., ... & Rosso, I. (2010). Design and Development of a 7kW Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Stack for UPS Application. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35(18), 9983-9989.
• Squadrito, G., Maggio, G., & Nicita, A. (2023). The Green Hydrogen Revolution. Renewable Energy, 216, 119041.
• Şener, Ş. E. C., Sharp, J. L., & Anctil, A. (2018). Factors Impacting Diverging Paths of Renewable Energy: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 2335-2342.
• Şimşek, S., Uslu, S., Şahin, M., Arlı, F., & Bilgiç, G. (2024). Impact of a Novel Fuel Additive Containing Boron and Hydrogen on Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 46(1), 10846-10860.
• Taibi, E., Gielen, D., & Bazilian, M. (2012). The Potential for Renewable Energy in Industrial Applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(1), 735-744.
• Tarkowski, R. (2019). Underground Hydrogen Storage: Characteristics and Prospects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 105, 86-94.
• Tashakkori, A., Johnson, R. B., & Teddlie, C. (2020). Foundations of Mixed Methods Research: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Sage Publications.
• T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı. (2023), “2019 – 2023 Stratejik Planı”
• Türkoğlu, E., Çolak, U., Kayakutlu, G., & Argun, I. D. (2021, August). Renewable Energy Investment Decision Evaluation for Local Authorities. In IFIP International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Knowledge Management (pp. 197-214). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
• Vivanco-Martín, B., & Iranzo, A. (2023). Analysis of the European Strategy for Hydrogen: A Comprehensive Review. Energies, 16(9), 3866.
• Zainal, B. S., Ker, P. J., Mohamed, H., Ong, H. C., Fattah, I. M. R., Rahman, S. A., ... & Mahlia, T. I. (2024). Recent Advancement and Assessment of Green Hydrogen Production Technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 189, 1-30.