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Clustering Türkiye's Provinces According to Education Level Indicators with Two-Stage Cluster Analysis

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 31, 331 - 344, 28.11.2024

Selim Tüzüntürk

https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1507942

Öz

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to cluster similar provinces of Turkey according to (i) below-high school and (ii) high school and above-high school education level indicators using cluster analysis methods.

Design/Methodology: The annual most recent data for 81 provinces were taken from the education statistics for the year 2022 published on the official website of the Turkish Statistical Institute. A two-stage cluster analysis method was used to identify similar provinces.

Findings: According to indicators of education level below the high school level, the first cluster consists of 17 provinces (Adıyaman, Ağrı, Bingöl, Bitlis, Diyarbakır, Gaziantep, Hakkâri, Kars, Mardin, Muş, Siirt, Şanlıurfa, Van, Batman, Şırnak, Iğdır and Kilis) and the second cluster consists of 64 provinces (other remaining provinces). The 17 provinces in the first cluster are eastern provinces where education needs to be increased. According to the education level indicators at high school and high school level, the first cluster consists of 6 provinces (Ankara, Çanakkale, Eskisehir, Isparta, Istanbul, and Izmir), and the second cluster consists of 75 provinces (the remaining other provinces). The six provinces in the first cluster are western provinces where education is advanced.

Limitations: The limitation of the study is that cluster analyses were conducted for Turkey's 81 provinces and 2022 cross-sectional data.

Originality/Value: The use of the two-stage cluster analysis method, which allows the number of clusters to be automatically determined according to AIC and BIC criteria, unlike the Ward and K-means methods used in cluster analysis, contributes to the original value of the research. Considering that the increase in education benefits people and society, it points out the importance of the study in providing meaningful and valuable information by creating awareness among individuals and policymakers in the relevant provinces by identifying similar provinces with clustering methods.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Education Türkiye Two-Step Cluster Analysis Multivariate Statistics.

Kaynakça

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  • Aizizi, D. (2021). An analysis of the relationship between education and economic growth. International Journal of New Developments in Education, 3(4), 65-67. https://doi.org/10.25236/IJNDE.2021.030411
  • Akın, H. B. & Eren, Ö. (2012). OECD Ülkelerinin eğitim göstergelerinin kümeleme analizi ve çok boyutlu ölçekleme analizi ile karşılaştırmalı analizi. Öneri Dergisi, 10 (37), 175-181. https://doi.org/10.14783/od.v10i37.1012000178
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  • Alptekin, N. (2015). Bulanık kümeleme analizi ile Türkiye ve AB ülkelerinin eğitim göstergeleri açısından sınıflandırılması. Kafkas Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(2), 1-16.
  • Arsani, A. M., Ario, B. & Ramadhan, A. F. (2020). Impact of education on poverty and health: evidence from Indonesia. Economics Development Analysis Journal, 9(1), 87-96. https://doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v9i1.34921
  • Astuti, C. C. & Rezania, V. (2022). Cluster analysis for grouping districts in Sidoarjo regency based on education indicators. ICIGR 2021 Conference Proceedings, Volume 2022, 311-317. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i10.11233
  • Awan, M. S., Malik, N., Sarwar, H. & Wagas, M. (2011). Impact of education on poverty reduction. (MPRA Paper No. 31826).
  • Bah, I. A. (2023). The relationship between education and economic growth: A cross-country analysis. Research, Society and Development, 12(5), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v12i5.40522
  • Baker, D. P., Leon, J., Greenaway, E. G. S., Collins, J. & Movit, M. (2011). The education effect on population health: a reassessment. Population and Development Review, 37(2), 307-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00412.x
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  • Bell, B., Costa, R. & Machin, S. (2022). Why does education reduce crime?. Journal of Political Economy, 130(3), 732-765. https://doi.org/10.1086/717895
  • Bhalla, R. & Meher, S. (2022). Interstate disparities in education and health infrastructure: A multivariate analysis. IASSI Quarterly: Contributions to Indian Social Science, 41(4), 534-548.
  • Bilgin, R. & Erbuğ, E. (2021). Eğitimde fırsat eşitsizliği üzerine eleştirel bir değerlendirme. International Journal of Economics Administrative and Social Sciences, 4(2), 231-239.
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  • Buonanno, P. & Leonida, L. (2006). Education and crime: evidence from Italian regions. Applied Economics Letters, 13(11), 709-713. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850500407376
  • Bülbül, Ş. & Camkıran, C. (2018). Bankaların klasik ve bulanık yaklaşımlarla sınıflandırılması. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(2), 367-385. https://doi.org/10.26468/trakyasobed.464442
  • Cengiz, D. & Öztürk, F. (2012). Türkiye’de illerin eğitim düzeylerine göre kümeleme analizi ile incelenmesi. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), 69-84.
  • De Souza, D. C. & Taconeli, C. A. (2022). Spatial and non-spatial clustering algorithms in the analysis of Brazilian educational data. Communications in Statistics: Case Studies, Data Analysis and Applications, 8(4), 588-606. https://doi.org/10.1080/23737484.2022.2117744
  • Dudzeviciute, G. & Simelyte, A. (2018). Education and economic development in the selected European Union countries. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 7(2), 14-28. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2018.v7n2p14
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Eğitim Düzeyi Göstergelerine Göre Türkiye İllerinin İki Aşamalı Kümeleme Analizi ile Kümelenmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 31, 331 - 344, 28.11.2024

Selim Tüzüntürk

https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1507942

Öz

Öz
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, (i) lise altı ve (ii) lise ve lise üstü eğitim düzeyi göstergelerine göre Türkiye'nin birbirine benzer illerinin kümeleme analiz yöntemleri ile kümelenmesidir.


Tasarım/Yöntem: 81 ilin yıllık en güncel verileri Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu'nun resmi internet sitesinde yayınlanan 2022 yılı eğitim istatistiklerinden alınmıştır. Benzer illerin belirlenmesi için iki aşamalı kümeleme analizi yöntemi kullanıldı.



Bulgular: Lise düzeyinin altındaki eğitim düzeyi göstergelerine göre 17 ilden oluşan birinci küme (Adıyaman, Ağrı, Bingöl, Bitlis, Diyarbakır, Gaziantep, Hakkâri, Kars, Mardin, Muş, Siirt, Şanlıurfa, Van, Batman, Şırnak, Iğdır ve Kilis) ve ikinci küme 64 ilden (diğer kalan iller) oluşmaktadır. Birinci kümedeki 17 il eğitimin arttırılması gereken doğu illeridir. Lise ve lise düzeyindeki eğitim düzeyi göstergelerine göre birinci küme 6 ilden (Ankara, Çanakkale, Eskisehir, Isparta, İstanbul ve İzmir) ve ikinci küme ise 75 ilden (geri kalan diğer iller) oluşmaktadır. Birinci kümedeki 6 il eğitimin ileri düzeyde olduğu batı illeridir.

Sınırlılıklar: Kümeleme analizlerinin Türkiye'nin 81 ili ve 2022 yılı kesit verileri için yapılması çalışmanın sınırlılıklarıdır.

Özgünlük/Değer: Kümeleme analizlerinde kullanılan Ward ve k-ortalama yöntemlerinde farklı olarak küme sayısının AIC ve BIC kriterlerine göre otomatik olarak belirlenmesine imkân tanıyan iki aşamalı kümeleme analiz yönteminin kullanılması araştırmanın özgün değerine katkı sağlamaktadır. Eğitim artışının insanlar ve toplum üzerinde bir fayda sağladığı düşünüldüğünde, benzer illerin kümeleme yöntemleri ile belirlenmesiyle hem ilgili illerdeki bireylere hem de politika yapıcılara farkındalık yaratılarak anlamlı ve faydalı bilgilerin sağlanması çalışmanın önemine işaret etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Eğitim Türkiye İki Aşamalı Kümeleme Analizi Çok Değişkenli İstatistik.

Kaynakça

  • Aghion, P., Boustan, L. Hoxby, C. & Vandenbussche, J. (2009). The causal impact of education on economic growth, evidence from the United States. In D. Romer & J. Wolfers (Eds.). Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (1-74).
  • Aizizi, D. (2021). An analysis of the relationship between education and economic growth. International Journal of New Developments in Education, 3(4), 65-67. https://doi.org/10.25236/IJNDE.2021.030411
  • Akın, H. B. & Eren, Ö. (2012). OECD Ülkelerinin eğitim göstergelerinin kümeleme analizi ve çok boyutlu ölçekleme analizi ile karşılaştırmalı analizi. Öneri Dergisi, 10 (37), 175-181. https://doi.org/10.14783/od.v10i37.1012000178
  • Alpar, R. (2011). Uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistiksel yöntemler. Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Alptekin, N. (2015). Bulanık kümeleme analizi ile Türkiye ve AB ülkelerinin eğitim göstergeleri açısından sınıflandırılması. Kafkas Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(2), 1-16.
  • Arsani, A. M., Ario, B. & Ramadhan, A. F. (2020). Impact of education on poverty and health: evidence from Indonesia. Economics Development Analysis Journal, 9(1), 87-96. https://doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v9i1.34921
  • Astuti, C. C. & Rezania, V. (2022). Cluster analysis for grouping districts in Sidoarjo regency based on education indicators. ICIGR 2021 Conference Proceedings, Volume 2022, 311-317. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i10.11233
  • Awan, M. S., Malik, N., Sarwar, H. & Wagas, M. (2011). Impact of education on poverty reduction. (MPRA Paper No. 31826).
  • Bah, I. A. (2023). The relationship between education and economic growth: A cross-country analysis. Research, Society and Development, 12(5), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v12i5.40522
  • Baker, D. P., Leon, J., Greenaway, E. G. S., Collins, J. & Movit, M. (2011). The education effect on population health: a reassessment. Population and Development Review, 37(2), 307-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00412.x
  • Barro, R. J. (2002). Education in the twenty-first century. In E. P. Lazear (Ed.), Education as a determinant of economic growth (pp. 9-24). Hoover Press.
  • Baum, S., Ma, J. & Payea, K. (2013). Education pays 2013 the benefits of higher education for individuals and society. Trends in Higher Education Series, College Board, New York.
  • Bell, B., Costa, R. & Machin, S. (2022). Why does education reduce crime?. Journal of Political Economy, 130(3), 732-765. https://doi.org/10.1086/717895
  • Bhalla, R. & Meher, S. (2022). Interstate disparities in education and health infrastructure: A multivariate analysis. IASSI Quarterly: Contributions to Indian Social Science, 41(4), 534-548.
  • Bilgin, R. & Erbuğ, E. (2021). Eğitimde fırsat eşitsizliği üzerine eleştirel bir değerlendirme. International Journal of Economics Administrative and Social Sciences, 4(2), 231-239.
  • Blashfield, R. K. & Aldenderfer, M. S. (1978). The literature on cluster analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 13, 271-295. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr1303_2
  • Blaug, M. (1972). The correlation between education and earnings: What does it signify? Higher Education, 1, 53-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01956881
  • Brempong, K. G., Paddison, O. & Mitiku, W. (2006). Higher education and economic growth in Africa. The Journal of Development Studies, 42(3), 509-529. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380600576490
  • Buonanno, P. & Leonida, L. (2006). Education and crime: evidence from Italian regions. Applied Economics Letters, 13(11), 709-713. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850500407376
  • Bülbül, Ş. & Camkıran, C. (2018). Bankaların klasik ve bulanık yaklaşımlarla sınıflandırılması. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(2), 367-385. https://doi.org/10.26468/trakyasobed.464442
  • Cengiz, D. & Öztürk, F. (2012). Türkiye’de illerin eğitim düzeylerine göre kümeleme analizi ile incelenmesi. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), 69-84.
  • De Souza, D. C. & Taconeli, C. A. (2022). Spatial and non-spatial clustering algorithms in the analysis of Brazilian educational data. Communications in Statistics: Case Studies, Data Analysis and Applications, 8(4), 588-606. https://doi.org/10.1080/23737484.2022.2117744
  • Dudzeviciute, G. & Simelyte, A. (2018). Education and economic development in the selected European Union countries. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 7(2), 14-28. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2018.v7n2p14
  • Everitt, B. (2007). An R and S-PLUS companion to multivariate analysis. Springer.
  • Faridi, M. Z., Hussain, S. & Bashir, F. (2010). Impact of education on student’s earnings: a case of public sector universities in Pakistan. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 42, 171-178. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1662910
  • Gounder, R. & Xing, Z. (2012). Impact of education and health on poverty reduction: monetary and non-monetary evidence from Fiji. Economic Modeling, 29, 787-794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.01.018
  • Groot, W. & Van Den Brink, H. M. (2010). The effects of education on crime. Applied Economics, 42, 279-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840701604412
  • Güler, E. Ö. & Veysikarani, D. (2022). Sosyo-Ekonomik göstergeler ve PISA skorlarına göre ülkelerin sınıflandırılması: OECD örneği. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, 15(3), 506-522. https://doi.org/10.24287. 958903
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2013). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson.
  • Hermannsson, K., Lisenkova, K., Lecca, P., McGregor, G. & Swales, J. K. (2017). The external benefits of higher education. Regional Studies, 51(7), 1077-1088. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.1172062
  • Hofmarcher, T. (2021). The effects of education on poverty: A European perspective. Economics of Education Review, 83, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2021.102124
  • Huang, F., Jin, L. & Sun, X. (2009). Relationship between scale of higher education and economic growth in China. Asian Social Science, 5(11), 55-60. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v5n11p55
  • Ilgar, R. (2023). Türkiye’de eğitimde yaşanan bölgesel farklılıklar. Uluslararası Ssosyal Bilimler Eğitimi Dergisi, 9(2), 20-44. https://doi.org/10.47615/issej.1329419
  • Irughe, R. I. & Edafe, J. (2020). Education and economic growth: Empirical evidence from Nigeria. (AERC Research Paper No. 407).
  • Johnston, G. (2004). Healthy, wealthy, and wise? A review of the wider benefits of education. (New Zealand Treasury Working Paper No. 04/04). https://hdl.handle.net/10419/205544
  • Julius, M. K. & Bawane, J. (2011). Education and poverty, relationship and concerns. a case for Kenya. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 32(1), 72-85. https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/11.32.72
  • Kaynak, S. & Rashid, Y. (2020). Sosyo-Ekonomik göstergelerine göre ECO üyesi ülkelerin hiyerarşik kümeleme metoduyla kümelenmesi. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(1), 69-81. https://doi.org/10.17218.hititsosbil.713776
  • Lee, S. Y., Roys, N. A. & Seshadri, A. (2024, March). The causal effects of parents’ education on children’s earnings. (National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 32223). https://doi.org/10.3386/w32223
  • Li, B. (2006). A new approach to cluster analysis: the clustering-function-based method. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B: Statistical Methodology, 68(3), 457-476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2006.00549.x
  • Lin, T. C. (2004). The role of higher education in economic development: an empirical study of Taiwan case. Journal of Asian Economies, 15, 355-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2004.02.006
  • Lochner, L. (2011). Education policy and crime. In P. J. Cook, J. Ludwig & J. MacCrary (Eds.), Controlling crime: strategies and tradeoffs (pp. 465-515). University of Chicago Press.
  • Longman dictionary of contemporary English. (2003). Pearson Longman.
  • Lv, K., Yu, A., Gong, S., Wu, M. & Xu, X. (2017). Impacts of educational factors on economic growth in regions of China: A spatial econometric approach. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 23(6), 827-847. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2015.1071296
  • Ma, J. & Pender, M. (2023). Education pays 2023 the benefits of higher education for individuals and society. Trends in Higher Education Series, College Board, New York.
  • MacMahon, W. W. (2002). Education and development measuring social benefits. Oxford University Press.
  • Meghir, C., Palme, M. & Schnabel, M. (2023, February). The effect of educational policy on crime: an intergenerational perspective. (National Bureau of Economics Research Working Paper No. 18145). https://doi.org/10.1920/WP.IFS.2011.1111
  • Mercan, M. & Sezer, S. (2014). The effect of education expenditure on economic growth: the case of Turkey. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, 925-930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.565
  • Morey, L. C., Blashfield, R. K. & Skinner, H. A. (1983). A Comparison of cluster analysis techniques within a sequential validation framework. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 18, 309-329. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr1803_4
  • Morrison, D. G. (1967). Measurement problems in cluster analysis. Management Science, 13(12), 775-780. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.13.12.B775
  • Murray, J. (2009). The wider social benefits of higher education: What do we know about them? Australian Journal of Education, 53(3), 230-244. https://doi.org/10.1177/000494410905300303
  • Njong, A. M. (2010). The effects of educational attainment on poverty reduction in Cameroon. Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 2(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS10.058
  • Ochilov, A. (2012). Education and economic growth in Uzbekistan. Perspectives of Innovations, Economics & Business, 12(3), 21-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15208/pieb.2012.14
  • Odit, M. P., Dookhan, K. & Fauzel, S. (2010). The impact of education on economic growth: the case of Mauritius. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 9(8), 141-152. https://doi.org/10.19030/IBER.V9I8.620
  • Öz, B., Taban, S. & Kar, M. (2009). Kümeleme analizi ile Türkiye ve AB ülkelerinin beşeri sermaye göstergeleri açısından karşılaştırılması. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 1-29.
  • Özaydın, Ö., Çemrek, F. & Balbağ, M. Z. (2022). Statistical analysis of the indicators for the education of provinces in Turkey. Osmangazi Journal of Educational Research, 9(2), 80-100.
  • Öztürk, B. & Gürsakal, S. (2015). Categorization of Turkish cities as per their education and health indicators. Paradoks Economics, Sociology and Policy Journal, 11(2), 83-101.
  • Püsküllüoğlu, A. (2004). Arkadaş Türkçe sözlük. Arkadaş Yayınevi.
  • Raghupathi, V. & Raghupathi, W. (2020). The influence of education on health: an empirical assessment of OECD countries for the period 1995-2015. Achieves of Public Health, 78(20), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-020-00402-5
  • Rencher, A. C. & Christensen, W. F. (2012). Methods of multivariate analysis. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Reza, F. & Widodo, T. (2013). The impact of education on economic growth in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business, 28(1), 23-44. https://doi.org/10.22146JIEB.6228
  • Rizvanovic, A. & Efendic, A. (2021). The effect of education on earnings in a post-conflict economy: evidence from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Financial Internet Quarterly, 17(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.2478/fiqf-2021-0008
  • Ross, C. E. & Wu, C. (1995). The links between education and health. American Sociological Review, 60(5), 719-745. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096319
  • Sarma, K. V. S. & Vardhan, R. V. (2019). Multivariate statistics made simple: a practical approach. CRP Press.
  • Shimeles, A. & Chuchane, A. V. (2016). The key role of education in reducing poverty in South Sudan. African Development Review, 28(2), 162-176. https://doi.org//10.1111/1467-8268.12199
  • Silles, M. A. (2009). The causal effect of education on health: evidence from the United Kingdom. Economics of Education Review, 28, 122-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2008.02.003
  • Tatlıdil, H. (2002). Uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistiksel analiz. Akademi Matbaası.
  • Thapa, S. B. (2013). Relationship between education and poverty in Nepal. Economic Journal of Development Issues, 15(1-2), 148-161. https://doi.org/10.3126/ejdi.v15i1-2.11873
  • Tkaczynski, A. (2017). Segmentation in social marketing: Process, methods, and applications. In T. Dietrich, S. Rundle-Thiele & K. Kubacki (Eds.), Segmentation using two-step cluster analysis (pp.109-125). Springer.
  • Turanlı, M., Özden, Ü. H. & Türedi, S. (2006). Avrupa birliği’ne aday ve üye ülkelerin ekonomik benzerliklerinin kümeleme analiziyle incelenmesi. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9, 95-108.
  • Uzgören, N., Keçek, G. & Uzgören, E. (2013). Türkiye’de illerin beşeri sermayenin unsuru olan temel eğitim göstergeleri bakımından sınıflandırılması. TİSK AKADEMİ, 11, 119-133.
  • Yıldız, S. & Karakaş, D. G. (2019). Türkiye’de eğitim eşitsziliğinin farklı yüzleri. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 271-292. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.566795
  • Zimmerman, E. & Woolf, S. H. (2014). Understanding the relationship between education and health. (Institute of Medicine, Discussion Paper). https://doi.org/10.31478/201406A
Toplam 72 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eğitim Ekonomisi
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ
Yazarlar

Selim Tüzüntürk 0000-0002-8987-2280

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Kasım 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2024
Kabul Tarihi 16 Eylül 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 31

Kaynak Göster

APA Tüzüntürk, S. (2024). Clustering Türkiye’s Provinces According to Education Level Indicators with Two-Stage Cluster Analysis. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 16(31), 331-344. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1507942
AMA Tüzüntürk S. Clustering Türkiye’s Provinces According to Education Level Indicators with Two-Stage Cluster Analysis. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). Kasım 2024;16(31):331-344. doi:10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1507942
Chicago Tüzüntürk, Selim. “Clustering Türkiye’s Provinces According to Education Level Indicators With Two-Stage Cluster Analysis”. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 16, sy. 31 (Kasım 2024): 331-44. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1507942.
EndNote Tüzüntürk S (01 Kasım 2024) Clustering Türkiye’s Provinces According to Education Level Indicators with Two-Stage Cluster Analysis. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 16 31 331–344.
IEEE S. Tüzüntürk, “Clustering Türkiye’s Provinces According to Education Level Indicators with Two-Stage Cluster Analysis”, Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), c. 16, sy. 31, ss. 331–344, 2024, doi: 10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1507942.
ISNAD Tüzüntürk, Selim. “Clustering Türkiye’s Provinces According to Education Level Indicators With Two-Stage Cluster Analysis”. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 16/31 (Kasım 2024), 331-344. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1507942.
JAMA Tüzüntürk S. Clustering Türkiye’s Provinces According to Education Level Indicators with Two-Stage Cluster Analysis. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). 2024;16:331–344.
MLA Tüzüntürk, Selim. “Clustering Türkiye’s Provinces According to Education Level Indicators With Two-Stage Cluster Analysis”. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), c. 16, sy. 31, 2024, ss. 331-44, doi:10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1507942.
Vancouver Tüzüntürk S. Clustering Türkiye’s Provinces According to Education Level Indicators with Two-Stage Cluster Analysis. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). 2024;16(31):331-44.
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