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Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Maden Kazaları

Yıl 2023, , 109 - 118, 31.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.33720/kisgd.1245729

Öz

Dünyada her yıl yaklaşık 340 milyon iş kazası ve 160 milyon işle ilgili hastalık meydana gelmektedir. Küresel işgücünün yalnızca %1’ini oluşturan madencilik, iş yerindeki ölümcül kazaların yaklaşık %8’inden sorumludur. Türkiye mesleki ölüm ve yaralanma hızlarında üst sıralarda yer almaktadır. Türkiye’nin en çok ölümle sonuçlanan iş ve madencilik kazası, 13 Mayıs 2014’te Manisa’nın Soma ilçesinde meydana gelen ve 301 kişinin ölümüne neden olan maden felaketidir. Madencilik ile ilgili çalışma gruplarında yüz bin işçi başına ölüm hızları 2018 yılında Türkiye’de 44,0 iken ABD’de 14,1, Polonya’da 9,3 ve Avustralya’da 3,7 olarak saptanmıştır. Yer altı kömür madenlerinde görülen büyük maden kazalarının başlıca nedenleri grizu patlamaları, kömür tozu patlamaları, ani gaz püskürmeleri, göçükler, yangınlar, su baskınları, nakliye ve mekanizasyonla ilgili sorunlardır. Maden kazaları ve felaketleri önlenebilirdir. Modern kömür madenlerinde sıkı güvenlik prosedürleri, sağlık ve güvenlik standartları, işçi eğitimi ve öğretimi olmalıdır. Yer altı kömür madenlerinde gaz izleme ve erken uyarı sistemlerinin kurulması, madenlerin havasının izlenmesi ve kayıt altına alınması gereklidir. Madencilik sektörü için gerekli mevzuat düzenlemelerinin yanında; sürekli izleme, değerlendirme ve denetlemeye ihtiyaç vardır.

Kaynakça

  • ILOSTAT Database Description, Occupational Safety and Health Statistics (OSH). https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-definitions/description-occupational-safety-and-health-statistics/ erişim tarihi: 09.12.2022.
  • International Labour Organization, Occupational safety and health. WHO/ILO: Almost 2 million people die from work-related causes each year. https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_819705/lang--en/index.htm Erişim tarihi: 11.12.2022.
  • World Health Organization, WHO/ILO: Almost 2 million people die from work-related causes each year, https://www.who.int/news/item/16-09-2021-who-ilo-almost-2-million-people-die-from-work-related-causes-each-year erişim tarihi: 12.12.2022.
  • International Labour Organization, World Statistic, https://www.ilo.org/moscow/areas-of-work/occupational-safety-and-health/WCMS_249278/lang--en/index.htm erişim tarihi: 13.12.2022.
  • United Nations Global Compact,A Safe and Healthy Working Environment, https://www.unglobalcompact.org/take-action/safety-andhealth Erişim tarihi: 13.12.2022.
  • World Health Organization, Deaths due to work-related accidents per 100 000, https://gateway.euro.who.int/en/indicators/hfa_456-4070-deaths-due-to-work-related-accidents-per-100-000/visualizations/#id=20035 erişim tarihi:13.12.2022.
  • International Labour Organization (ILO)-ILOSTAT, Statistics on safety and health at work, https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/ erişim tarihi: 14.12.2022.
  • F. Atalay, "The history of the coal mining industry and mining accidents in the world and Turkey," Turk Thorac J, vol. 16, no. Suppl 1, pp. 5-8, Apr 2015, doi: 10.5152/ttd.2015.002.
  • N. Bilim, S. Dündar, and A. Bilim, "Ülkemizdeki maden sektöründe meydana gelen iş kazası ve meslek hastalıklarının analizi," BEÜ Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 423-432, 2018.
  • Mining: a hazardous work, https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/areasofwork/hazardous-work/WCMS_356567/lang--en/index.htm erişim tarihi: 14.12.2022.
  • Kömür ve Enerji Raporu 2020, Türk Mimar ve Mühendis Odaları Birliği-Maden Mühendisleri Odası, 2020. erişim adresi https://enerji.mmo.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MADEN-M.O-K%C3%96M%C3%9CR-VR-ENERJ%C4%B0-RAPORU-2020.pdf. erişim tarihi: 16.12.2022.
  • Statista, “Distribution of coal production worldwide in 2021, by major countries,” https://www.statista.com/statistics/265638/distribution-of-coal-production-worldwide/#:~:text=Globally%2C%20China%20is%20the%20greatest,share%20of%20just%20nine%20percent. erişim tarihi:18.12.2022.
  • L. Derin, N. Varol, and S. Uymaz, "Türkiye’deki kömür madeni kazalarina ilişkin değerlendirme," Dirençlilik Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 47-53, 2017.
  • S. Yaşar, S. İnal, Ö. Yaşar, and S. Kaya, "Geçmişten günümüze büyük maden kazaları," Madencilik, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 33-43, 2015.
  • "Mine accidents and disasters," Safety in Mines Testing and Research Station (Simtars). http://www.mineaccidents.com.au/mine-events erişim tarihi:19.12.2022.
  • İ. Erol and A. Ürünveren, "Yeraltı kömür madenlerinde meydana gelen büyük maden kazalari," Karaelmas İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Dergisi, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 193-207, 2021.
  • The world’s worst coal mining disasters, https://www.mining-technology.com/analysis/feature-world-worst-coal-mining-disasters-china/ erişim tarihi: 19.12.2022.
  • M. Gülser Uruk and Ö. Erdoğan, "Yer altı maden işçilerinin afet aninda hayatta kalma ve ilk yardım bilgi düzeyleri," Dirençlilik Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-13, 2022.
  • Türk Mimar ve Mühendisleri Odaları Birliği Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası, Amasra Taş Kömürü İşletmesi Faciası, 2022. https://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/b462cd5f6381f2a_ek.pdf. Erişim tarihi:: 20.12.2022.
  • Türk Mimar ve Mühendis Odaları Birliği Maden Mühendisleri Odası, Madencilikte Yaşanan İş Kazaları Raporu (2010-2020), 2021. https://www.maden.org.tr/resimler/ekler/f4e5d6912a_2079309069_ek.pdf?tipi=5&turu=R&sube=0. Erişim tarihi: 21.12.2022.
  • F. Ç. Uyanusta Küçük and A. Ilgaz, "Causes of coal mine accidents in the world and Turkey," Turk Thorac J, vol. 16, no. Suppl 1, pp. 9-14, Apr 2015, doi: 10.5152/ttd.2015.003.
  • S. K. Ray, A. M. Khan, N. K. Mohalik, D. Mishra, S. Mandal, and J. K. Pandey, "Review of preventive and constructive measures for coal mine explosions: An Indian perspective," International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 471-485, 2022/05/01/ 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2022.02.001.
  • Coal Mining, World Coal Association. https://www.worldcoal.org/coal-facts/coal-mining/ erişim tarihi: 21.12.2022.
  • E. Dursun, "An analysis and countermeasures of fatal accidents caused by firedamp explosions in underground coal mines in Turkey," Scientific Mining Journal, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 299-310, 2019.
  • Safety and health in underground coalmines, International Labour Organization (ILO), 2009. erişim adresi :https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---safework/documents/normativeinstrument/wcms_110254.pdf. erişim tarihi: 22.12.2022.
  • H. J. Ji, "A Study on safety culture construction for coal mine," Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 644-650, pp. 5949-5952, 09/01 2014, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.644-650.5949.
  • United Nations, Sustainable Development-The 17 Goals, https://sdgs.un.org/goals erişim tarihi: 22.12.2022.
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi, İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kanunu, https://mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=6331&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5 Erişim tarihi: 23.12.2022.
  • International Labour Office (ILO), Social and labour issues in small-scale mines, 1999. Erişim adresi: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---sector/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_714371.pdf. erişim tarihi: 23.12.2022.
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi, Küçük ve Orta Büyüklükteki İşletmelerin Tanımı, Nitelikleri ve Sınıflandırılması Hakkında Yönetmelik, . https://mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=20059617&MevzuatTur=21&MevzuatTertip=5 (accessed 23.12.2022.
  • Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu, Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu (SGK) İstatistik Yıllıkları-2021, https://www.sgk.gov.tr/Istatistik/Yillik/fcd5e59b-6af9-4d90-a451-ee7500eb1cb4/ erişim tarihi: 24.12.2022.
  • M. E. Aysan and S. Kablay, "Türkiye’de özelleştirmeler ve kömür madenciliği: Soma’da maden işçisi olmak," Ünye İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 51-76, 2017.
  • B. Bayraktar, H. Uyguçgil, and A. Konuk, "Türkiye madencilik sektöründe iş kazalarinin istatistiksel analizi," Bilimsel Madencilik Dergisi, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 85-90, 2018.
  • International Labour Organisation - Unicef, Child labour global estimates 2020, trends and the road forward, 2021. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---ipec/documents/publication/wcms_797515.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 18.02.2023.
  • Unicef, Child labour, https://www.unicef.org/protection/child-labour Erişim tarihi: 19.02.2023.
  • Unicef, Child labour, https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-labour/ Erişim tarihi: 8.02.2023.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Çocuk İşgücü Anketi Sonuçları, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Child-Labour-Force-Survey-2019-33807 Erişim tarihi: 20.02.2023.
  • International Labour Organization, A global estimate of work-related injuries among children, 2013. https://www.ilo.org/ipec/Informationresources/WCMS_IPEC_PUB_25299/lang--en/index.htm. Erişim tarihi: 19.02.2023.
  • M. Fouad, S. Amer, Y. O. Abdellatif, and S. F. Elotla, "Work-related injuries among 5 - 17 years-old working children in Egypt: findings from a national child labor survey," BMC Public Health, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 1303, Jul 7 2022, doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13689-6.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mining Disasters: 1839 to Present, https://wwwn.cdc.gov/NIOSH-Mining/MMWC/MineDisasters/Table Erişim tarihi: 25.12.2022.
  • United States Department of Labor Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), Mine Disaster Investigations Since 2000, https://www.msha.gov/data-reports/mine-disaster-investigations-2000 Erişim tarihi: 25.12.2022.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Mining Program Strategic Plan, 2019-2024, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/researchprogram/strategicplan/MiningStrategicPlan2019-2024.html, Erişim tarihi: 26.12.2022.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), The Miner Health Program, 2020-2030 Strategic Agenda, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/researchprogram/strategicplan/MHProgram_StrategicAgenda2020-2030.html Erişim tarihi: 26.12.2022.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Underground Coal Mine Disasters 1900-2010: Events, Responses, and a Look to the Future, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/UserFiles/works/pdfs/ucmdn.pdf Erişim tarihi: 26.12.2022.

Mining Accidents in the World and in Turkey

Yıl 2023, , 109 - 118, 31.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.33720/kisgd.1245729

Öz

There are approximately 340 million occupational accidents and 160 million work-related diseases in the world each year. Mining, which accounts for only 1% of the global workforce, is responsible for around 8% of the fatal workplace accidents. Turkey ranks high in occupational death and injury rates. The most fatal work and mining accident in Turkey is the mining disaster that occurred on May 13, 2014 in the Soma district of Manisa and caused the death of 301 people. Mortality rates per hundred thousand workers in mining-related working groups were 44.0 in Turkey in 2018, while it was 14.1 in the USA, 9.3 in Poland and 3.7 in Australia. The main causes of major mining accidents in underground coal mines are firedamp explosions, coal dust explosions, sudden gas eruptions, dents, fires, floods, transportation and mechanization problems. Mining accidents and disasters are preventable. Modern coal mines must have strict safety procedures, health and safety standards, and worker education and training. It is necessary to establish gas monitoring and early warning systems in underground coal mines, to monitor and record the air of the mines. In addition to the necessary legislative arrangements for the mining sector. There is a need for continuous monitoring, evaluation and supervision.

Kaynakça

  • ILOSTAT Database Description, Occupational Safety and Health Statistics (OSH). https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-definitions/description-occupational-safety-and-health-statistics/ erişim tarihi: 09.12.2022.
  • International Labour Organization, Occupational safety and health. WHO/ILO: Almost 2 million people die from work-related causes each year. https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_819705/lang--en/index.htm Erişim tarihi: 11.12.2022.
  • World Health Organization, WHO/ILO: Almost 2 million people die from work-related causes each year, https://www.who.int/news/item/16-09-2021-who-ilo-almost-2-million-people-die-from-work-related-causes-each-year erişim tarihi: 12.12.2022.
  • International Labour Organization, World Statistic, https://www.ilo.org/moscow/areas-of-work/occupational-safety-and-health/WCMS_249278/lang--en/index.htm erişim tarihi: 13.12.2022.
  • United Nations Global Compact,A Safe and Healthy Working Environment, https://www.unglobalcompact.org/take-action/safety-andhealth Erişim tarihi: 13.12.2022.
  • World Health Organization, Deaths due to work-related accidents per 100 000, https://gateway.euro.who.int/en/indicators/hfa_456-4070-deaths-due-to-work-related-accidents-per-100-000/visualizations/#id=20035 erişim tarihi:13.12.2022.
  • International Labour Organization (ILO)-ILOSTAT, Statistics on safety and health at work, https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/ erişim tarihi: 14.12.2022.
  • F. Atalay, "The history of the coal mining industry and mining accidents in the world and Turkey," Turk Thorac J, vol. 16, no. Suppl 1, pp. 5-8, Apr 2015, doi: 10.5152/ttd.2015.002.
  • N. Bilim, S. Dündar, and A. Bilim, "Ülkemizdeki maden sektöründe meydana gelen iş kazası ve meslek hastalıklarının analizi," BEÜ Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 423-432, 2018.
  • Mining: a hazardous work, https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/areasofwork/hazardous-work/WCMS_356567/lang--en/index.htm erişim tarihi: 14.12.2022.
  • Kömür ve Enerji Raporu 2020, Türk Mimar ve Mühendis Odaları Birliği-Maden Mühendisleri Odası, 2020. erişim adresi https://enerji.mmo.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MADEN-M.O-K%C3%96M%C3%9CR-VR-ENERJ%C4%B0-RAPORU-2020.pdf. erişim tarihi: 16.12.2022.
  • Statista, “Distribution of coal production worldwide in 2021, by major countries,” https://www.statista.com/statistics/265638/distribution-of-coal-production-worldwide/#:~:text=Globally%2C%20China%20is%20the%20greatest,share%20of%20just%20nine%20percent. erişim tarihi:18.12.2022.
  • L. Derin, N. Varol, and S. Uymaz, "Türkiye’deki kömür madeni kazalarina ilişkin değerlendirme," Dirençlilik Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 47-53, 2017.
  • S. Yaşar, S. İnal, Ö. Yaşar, and S. Kaya, "Geçmişten günümüze büyük maden kazaları," Madencilik, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 33-43, 2015.
  • "Mine accidents and disasters," Safety in Mines Testing and Research Station (Simtars). http://www.mineaccidents.com.au/mine-events erişim tarihi:19.12.2022.
  • İ. Erol and A. Ürünveren, "Yeraltı kömür madenlerinde meydana gelen büyük maden kazalari," Karaelmas İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Dergisi, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 193-207, 2021.
  • The world’s worst coal mining disasters, https://www.mining-technology.com/analysis/feature-world-worst-coal-mining-disasters-china/ erişim tarihi: 19.12.2022.
  • M. Gülser Uruk and Ö. Erdoğan, "Yer altı maden işçilerinin afet aninda hayatta kalma ve ilk yardım bilgi düzeyleri," Dirençlilik Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-13, 2022.
  • Türk Mimar ve Mühendisleri Odaları Birliği Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası, Amasra Taş Kömürü İşletmesi Faciası, 2022. https://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/b462cd5f6381f2a_ek.pdf. Erişim tarihi:: 20.12.2022.
  • Türk Mimar ve Mühendis Odaları Birliği Maden Mühendisleri Odası, Madencilikte Yaşanan İş Kazaları Raporu (2010-2020), 2021. https://www.maden.org.tr/resimler/ekler/f4e5d6912a_2079309069_ek.pdf?tipi=5&turu=R&sube=0. Erişim tarihi: 21.12.2022.
  • F. Ç. Uyanusta Küçük and A. Ilgaz, "Causes of coal mine accidents in the world and Turkey," Turk Thorac J, vol. 16, no. Suppl 1, pp. 9-14, Apr 2015, doi: 10.5152/ttd.2015.003.
  • S. K. Ray, A. M. Khan, N. K. Mohalik, D. Mishra, S. Mandal, and J. K. Pandey, "Review of preventive and constructive measures for coal mine explosions: An Indian perspective," International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 471-485, 2022/05/01/ 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2022.02.001.
  • Coal Mining, World Coal Association. https://www.worldcoal.org/coal-facts/coal-mining/ erişim tarihi: 21.12.2022.
  • E. Dursun, "An analysis and countermeasures of fatal accidents caused by firedamp explosions in underground coal mines in Turkey," Scientific Mining Journal, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 299-310, 2019.
  • Safety and health in underground coalmines, International Labour Organization (ILO), 2009. erişim adresi :https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---safework/documents/normativeinstrument/wcms_110254.pdf. erişim tarihi: 22.12.2022.
  • H. J. Ji, "A Study on safety culture construction for coal mine," Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 644-650, pp. 5949-5952, 09/01 2014, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.644-650.5949.
  • United Nations, Sustainable Development-The 17 Goals, https://sdgs.un.org/goals erişim tarihi: 22.12.2022.
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi, İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kanunu, https://mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=6331&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5 Erişim tarihi: 23.12.2022.
  • International Labour Office (ILO), Social and labour issues in small-scale mines, 1999. Erişim adresi: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---sector/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_714371.pdf. erişim tarihi: 23.12.2022.
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi, Küçük ve Orta Büyüklükteki İşletmelerin Tanımı, Nitelikleri ve Sınıflandırılması Hakkında Yönetmelik, . https://mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=20059617&MevzuatTur=21&MevzuatTertip=5 (accessed 23.12.2022.
  • Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu, Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu (SGK) İstatistik Yıllıkları-2021, https://www.sgk.gov.tr/Istatistik/Yillik/fcd5e59b-6af9-4d90-a451-ee7500eb1cb4/ erişim tarihi: 24.12.2022.
  • M. E. Aysan and S. Kablay, "Türkiye’de özelleştirmeler ve kömür madenciliği: Soma’da maden işçisi olmak," Ünye İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 51-76, 2017.
  • B. Bayraktar, H. Uyguçgil, and A. Konuk, "Türkiye madencilik sektöründe iş kazalarinin istatistiksel analizi," Bilimsel Madencilik Dergisi, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 85-90, 2018.
  • International Labour Organisation - Unicef, Child labour global estimates 2020, trends and the road forward, 2021. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---ipec/documents/publication/wcms_797515.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 18.02.2023.
  • Unicef, Child labour, https://www.unicef.org/protection/child-labour Erişim tarihi: 19.02.2023.
  • Unicef, Child labour, https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-labour/ Erişim tarihi: 8.02.2023.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Çocuk İşgücü Anketi Sonuçları, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Child-Labour-Force-Survey-2019-33807 Erişim tarihi: 20.02.2023.
  • International Labour Organization, A global estimate of work-related injuries among children, 2013. https://www.ilo.org/ipec/Informationresources/WCMS_IPEC_PUB_25299/lang--en/index.htm. Erişim tarihi: 19.02.2023.
  • M. Fouad, S. Amer, Y. O. Abdellatif, and S. F. Elotla, "Work-related injuries among 5 - 17 years-old working children in Egypt: findings from a national child labor survey," BMC Public Health, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 1303, Jul 7 2022, doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13689-6.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mining Disasters: 1839 to Present, https://wwwn.cdc.gov/NIOSH-Mining/MMWC/MineDisasters/Table Erişim tarihi: 25.12.2022.
  • United States Department of Labor Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), Mine Disaster Investigations Since 2000, https://www.msha.gov/data-reports/mine-disaster-investigations-2000 Erişim tarihi: 25.12.2022.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Mining Program Strategic Plan, 2019-2024, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/researchprogram/strategicplan/MiningStrategicPlan2019-2024.html, Erişim tarihi: 26.12.2022.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), The Miner Health Program, 2020-2030 Strategic Agenda, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/researchprogram/strategicplan/MHProgram_StrategicAgenda2020-2030.html Erişim tarihi: 26.12.2022.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Underground Coal Mine Disasters 1900-2010: Events, Responses, and a Look to the Future, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/UserFiles/works/pdfs/ucmdn.pdf Erişim tarihi: 26.12.2022.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Klinik Tıp Bilimleri
Bölüm İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği
Yazarlar

Caner Özdemir 0000-0003-2940-8694

Bekir Tunca 0000-0003-4756-5968

Meltem Çöl 0000-0001-7089-1644

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Şubat 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

IEEE C. Özdemir, B. Tunca, ve M. Çöl, “Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Maden Kazaları”, kisgd, c. 7, sy. 2, ss. 109–118, 2023, doi: 10.33720/kisgd.1245729.