EFFECT OF CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC ON ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN PREGNANT WOMEN

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4, 421 - 426, 17.10.2022

Nayif Çiçekli , Ramazan Denizli , Cem Yağmur Özdemir , Nihat Farisoğulları , Mikail Özdemir , Önder Sakin

https://doi.org/10.18229/kocatepetip.959591

Öz

OBJECTIVE: The war continues with the COVID-19 pandemic that affect the whole world. Pandemic has made negative impact on psychological well being of pregnant women as well as all people. This study aims to investigate the effects of COVID-19 pandemics on anxiety and depression during pregnancy in a population with low socioeconomic status.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 200 pregnant women who admittted to the hospital were evaluated with Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9).
RESULTS: The mean PHQ-9 score was significantly higher in women who were unable to receive support from their partners (p = 0.008). The mean BAI score of pregnant women with poor income were found to be significantly higher than those with a good income (p = 0.015). According to the Post-hoc analysis, it is found that that BAI score doesn’t differ significantly with respect to chronic diseases.
CONCLUSIONS: This study which was conducted on a population of pregnant women with low socioeconomic status during the pandemic period found that there was an increase in anxiety and depression scores. In order to avoid possible complications of anxiety and depression, it is necessary to screen the cases and provide professional support when needed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anxiety, Depression, Pandemic, Pregnancy

KORONAVİRÜS PANDEMİSİNİN GEBELERDEKİ ANKSİYETE VE DEPRESYON ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Öz

AMAÇ: Tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan COVID-19 pandemisiyle savaş devam etmektedir. Pandemi tüm insanlarda olduğu gibi gebelerde de olumsuz psikolojik yükü arttırmıştır. Bu çalışma COVİD-19 pandemi sürecinin, sosyoekonomik durumu kötü olan bir coğrafi bölgede gebelerdeki anksiyete ve depresyon durumu üzerine etkilerini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır.
GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Hastanemize başvuran 200 gebe Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği (BAÖ) ve Hasta Sağlığı Anketi-9 (HSA-9) ile değerlendirildi.
BULGULAR: Eşten destek almayan gebe kadınlarda ortalama HSA-9 skoru anlamlı olarak daha yüksekti (p=0,008). Gelir durumu kötü olan gebe kadınların ortalama BAÖ skoru, geliri durumu iyi olan gebe kadınların ortalama BAÖ skoruna göre anlamlı olarak daha yüksek bulundu (p=0,015). Post-hoc analizine göre, kronik hastalıklara göre BAÖ skorunun anlamlı olarak değişmediği saptandı.
SONUÇ: Pandemi döneminde, sosyoekonomik düzeyi düşük bir coğrafi bölgede yapılan bu çalışma, gebe kadınlarda anksiyete ve depresyon sıklığının arttığını belirledi. Anksiyete ve depresyonun olası komplikasyonlarından kaçınmak için olguların taranması ve gereksinim duyulması halinde profesyonel destek sağlanması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anxiety, Depression, Pandemic, Pregnancy

Kaynakça

• 1. Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):470-3.
• 2. Nishiura H, Jung SM, Linton NM, et al. The extent of transmission of novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. J Clin Med. 2020;9(2): 330.
• 3. Mahase E. China coronavirus: WHO declares international emergency as death toll exceeds 200. BMJ. 2020;368:408.
• 4. Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Bio Medica.2020;91(1):157.
• 5. Zhao S, Musa SS, Lin Q, et al. Estimating the unreported number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) cases in China in the first half of January 2020: a data-driven modelling analysis of the early outbreak. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020;9(2):388.
• 6. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912-20.
• 7. Lebel C, MacKinnon A, Bagshawe M, Tomfohr-Madsen L, Giesbrecht G. Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020; 277: 5-13.
• 8. Read MC. Effects of Quarantine. Emerg Infect Dis, 2004; 10(7):1206-12.
• 9. Räisänen S, Lehto SM, Nielsen HS, Gissler M, Kramer MR, Heinonen S. Risk factors for and perinatal outcomes of major depression during pregnancy: a population-based analysis during 2002–2010 in Finland. BMJ Open. 2014;4(11):e004883.
• 10. Schetter CD, Tanner L. Anxiety, depression and stress in pregnancy: implications for mothers, children, research, and practice. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2012; 25(2):141.
• 11. Beck, AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. Beck depression inventory (BDI). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4(6):561-71.
• 12. Hisli N. Beck depresyon envanterinin üniversite öğrencileri icin geçerliliği, güvenilirliği.(a reliability and validity study of Beck depression inventory in a university student sample). J Psychol. 1989;7:3-13.
• 13. Sari YE, Kokoglu B, Balcioglu H, et al. Turkish reliability of the patient health questionnaire-9. Biomed Res-India. 2016;27:460–2.
• 14. Isgut M, Smith AK, Reimann ES, et al. The impact of psychological distress during pregnancy on the developing fetus: biological mechanisms and the potential benefits of mindfulness interventions. Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 2017;45(9):999-1011.
• 15. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(5):1729.
• 16. Erdoğdu Y, Koçoğlu F, Sevim C. COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde anksiyete ile umutsuzluk düzeylerinin psikososyal ve demografik değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2020;23(1): 24-37.
• 17. Grant KA, McMahon C, Austin MP. Maternal anxiety during the transition to parenthood: a prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2008;108:101-11.
• 18. Giardinelli L, Innocenti A, Benni L, et al. Depression and anxiety in perinatal period: prevalence and risk factors in an Italian sample. Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2012;15(1):21-30.
• 19. Sutter-Dallay AL, Giaconne-Marcesche V, Glatigny-Dallay E, Verdoux H. Women with anxiety disorders during pregnancy are at increased risk of intense postnatal depressive symptoms: a prospective survey of the MATQUID cohort. European Psychiatry. 2004;19(8):459-63.
• 20. Karaçam Z, Ançel G. Depression, anxiety and influencing factors in pregnancy: a study in a Turkish population. Midwifery. 2009;25(4):344-56.
• 21. Miksic s, Miškulin M, Juranic B, Rakosec Z, Vcev A, Degmečić D. Depression and suicidality during pregnancy. Psychiatria Danubina. 2018;30(1):85-90.
• 22. Silva MMDJ, Nogueira DA, Clapis MJ, Leite EPRC. Anxiety in pregnancy: prevalence and associated factors. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP. 2017; 51:e032553.
• 23. Abujilban SK, Abuidhail J, Al-Modallal H, Hamaideh S, Mosemli O. Predictors of antenatal depression among Jordanian pregnant women in their third trimester. Health Care for Women International. 2014;35(2):200-15.
• 24. Biaggi A, Conroy S, Pawlby S, Pariante CM. Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and depression: a systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2016;191:62-77.
• 25. Agostini F, Neri E, Salvatori P, Dellabartola S, Bozicevic L, Monti F. Antenatal depressive symptoms associated with specific life events and sources of social support among Italian women. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2015;19(5):1131-41.
• 26. Jeong HG, Lim JS, Lee MS,et al. The association of psychosocial factors and obstetric history with depression in pregnant women: focus on the role of emotional support. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2013;35(4):354-8.
• 27. Zeng Y, Cui Y, Li J. Prevalence and predictors of antenatal depressive symptoms among Chinese women in their third trimester: a cross- sectional survey. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15(1):1-7.
• 28. Abuidhail J, Abujilban S. Characteristics of Jordanian depressed pregnant women: a comparison study. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 2014;21(7):573-9.
• 29. Eskici L, Demir Akca AS., Atasoy N, et al. Gebelerde depresyon ve anksiyete bozukluğunun obstetrik sonuçları ve yenidoğan üzerine etkileri. Anatolian Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2012;6(1):10-6.
• 30. Alder J, Fink N, Bitzer J, et al. Depression and anxiety during pregnancy: a risk factor for obstetric, fetal and neonatal outcome? A critical review of the literature. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2007;20(3):189-209.
• 31. Qiao Y, Wang J, Li J, Wang J. Effects of depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy on pregnant, obstetric and neonatal outcomes: a follow-up study. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2012;32(3):237-40.
• 32. Abdoli A, Falahi S, Kenarkoohi A, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic, psychological stress during pregnancy, and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: a neglected consequence. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;41(3):247-2.
• 33. Schetter CD, Tanner L. Anxiety, depression and stress in pregnancy: implications for mothers, children, research, and practice. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2012;25(2):141.
• 34. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee opinion No. 757: screening for perinatal depression. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132(5):e208-e12.