"Drop Turkey from NATO now": Construction of Anti-Türkiye Discourse in the U.S. Public Opinion

Hasan Turgut; Ali Çakır

doi:10.56676/kiad.1252485

EN TR

"Drop Turkey from NATO now": Construction of Anti-Türkiye Discourse in the U.S. Public Opinion

Öz

After the outbreak of the Ukraine-Russia War, Sweden and Finland abandoned their neutrality policies and announced that they would apply for NATO membership. Türkiye declared that it would veto their membership applications, stating that these two countries supported terrorist organizations. This situation alarmed the European member countries of NATO and the United States, and it was stated that Türkiye's veto would cause a rift in the NATO alliance and jeopardize European security. This study analyzes reader comments in the three leading U.S. newspapers: The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The Wall Street Journal. The study was limited to the reader's comments on news about Türkiye's veto between May 19, 2022, when Türkiye announced its objection to Sweden and Finland's NATO membership applications, and June 30, 2022, when the crisis was resolved. The study applies an eclectic methodology and employs a corpus-assisted discourse analysis method. The themes, strategies, and linguistic practices through which Türkiye and Turkish identities are discursively constructed were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that Türkiye's announcement to veto Sweden’s and Finland's membership applications to NATO has fed the anti-Turkish sentiment that dominates U.S. public opinion, especially in the context of Türkiye-U.S. relations that reached a breaking point after 2016. Moreover, it is argued that anti-Turkish sentiment is constructed through “traditional” discourse themes such as the stereotype of the “bad Turk” and Islamophobia, as well as discourse themes that establish the identification of President Erdoğan and Türkiye.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Türkiye, NATO, US Public, Corpus-assisted Discourse Analysis, Ukraine-Russia War

“Türkiye’yi NATO’dan Hemen Çıkarın”: ABD Kamuoyunda Türkiye-Karşıtı Söylemin İnşası

Öz

Ukrayna-Rusya Savaşı’nın başlamasıyla beraber, İsveç ve Finlandiya, tarafsızlık politikalarını terk ederek, NATO üyelik başvurusunda bulunacaklarını açıklamışlardır. Türkiye ise, bu iki ülkenin terör örgütlerine destek verdiğini belirterek üyelik başvurularını veto edeceğini açıklamıştır. Bu durum, ABD başta olmak üzere NATO üyesi Avrupa ülkelerini tedirgin etmiş, Türkiye'nin veto hakkının, NATO ittifakı içerisinde ayrışma yaratacağı ve Avrupa güvenliğini tehlikeye atacağı dile getirilmiştir. Bu çalışma söz konusu endişenin, ABD kamuoyunda nasıl karşılık bulduğu sorusundan hareket ederek, ABD'nin önde gelen üç gazetesi olan, The New York Times, The Washington Post ve The Wall Street Journal gazetelerinde konu ile ilgili yapılan okuyucu yorumlarını incelenmiştir. Çalışma, Türkiye’nin, İsveç ve Finlandiya’nın NATO’ya üyelik başvurularına itirazını açıkladığı 19 Mayıs 2022 tarihinden krizin aşıldığı 30 Haziran 2022 tarihine kadar geçen sürede, üç basın kuruluşunun web sayfalarında, Türkiye’ye yönelik haberlere yapılan okur yorumları ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Çalışmada eklektik bir metodoloji benimsenmiş, derlembilim destekli söylem analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu çerçevede Türkiye ve Türk kimliklerinin söylemsel olarak hangi temalar, stratejiler ve dilsel pratiklerle inşa edildiği analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonucu, Türkiye’nin, İsveç ve Finlandiya’nın NATO üyelik başvurusunu veto edeceği ilan etmesinin, özellikle 2016 sonrasında kopma noktasına gelen Türkiye-ABD ilişkileri bağlamında, ABD kamuoyunda egemen olan Türkiye karşıtlığını beslediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca, Türkiye karşıtlığının, “kötü Türk” stereotipi, İslamofobi gibi “gelenekselleşmiş” söylem temalarının yanı sıra Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan ve Türkiye özdeşliğini kuran söylem temaları aracılığıyla inşa edildiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Türkiye, NATO, ABD Kamuoyu, Derlembilim Söylem Analizi, Ukrayna-Rusya Savaşı

Kaynakça

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Galol (2022, June 22). Turkiye already hosts U.S. nuclear weapons aimed at Russia and Iran not to mention US military bases vital to U.S. global power projection. Also, Turkiye controls access to the Black Sea, so without Turkiye, US/NATO would have no access Black Sea, Caspian Sea countries and Central Asia, which is an area the US trying to expand its sphere of influence. In other words, NATO/US needs Turkiye more than Turkiye needs NATO/US. Turkiye knows this hence why it's playing hardball. Nothing wrong with this especially considering there's no imminent threat to either Finland or Sweden [Comment on the webpage Analysis: What Turkey Wants to Let Finland and Sweden Into NATO]. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/22/world/europe/finland-sweden-turkey-nato.html?searchResultPosition=1
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Michael Anthony (2022, May 30). Thank you for the well-composed article that covers these most relevant issues. Turkey has historically been a very important ally in NATO during the Cold War and since [Comment on the webpage For NATO, Turkey Is a Disruptive Ally]. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/30/us/politics/turkey-nato-russia.html#commentsContainer
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Nazmorgul (2022, May 17). Turkey is run by a dictator who wants to keep ties with Russia. Erdogan has always been buddy buddy with Putin. Funny how the only authoritarian NATO country is in bed with Russia. This terrorist thing is like “Let’s make up some excuse why we dont want them in, so we dont look to Mr Putin like we just said “ yes”.” [Comment on the webpage Why Turkey dissents on Finland and Sweden joining NATO and why it matters]. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/16/turkey-nato-sweden-finland-ukraine/
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Peterberman (2022, May 19). Turkey in NATO has often fascinated those familiar with Turkish history. Especially when Suleiman the Great stood at the gates of Vienna in the 16th century on his way to conquering all of Europe. Leaving behind as he retreated mountains of skulls. The changed fortunes of Turkey, one of the world’s once great empires, ought be a lesson to all of us. Turkey has many achievements. But respect and adherence to modern Democratic values and traditions isn’t one of them. Why Turkey is a member of NATO remains puzzling. Anyone remember whose side Turkey was on in WWII. Hint: it wasn’t “our side”. [Comment on the webpage Does Erdogan’s Turkey Belong in NATO?]. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/does-Erdoğans-turkey-belong-in-nato-sweden-finland-join-veto-weapons-peace-broker-11652882743?mod=Searchresults_pos19&page=346
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Run With The Wind (2022, May 18). Erdogan is the Trojan horse in NATO. Turkey under Erdogan should not be a member of NATO, in my humble opinion. The people he wants from Sweden and Finland are not terrorists, they are opposition to Erdogan's regime. He harbors criminals and refuses to extradite them, he welcomes oligarchs. He gets money from EU to hold refugees, but when it suits him, he uses them to blackmail EU, by flooding them to EU borders. He buys weapon material from Russia against NATO's will. He plays negotiator between Ukraine and Russia. He sends drones to Ukraine but refuses to sanction Russia. He is just another idiot dictator [Comment on the webpage Turkey blocks start of NATO talks on Finland’s and Sweden’s applications]. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/comments/?storyUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2F05%2F18%2Ffinland-sweden-nato-apply%2F
S. Roy (2022, May 30). Turkey will ALWAYS remain a “disruptive” ally as long as Erdogan is in power. And there is little chance that he 'll lose his iron grip on power any time soon. It can be argued that Erdogan has NEVER subscribed to democratic principles. Rescinding decades-old secularism originally instituted by Kemal Atatürk was just a start. He often acts like a dictator [Comment on the webpage For NATO, Turkey Is a Disruptive Ally]. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/30/us/politics/turkey-nato-russia.html#commentsContainer
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Sammy (2022, May 30). One should point out that when it comes to most of the foreign policy points made in the comment, the opposition parties in Turkey also agree with and support Erdogan. The relations are complicated because of the region Turkey is in that makes their national interests sometimes conflict with U.S. policy. Similarly, NATO countries have not been fair in their treatment of a member. For example, the second largest military in NATO is not allowed to purchase air defense systems from the U.S. Had the U.S. sold them the Patriots they would not have purchased the S-400s. Now they are excluded from the F35 sales and even their request to purchase F16s and modernization kits is not approved, while Turkey already has about 250 F16s.
...Also, the sentences like Turkey is waging a war against the Kurds is one sided. Kurds are also waging a war against Turkey. While many Turks criticize Erdogan for his domestic policies they are much more united when it comes to foreign affairs [Comment on the webpage For NATO, Turkey Is a Disruptive Ally]. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/30/us/politics/turkey-nato-russia.html#commentsContainer
SiSeulementVoltaire (2022, June 22). Turkey has never gotten over losing their Ottoman Empire, a bit like Putin, twisted pride and narratives remain an undercurrent. While a beautiful place to visits with very kind people as a tourist, it is a nest of serpent eggs where the attempted genocides of non Turks are a recurring phenomenon. Several peoples that inhabit Turkey have been persecuted throughout their recent history from the Armenian genocide to the Kurds and Turkmen more recently. It is in all but in name and Islamists State masquerading as a democracy too. The culture and government have never really adapted to modern democratic norms. Erdogan will help Putin rather than NATO nations who take in and protect Kurdish political refugees [Comment on the webpage Analysis: What Turkey Wants to Let Finland and Sweden Into NATO]. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/22/world/europe/finland-sweden-turkey-nato.html?searchResultPosition=1
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Tolga, Y. (2022, 2022, June 22). The Turkish people want to live in a Democracy.” Depends on what you mean by “Democracy. There's a big spectrum from holding elections periodically to liberal democracy. Turkey has a power-centric and authoritarian culture, and most Turks do not want a liberal democracy by Western standards. The vast majority do not even know what that is or feels like. Remember that the Turkish people have voted Erdogan into power without interruptions since 2002 [Comment on the webpage Analysis: What Turkey Wants to Let Finland and Sweden Into NATO]. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/22/world/europe/finland-sweden-turkey-nato.html?searchResultPosition=1
Tomas, F. (2022, 2022, May 21). Maybe we should suspend or expulse Türkiye from NATO. Ask Erdogan how he would like to be a neighbor of Russia without the backing of NATO [Comment on the webpage NATO Bids From Finland and Sweden Now Depend on Turkey’s President]. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/nato-bids-from-finland-and-sweden-now-depend-on-turkeys-president-11653130800
Walter, C. Derrick (2022, 2022, May 30). NATO is an alliance of democratic nations who are committed to stability, progress and freedom. Turkey has always been a poor fit. A generation ago we were told that the Shah's Iran was indispensible to our security, but our support of that regime did much to alienate us from the people of that part of the world, and continues to undermine our interests. There is no security in being aligned with a corrupt and oppressive government that can offer only false friendship. We should have learned that lesson a long time ago [Comment on the webpage For NATO, Turkey Is a Disruptive Ally]. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/30/us/politics/turkey-nato-russia.html#commentsContainer
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Zoe, Kennedy (2022, May 19). What Erdogan is demanding is that two of the world's freest countries, countries more democratic than America, take away the freedom of people he doesn't like, just like he does [Comment on the webpage Turkey blocks start of NATO talks on Finland’s and Sweden’s applications]. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/comments/?storyUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2F05%2F18%2Ffinland-sweden-nato-apply%2F

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Hasan Turgut ^*
0000-0001-9951-8894
Türkiye

Ali Çakır
0000-0003-2903-4071
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

20 Haziran 2023

Gönderilme Tarihi

20 Şubat 2023

Kabul Tarihi

20 Mayıs 2023

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2023 Sayı: 10

DOI

https://doi.org/10.56676/kiad.1252485

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA68UP82DJ

APA

Turgut, H., & Çakır, A. (2023). "Drop Turkey from NATO now": Construction of Anti-Türkiye Discourse in the U.S. Public Opinion. Kastamonu İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10, 20-48. https://doi.org/10.56676/kiad.1252485

AMA

1.Turgut H, Çakır A. "Drop Turkey from NATO now": Construction of Anti-Türkiye Discourse in the U.S. Public Opinion. KİAD. 2023;(10):20-48. doi:10.56676/kiad.1252485

Chicago

Turgut, Hasan, ve Ali Çakır. 2023. “‘Drop Turkey from NATO now’: Construction of Anti-Türkiye Discourse in the U.S. Public Opinion”. Kastamonu İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy 10: 20-48. https://doi.org/10.56676/kiad.1252485.

EndNote

Turgut H, Çakır A (01 Haziran 2023) "Drop Turkey from NATO now": Construction of Anti-Türkiye Discourse in the U.S. Public Opinion. Kastamonu İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi 10 20–48.

IEEE

[1]H. Turgut ve A. Çakır, “‘Drop Turkey from NATO now’: Construction of Anti-Türkiye Discourse in the U.S. Public Opinion”, KİAD, sy 10, ss. 20–48, Haz. 2023, doi: 10.56676/kiad.1252485.

ISNAD

Turgut, Hasan - Çakır, Ali. “‘Drop Turkey from NATO now’: Construction of Anti-Türkiye Discourse in the U.S. Public Opinion”. Kastamonu İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi. 10 (01 Haziran 2023): 20-48. https://doi.org/10.56676/kiad.1252485.

JAMA

1.Turgut H, Çakır A. "Drop Turkey from NATO now": Construction of Anti-Türkiye Discourse in the U.S. Public Opinion. KİAD. 2023;:20–48.

MLA

Turgut, Hasan, ve Ali Çakır. “‘Drop Turkey from NATO now’: Construction of Anti-Türkiye Discourse in the U.S. Public Opinion”. Kastamonu İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy 10, Haziran 2023, ss. 20-48, doi:10.56676/kiad.1252485.

Vancouver

1.Hasan Turgut, Ali Çakır. "Drop Turkey from NATO now": Construction of Anti-Türkiye Discourse in the U.S. Public Opinion. KİAD. 01 Haziran 2023;(10):20-48. doi:10.56676/kiad.1252485