EVALUATION OF KAHRAMANMARAŞ CENTERED EARTHQUAKE IN TÜRKİYE IN TERMS OF DISASTER CRISIS MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF AFAD X (TWITTER)

Öz

The study aims to measure the effectiveness of AFAD's X account and to determine the role of social media in providing accurate information and coordination. In the study, tweets sent by AFAD between 01 January 2023 and 05 March 2023 are divided into periods before and after the earthquake. The tweets sent before and after the earthquake were compared. After the earthquake on February 6, 2023, it was discovered that AFAD's official X account actively communicated information and warnings. It has been established that the content sharing covers examples of solidarity, search and rescue operations, the number of individuals missing, shelter requirements, and evacuation management. Active use of social media accounts is important in disaster management. AFAD's X account can contribute to obtaining more information on pre-disaster preparedness. Analysis of trending words in post-earthquake communication strategies can be used to provide necessary information for disaster management and response.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Disaster
• Disaster Management
• Social Media in Disasters
• Twitter
• Use of Social Media

TÜRKİYE'DE MEYDANA GELEN KAHRAMANMARAŞ MERKEZLİ DEPREMİN AFET KRİZ YÖNETİMİ AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: AFAD X (TWİTTER) ÖRNEĞİ

Öz

Bu çalışma, AFAD'ın X hesabının etkinliğini ölçmeyi ve sosyal medyanın doğru bilgi ve koordinasyon sağlamadaki rolünü belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada AFAD tarafından 01 Ocak 2023 ile 05 Mart 2023 tarihleri arasında gönderilen tweetler deprem öncesi ve sonrası olarak dönemlere ayrılmıştır. Deprem öncesi ve sonrasında atılan tweetler karşılaştırılmıştır. AFAD'ın resmi X hesabından 6 Şubat 2023'te meydana gelen depremin ardından aktif olarak bilgi ve uyarı paylaşımında bulunulduğu tespit edilmiştir. Paylaşılan içeriklerin dayanışma örnekleri, arama kurtarma çalışmaları, kayıp kişi sayısı, barınma ihtiyaçları ve tahliye yönetimini kapsadığı tespit edilmiştir. Afet yönetiminde sosyal medya hesaplarının aktif kullanımı önemlidir. AFAD'ın X hesabı afet öncesi hazırlık konusunda daha fazla bilgi edinilmesine katkı sağlayabilir. Deprem sonrası iletişim stratejilerinde trend kelimelerin analizi, afet yönetimi ve müdahalesi için gerekli bilgileri sağlamak için kullanılabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Afet
• Afet Yönetimi
• Afetlerde Sosyal Medya
• Twitter
• Sosyal Medya Kullanımı

Kaynakça

1. Abid, S. K., Sulaiman, N., Chan, S. W., Nazir, U., Abid, M., Han, H., Ariza-Montes, A. and Vega-Muñoz, A. (2021). Toward an Integrated Disaster Management Approach: How Artificial Intelligence Can Boost Disaster Management. Sustainability, 13(22), 12560. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212560
2. AFAD. (n.d.). AFAD ve Tarihçesi. Https://Www.Afad.Gov.Tr/Afad-Hakkinda . Retrieved February 10, 2025, from https://www.afad.gov.tr/afad-hakkinda
3. AFAD. (2014). Açıklamalı Afet Yönetimi Terimleri Sözlüğü. İçişleri Bakanlığı Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı. https://www.afad.gov.tr/aciklamali-afet-yonetimi-terimleri-sozlugu
4. AFAD. (2023). AFAD ve Tarihçesi. Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı. https://www.afad.gov.tr/afad- hakkinda
5. Ağrali, Ö., Sökün, H. and Karaarslan, E. (2023). Twitter Data Analysis: Izmir Earthquake Case. Journal of Emerging Computer Technologies, 2(2), 36–41. https://doi.org/10.5120/ijca2016908625
6. Al-Qurishi, M., Al-Rakhami, M., AlRubaian, M., Alamri, A. and Al-Hougbany, M. (2015). Online Social Network Management Systems: State of the Art. Procedia Computer Science, 73(Awict), 474–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.12.032
7. Aşan, H. (2024). 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Depremi Sonrasi Afet Yönetimi Açısından Sosyal Medya Hesaplarının Güvenirlik Analizi ve Değerlendirilmesi . Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 15(1-Deprem Özel Sayısı-), 411–429. https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1412907
8. Ata, F. (2023). Afet Haberciliği: Kahramanmaraş Merkezli Depremler Sürecinde Sosyal Medyaya Yönelik Bir Değerlendirme. TRT Akademi, 8(18), 606–629. https://doi.org/10.37679/trta.1271366

9. Berelson, B. (1971). Content Analysis in Communications Research. Hafner Publishing.
10. Bilgiç, A. ve Selim Akyüz, S. (2020). Türkiye’de Covid-19 Pandemisi Döneminde Sağlık Bakanı Fahrettin Koca’nın Sosyal Medya Kullanımı: Twitter Paylaşımları İçerik Analizi. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(COVID-19 Special Issue), 230–243. https://doi.org/10.21547/JSS.774040
11. Cagliero, L., Grimaudo, L. and Fiori, A. (2013). Analyzing Twitter User- Generated Content Changes. Data Mining in Dynamic Social Networks and Fuzzy Systems, May, 87–109. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4213- 3.ch005
12. Çanakçi, M., Şaşmazlar, C. ve Öztürk, S. (2022). Afet ve Kriz Yönetiminde Sosyal Medyanın Kullanımı Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Twitter Örneği. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(3), 882–897. https://doi.org/10.37989/GUMUSSAGBIL.1136584
13. Coppola, D. P. (2015). The Management of Disasters. In Introduction to International Disaster Management (pp. 1–39). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801477-6.00001-0
14. Dearstyne, B. W. (2005). Fighting Terrorism, Making War: Critical insights in the Management of Information and Intelligence. Government Information Quarterly, 22(2), 170–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GIQ.2005.01.001
15. Demirhan, K. (2021). Kamu Yönetiminde Çevrimiçi Kitle Kaynak Kullanimi: Sağlik Bakanliği Tarafindan Covid-19 Salgini Sürecinde Açilan #Sağlikbakanliğisizidinliyor Etiketi Örneği. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(Covid 19 Özel Sayısı), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.898867
16. Demirhan, K. (2024). Kahramanmaraş Depremlerinden Sonra Twitter Etiketlerinin Kriz Yönetimi Bağlamında Analizi. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 15(1-Deprem Özel Sayısı-), 430–454. https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1412222
17. Doan, S., Vo, B. K. H. ve Collier, N. (2012). An Analysis of Twitter Messages in the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 91 LNICST, 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29262-0_8/COVER
18. Doğan, H. ve Tok, T. N. (2018). Türkiye’de Eğitim Bilimleri Alanında Yayınlanan Makalelerin İncelenmesi: Eğitim ve Bilim Dergisi Örneği. Curr Res Educ, 4(2), 94–109.
19. Doğuç, O. (2022). Twitter Verisi İle Doğal Afet Müdahale Süreci İçin Karar Destek Uygulaması. Journal of Disaster and Risk, 5(2), 408–419. https://doi.org/10.35341/AFET.1144350
20. Domalewska, D. (2019). The role of Social Media in Emergency Management During the 2019 Flood in Poland. Security and Defence Quarterly, 27(5), 32–43. https://doi.org/10.35467/sdq/110722
21. Eshghi, M. and Schmidtke, H. R. (2018). An approach for Safer Navigation Under Severe Hurricane Damage. Journal of Reliable Intelligent Environments, 4(3), 161–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40860-018-0066-1
22. Fajardo, J. T. B., Yasumoto, K., Shibata, N., Sun, W. and Ito, M. (2014). Disaster Information Collection with Opportunistic Communication and Message Aggregation. Journal of Information Processing, 22(2), 106–117. https://doi.org/10.2197/IPSJJIP.22.106
23. Figueiredo, F. and Jorge, A. (2019). Identifying Topic Relevant Hashtags in Twitter Streams. Information Sciences, 505, 65–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INS.2019.07.062
24. Gray, B., Weal, M. and Martin, D. (2016). Social Media and Disasters: A New Conceptual Framework. Proceedings of the International ISCRAM Conference, May.
25. Guarino, S., Trino, N., Celestini, A., Chessa, A. and Riotta, G. (2020). Characterizing Networks of Propaganda on Twitter: A Case Study. Applied Network Science, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-020-00286-y
26. Gupta, A., Lamba, H., Kumaraguru, P. and Joshi, A. (2013). Faking Sandy: Characterizing and Identifying Fake Images on Twitter during Hurricane Sandy. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on World Wide Web (2013), 729–736. https://doi.org/10.1145/2487788.2488033
27. Henríquez-Coronel, P., García García, J. and Herrera-Tapia, J. (2019). Management of Natural Disasters Based on Twitter Analytics. 2017 Mexico Earthquake. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 918, 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11890-7_1/COVER
28. Houston, J. B., Hawthorne, J., Perreault, M. F., Park, E. H., Goldstein Hode, M., Halliwell, M. R., Turner Mcgowen, S. E., Davis, R., Vaid, S., Mcelderry, J. A. and Griffith, S. A. (2015). Social Media and Disasters: A Functional Framework For Social Media Use in Disaster Planning, Response, and Research. Disasters, 39(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12092
29. Jo Dixon, S. (2023). Number of X (formerly Twitter) Users Worldwide From 2019 to 2024(in millions). In Statistica.com.
30. Kannis-Dymand, L., Dorahy, M. J., Crake, R., Gibbon, P. and Luckey, R. (2015). An Exploration of Reported Cognitions During an Earthquake and its Aftershocks: Differences Across Affected Communities and Associations With Psychological Distress. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203(4), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000282
31. Karaman, Z. T. (2016). Afet Yönetimine Giriş ve Türkiye’de Örgütlenme. In Z. T. Karaman & A. Altay (Eds.), Bütünleşik Afet Yönetimi (pp. 1–39). Birleşik Matbaacılık.
32. Kebabcı, K. (2015). Doğal Afetlerden Sonra Yüksek Öncelikli Tweet’lerın Tesbiti ve Özetlenmesi. Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. (Tez No:409788)
33. Koç Başaran, Y. (2017). Sosyal Bilimlerde Örnekleme Kuramı. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(47), 480–495.
34. Kumar, P. and Sinha, A. (2021). Information Diffusion Modeling and Analysis For Socially Interacting Networks. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 11(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-020-00719-7
35. Li, L., Zhang, Q., Tian, J. and Wang, H. (2018). Characterizing Information Propagation Patterns in Emergencies: A Case Study With Yiliang Earthquake. International Journal of Information Management, 38(1), 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJINFOMGT.2017.08.008
36. Liu, X., Burns, A. C. and Hou, Y. (2017). An Investigation of Brand-Related User-Generated Content on Twitter. Journal of Advertising, 46(2), 236–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2017.1297273
37. Martínez-Rojas, M., Pardo-Ferreira, M. del C. and Rubio-Romero, J. C. (2018). Twitter As a Tool For the Management and Analysis of Emergency Situations: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Information Management, 43, 196–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJINFOMGT.2018.07.008
38. Memiş, L. ve Babaoğlu, C. (2020). Acil Durum ve Afet Yönetiminde Süreç Yaklaşımı ve Teknoloji. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(4), 776–791. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.731103
39. Mendoza, M., Poblete, B. and Valderrama, I. (2019). Nowcasting Earthquake Damages With Twitter. EPJ Data Science 2019 8:1, 8(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1140/EPJDS/S13688-019-0181-0
40. Mızrak, S. (2024). Public’s Social Media Use During the Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes on 6 February 2023. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 108, 104541. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJDRR.2024.104541
41. Muniz-Rodriguez, K., Ofori, S. K., Bayliss, L. C., Schwind, J. S., Diallo, K., Liu, M., Yin, J., Chowell, G. and Fung, I. C.-H. (2020). Social Media Use in Emergency Response to Natural Disasters: A Systematic Review With a Public Health Perspective. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 14(1), 139–149. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.3
42. Muralidharan, S., Rasmussen, L., Patterson, D. and Shin, J. H. (2011). Hope for Haiti: An Analysis of Facebook and Twitter Usage During The Earthquake Relief Efforts. Public Relations Review, 37(2), 175–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PUBREV.2011.01.010
43. Oh, O., Kwon, K. H. and Rao, H. R. (2010). An Exploration Of Social Media in Extreme Events: Rumor Theory and Twitter During The Haiti Earthquake 2010. 1–13.
44. Oldemburgo de Mello, V., Cheung, F. and Inzlicht, M. (2024). Twitter (X) Use Predicts Substantial Changes In Well-Being, Polarization, Sense of Belonging, and Outrage. Communications Psychology, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-024-00062-z
45. Özer, Y. E. (2017). Afet Konusundakı Algı ve Yerel Aktörlerin Sorumluluklar. Sayıştay Dergisi, 106, 1–34.
46. Radianti, J., Hiltz, S. R. and Labaka, L. (2016). An Overview of Public Concerns During the Recovery Period After A Major Earthquake: Nepal Twitter Analysis. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2016-March, 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2016.25
47. Ramakrishnan, T., Ngamassi, L. and Rahman, S. (2022). Examining the Factors that Influence the Use of Social Media for Disaster Management by Underserved Communities. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 13(1), 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-022-00399-1
48. Ranjit, Y. S., Lachlan, K. A., Basaran, A. M. B., Snyder, L. B. and Houston, J. B. (2020). Needing to Know About The Crisis Back Home: Disaster Information Seeking And Disaster Media Effects Following the 2015 Nepal Earthquake Among Nepalis Living Outside of Nepal. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 50, 101725. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJDRR.2020.101725
49. Renci, C. (2022). Sosyal Medyanın Siyasal İletişimde Kullanımı: Tunç Soyer – İzmir Depremi Twitter İçerik Analizi. Journal of Communication Science Researches, 2(1), 1–18.
50. Resmi Gazete. (2009). 29/05/2009 tarih ve 5902 Sayılı Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığının Teşkilat ve Görevleri Hakkında Kanun. Sayı:27261 Yayımlandığı Düstur Tertip: 5 Cilt: 48. Ankara. . https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2009/06/20090617-1.htm
51. Resmi Gazete. (2018). Bakanlıklara Bağlı, İlgili, İlişkili Kurum ve Kuruluşlar ile Diğer Kurum ve Kuruluşların Teşkilatı Hakkında Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kararnamesi. 4 Nolu Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kararnamesi. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2018/07/20180715-1.pdf
52. Reuter, C. and Spielhofer, T. (2017). Towards Social Resilience: A Quantitative and Qualitative Survey On Citizens’ Perception of Social Media in Emergencies in Europe. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 121, 168–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2016.07.038
53. Ristić Dedić, Z., Jokić, B. and Penić Jurković, A. (2023). When Earthquakes Meet COVID-19 Pandemic: the Effects of Simultaneous Large-Scale Crises on Psychological Functioning of Adolescents in the Final Year of Upper Secondary Education. Sociologija i Prostor, 61(1), 143–164.
54. Sakaki, T., Okazaki, M. and Matsuo, Y. (2010). Earthquake Shakes Twitter Users: Real-time Event Detection by Social Sensors. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on World Wide Web, WWW ’10, 851–860. https://doi.org/10.1145/1772690.1772777
55. Saleem, H. M., Xu, Y. and Ruths, D. (2014). Effects of Disaster Characteristics on Twitter Event Signature. Procedia Engineering, 78, 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROENG.2014.07.053
56. Saxena, N., Sinha, A., Bansal, T. and Wadhwa, A. (2023). A Statistical Approach For Reducing Misinformation Propagation on Twitter Social Media. Information Processing & Management, 60(4), 103360. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IPM.2023.103360
57. Seddighi, H., Salmani, I. and Seddighi, S. (2020). Saving Lives and Changing Minds with Twitter in Disasters and Pandemics: A Literature Review. Journalism and Media 2020, Vol. 1, Pages 59-77, 1(1), 59–77. https://doi.org/10.3390/JOURNALMEDIA1010005
58. Steelman, T. A., McCaffrey, S. M., Velez, A. L. K. and Briefel, J. A. (2015). What Information do People Use, Trust, and Find Useful During a Disaster? Evidence From Five Large Wildfires. Natural Hazards, 76(1), 615–634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1512-x
59. Tan Gülcan, D. ve Bayram, P. (2021). Covid-19 Sürecinde Siyasal Katılım: Sosyal Medya Üzerinden Bir Içerik Analizi. Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 37–47.
60. Tarakçı, H. N. (2023). Afet İletişimi ve Twitter: Kahramanmaraş Depremi Özelinde Bir İçerik ve Duygu Analizi Araştırması. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 11(2), 1816–1850. https://doi.org/10.19145/e-gifder.1353553
61. Topno, P. N. (2016). Social Media An Effective Tool for Disaster Response. International Council on Social Welfare, July 2016, 28–31.
62. Vieweg, S., Hughes, A. L., Starbird, K. and Palen, L. (2010). Microblogging During Two Natural Hazards Events: What Twitter May Contribute to Situational Awareness. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 2, 1079–1088. https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753486
63. Wright, D. K. and Hinson, M. D. (2008). How Blogs and Social Media are Changing Public Relations and the Way it is Practiced.
64. Xiao, Y., Huang, Q. and Wu, K. (2015). Understanding Social Media Data For Disaster Management. Natural Hazards, 79(3), 1663–1679. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11069-015-1918-0/TABLES/4
65. Yates, D. and Paquette, S. (2011). Emergency Knowledge Management and Social Media Technologies: A Case Study of the 2010 Haitian Earthquake. International Journal of Information Management, 31(1), 6–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJINFOMGT.2010.10.001
66. Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
67. Yıldız, M. and Demirhan, K. (2016). Analysis and Comparison of The Role Of Local Governments With Other Policy Actors in Disaster Relief Via Social Media: The case of Turkey. In U. Sadioğlu & K. Dede (Eds.), Theoretical foundations and discussions on the reformation process in local governments. IGI Global.
68. Zhang, C., Fan, C., Yao, W., Hu, X. and Mostafavi, A. (2019). Social Media For Intelligent Public Information and Warning in Disasters: An Interdisciplinary Review. International Journal of Information Management, 49, 190– 207. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJINFOMGT.2019.04.004
69. Zhang, W., Jiang, X., Ho, K. W. ve Wu, D. (2011). The Presence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Adolescents Three Months After An 8·0 Magnitude Earthquake in Southwest China. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20(21–22), 3057–3069. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2702.2011.03825.X