TÜRKİ CUMHURİYETLERİNDE SAĞLIK HARCAMALARININ BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: BİR PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ
Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 10 Sayı: 19, 318 - 334, 26.11.2018
Eyyup Ecevit
,
Murat Çetin
,
Ali Gökhan Yücel
Öz
Bu çalışmada, sağlık harcamalarının
belirleyicileri panel veri metodolojisi kullanılarak Türki Cumhuriyetlerinde
1995-2015 dönemi itibariyle araştırılmaktadır. Değişkenler arasındaki
eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin varlığı Pedroni ve Kao eşbütünleşme testleriyle belirlenmektedir.
Değişkenlerin uzun dönem katsayılarının tahmininde Panel Dinamik EKK (PDOLS)
tahmin yöntemi kullanılmaktadır. Değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkileri
ise Panel Hata Düzeltme Modeli (PVECM) Granger nedensellik testi ile analiz
edilmektedir. Uygulama sonuçları değişkenler arasında bir eşbütünleşme
ilişkisinin olduğunu göstermektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlar kişi başına sağlık
harcamalarının sırasıyla kentleşme, kişi başına reel gelir ve 65 yaş üstü nüfus
tarafından belirlendiğini göstermektedir. Nedensellik analizi sonuçlarına göre
kentleşme, kişi başına reel gelir, 65 yaş üstü nüfus ve hekim sayısı ile kişi
başına sağlık harcamaları arasında uzun dönemde karşılıklı bir nedensellik
ilişkisi söz konusudur. Sonuçlar, Türki Cumhuriyetleri için önemli politika
eğilimleri sunabilmektedir.
Kaynakça
- BİLGEL, F. (2003). “The Determinants of Health Expenditure in Turkey, 1927-1996: An Econometric Analysis”, 6. Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sempozyumu.
- BOACHIE, M. K. et al, (2014). “Determinants of Public Health Expenditure in Ghana: A Cointegration Analysis”, Journal of Behavioral Economics, Finance, Entrepreneurship, Accounting and Transport, Vol. 2, No. 2, 35-40. DOI:10.12691/jbe-2-2-1.
- CHAABOUNI, S. and CHOKRI A. (2014). “The determinants of health expenditures in Tunisia: An ARDL bounds testing approach” iut-caen.unicaen.fr/recherche/mrsh/sites/ default files/public/tepp 2012 B7_3_Chaabouni_Abednnadher_def.pdf. [21.01.2016].
- DHORO, N. L. et al. (2011). “Economic Determinants of Public Healthcare Expenditure in Zimbabwe”, International Journal of Economic Research, Vol.2, No.6, pp.13–25, ISSN:2229-6158,www.ijeronline.com/documents/volumes/Vol%202%20issue%206/ijer2011 0206ND, [11.02.2016].
- ECEVİT, E. ve ÇETİN, M. (2016). “Ekonomik Büyüme ve Çevre Kirliliğinin Sağlık Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye ile ilgili Ampirik Kanıt”, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 48, ss. 83-98.
- EHİKİOYA, L. I. ve ISMAILA M. (2013). “Determinants of Public Healthcare Expenditure in Nigeria: An Error Correction Mechanism Approach”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 4, No: 13, pp. 220-233.
- ENGLE, R. and GRANGER, C. (1987). “Cointegration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing”, Econometrica, Vol. 55, pp. 257-276.
- GROSSMAN, M. (1972). “On the concept of health capital and the demand for health”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 80, pp. 223-255.
- HITIRIS, T. (1999). “Health Care Expenditure and Cost Containment in the G7 Countries, Discussion Papers in Economics”, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d88c/8154c44b4b8634eb7e24b81d2ea1c1dcb 8a4 .pdf No. 1999/15, University of York, [21.02.2018].
- IM, K.S., PESARAN, M.H. and SHIN, Y. (2003). “Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol.115, pp. 53-74.
- KARAGÖZ, Kadir ve TETİK N. (2009). “Kamu Sağlık Harcamalarını Belirleyen Faktörler: Ekonometrik Bir Değerlendirme”, Econ Anadolu, Anadolu Uluslararası İktisat Kongresi’nde sunulmuş tebliğdir. 17-19 Haziran 2009, Eskişehir, Türkiye. http://dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/yonveek/article/ view/5000069394/5000064298, [09.02.2016].
- KARATZAS, G., (2000). “On the Determinants of the US Aggregate Healthcare Expenditure”, Applied Economics, Vol. 32, pp. 1085–1099.
- KAO, C. (1999). “Spurious Regression and Residual-Based Tests for Cointegration in Panel Data”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol.90, pp.1-44.
- LEVIN, A., LIN, C.F. and CHU, C.S.J. (2002). “Unit Root Test in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, vol. 108, pp.1-24.
- MADDALA, G.S. and WU, S. (1999). “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests With Panel Data and a New Simple Test”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, vol. 61, pp. 631-52.
- MAGAZZINO, C. and MELE, M. (2012). “The Determinants of Health Expenditure in Italian Regions”, International Journal of Economics and Finance, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 61-72.
- MATTEO, L.D., MATTEO, R.D., (1998). “Evidence on the Determinants Of Canadian Provincial Government Health Expenditures”, Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 17, pp. 211–228.
- MURTHY, N.R.V. and UKPOLO, V., (1995). “Aggregate Health Care Expenditure in The United States: New Results”, Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 2, pp. 419–421.
- NEWHOUSE J. (1977). “Medical Care Expenditures; A Cross National Study”. J Hum Resource, Vol. 12, pp.10-26.
- PAULA V., (2008). “Out-Of-Pocket Health Care Expenditures Due to Excess of Body Weight in Portugal”, Econ Hum Biol, Vol. 6, pp. 127-42.
- PEDRONI, P. (1999). “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels With Multiple Regressors”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, vol. 61, pp. 653-670.
- SAMADI, A. and RAD E., H. (2013). “Determinants of Healthcare Expenditure in Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Countries: Evidence from Panel Cointegration Tests”, International Journal of Health Policy and Management, Vol. No.1, pp. 63-68. Doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2013.10.
- SQUIRES, D. A. (2012). “Explaining High Health Care Spending in the United States: An International Comparison of Supply, Utilization, Prices, and Quality” Issues in International HealthPolicy,http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/Files/Publications/ Issue%20Brief / 2012/May/1595Squires_explaining_high_hlt_care_spending_intl_brief.pdf, [21.02.2018].
- World Development Indicators, World Bank, (2018). http://databank.worldbank.org. [10.01.208].
Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 10 Sayı: 19, 318 - 334, 26.11.2018
Eyyup Ecevit
,
Murat Çetin
,
Ali Gökhan Yücel
Kaynakça
- BİLGEL, F. (2003). “The Determinants of Health Expenditure in Turkey, 1927-1996: An Econometric Analysis”, 6. Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sempozyumu.
- BOACHIE, M. K. et al, (2014). “Determinants of Public Health Expenditure in Ghana: A Cointegration Analysis”, Journal of Behavioral Economics, Finance, Entrepreneurship, Accounting and Transport, Vol. 2, No. 2, 35-40. DOI:10.12691/jbe-2-2-1.
- CHAABOUNI, S. and CHOKRI A. (2014). “The determinants of health expenditures in Tunisia: An ARDL bounds testing approach” iut-caen.unicaen.fr/recherche/mrsh/sites/ default files/public/tepp 2012 B7_3_Chaabouni_Abednnadher_def.pdf. [21.01.2016].
- DHORO, N. L. et al. (2011). “Economic Determinants of Public Healthcare Expenditure in Zimbabwe”, International Journal of Economic Research, Vol.2, No.6, pp.13–25, ISSN:2229-6158,www.ijeronline.com/documents/volumes/Vol%202%20issue%206/ijer2011 0206ND, [11.02.2016].
- ECEVİT, E. ve ÇETİN, M. (2016). “Ekonomik Büyüme ve Çevre Kirliliğinin Sağlık Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye ile ilgili Ampirik Kanıt”, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 48, ss. 83-98.
- EHİKİOYA, L. I. ve ISMAILA M. (2013). “Determinants of Public Healthcare Expenditure in Nigeria: An Error Correction Mechanism Approach”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 4, No: 13, pp. 220-233.
- ENGLE, R. and GRANGER, C. (1987). “Cointegration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing”, Econometrica, Vol. 55, pp. 257-276.
- GROSSMAN, M. (1972). “On the concept of health capital and the demand for health”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 80, pp. 223-255.
- HITIRIS, T. (1999). “Health Care Expenditure and Cost Containment in the G7 Countries, Discussion Papers in Economics”, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d88c/8154c44b4b8634eb7e24b81d2ea1c1dcb 8a4 .pdf No. 1999/15, University of York, [21.02.2018].
- IM, K.S., PESARAN, M.H. and SHIN, Y. (2003). “Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol.115, pp. 53-74.
- KARAGÖZ, Kadir ve TETİK N. (2009). “Kamu Sağlık Harcamalarını Belirleyen Faktörler: Ekonometrik Bir Değerlendirme”, Econ Anadolu, Anadolu Uluslararası İktisat Kongresi’nde sunulmuş tebliğdir. 17-19 Haziran 2009, Eskişehir, Türkiye. http://dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/yonveek/article/ view/5000069394/5000064298, [09.02.2016].
- KARATZAS, G., (2000). “On the Determinants of the US Aggregate Healthcare Expenditure”, Applied Economics, Vol. 32, pp. 1085–1099.
- KAO, C. (1999). “Spurious Regression and Residual-Based Tests for Cointegration in Panel Data”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol.90, pp.1-44.
- LEVIN, A., LIN, C.F. and CHU, C.S.J. (2002). “Unit Root Test in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, vol. 108, pp.1-24.
- MADDALA, G.S. and WU, S. (1999). “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests With Panel Data and a New Simple Test”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, vol. 61, pp. 631-52.
- MAGAZZINO, C. and MELE, M. (2012). “The Determinants of Health Expenditure in Italian Regions”, International Journal of Economics and Finance, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 61-72.
- MATTEO, L.D., MATTEO, R.D., (1998). “Evidence on the Determinants Of Canadian Provincial Government Health Expenditures”, Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 17, pp. 211–228.
- MURTHY, N.R.V. and UKPOLO, V., (1995). “Aggregate Health Care Expenditure in The United States: New Results”, Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 2, pp. 419–421.
- NEWHOUSE J. (1977). “Medical Care Expenditures; A Cross National Study”. J Hum Resource, Vol. 12, pp.10-26.
- PAULA V., (2008). “Out-Of-Pocket Health Care Expenditures Due to Excess of Body Weight in Portugal”, Econ Hum Biol, Vol. 6, pp. 127-42.
- PEDRONI, P. (1999). “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels With Multiple Regressors”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, vol. 61, pp. 653-670.
- SAMADI, A. and RAD E., H. (2013). “Determinants of Healthcare Expenditure in Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Countries: Evidence from Panel Cointegration Tests”, International Journal of Health Policy and Management, Vol. No.1, pp. 63-68. Doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2013.10.
- SQUIRES, D. A. (2012). “Explaining High Health Care Spending in the United States: An International Comparison of Supply, Utilization, Prices, and Quality” Issues in International HealthPolicy,http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/Files/Publications/ Issue%20Brief / 2012/May/1595Squires_explaining_high_hlt_care_spending_intl_brief.pdf, [21.02.2018].
- World Development Indicators, World Bank, (2018). http://databank.worldbank.org. [10.01.208].