Araştırma Makalesi

Scale-Dependent Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic Approaches for the Multi-Drone En-Route Truck-Drone Delivery Problem

Cilt: 2026 Sayı: 17 28 Ekim 2026
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Scale-Dependent Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic Approaches for the Multi-Drone En-Route Truck-Drone Delivery Problem

Öz

Truck-drone collaborative last-mile delivery systems extend the classical Traveling Salesperson Problem through complex range, capacity, and synchronization constraints. While most existing studies restrict drone-truck rendezvous to predetermined customer nodes, this study proposes an extended delivery model permitting en-route interception along road segments with multiple concurrent drones to minimize total makespan. The optimization problem is resolved via an O(n) single-pass, event-driven decoding procedure that incorporates a protective ground-wait strategy for the shared single-platform bottleneck and a segment-locking mechanism to prevent retroactive schedule disruption. The framework benchmarks two native-discrete paradigms—a Genetic Algorithm (GA) and a discrete Tabu Search (TS) baseline—against two continuous-domain, sigmoid-binarized metaheuristics: Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) and the Binary African Vultures Optimization Algorithm (BAVOA), evaluated across 15 benchmark instances spanning three problem scales (n≈19, n ≈49, and n ≈99) under strictly equal function-evaluation budgets. Nonparametric statistical analyses reveal no significant performance divergence at the small scale (Friedman test, p =0.392). However, as the problem scale increases, native-discrete methods demonstrate statistically significant superiority over both BPSO (p=0.0051) and BAVOA (p=0.0033), achieving near-zero percentage gaps relative to the best-found solutions (GA: 0.016%, TS: 0.011%), while showing no significant difference from each other (Wilcoxon test, p =0.499). Furthermore, runtime evaluations demonstrate that this performance advantage incurs no computational overhead, with GA and TS exhibiting identical execution latencies. These findings provide empirical evidence that direct binary search operators yield significantly more robust and higher-quality solutions than the stochastic transfer functions used in continuous metaheuristics for discrete synchronization problems.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

The author(s) declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Etik Beyan

The author(s) of this article declare that the materials and methods used in this study do not require ethical committee permission and/or legal-special permission.

Teşekkür

The author(s) declare that generative artificial intelligence tools were utilized solely for language editing and translation support during the preparation of this manuscript. The intellectual content, analysis, and conclusions remain entirely the responsibility of the authors. All outputs produced by generative AI were critically reviewed and revised to ensure accuracy, clarity, and compliance with academic standards.

Kaynakça

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Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Bilgisayar Yazılımı, Yazılım Mimarisi, Yazılım Testi, Doğrulama ve Validasyon, Yazılım Mühendisliği (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

28 Ekim 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

16 Eylül 2026

Kabul Tarihi

21 Ekim 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 2026 Sayı: 17

Kaynak Göster

APA
Diri, S. (2026). Scale-Dependent Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic Approaches for the Multi-Drone En-Route Truck-Drone Delivery Problem. Kocaeli Journal of Science and Engineering, 2026(17), 188-202. https://doi.org/10.34088/kojose.2041394
AMA
1.Diri S. Scale-Dependent Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic Approaches for the Multi-Drone En-Route Truck-Drone Delivery Problem. KOJOSE. 2026;2026(17):188-202. doi:10.34088/kojose.2041394
Chicago
Diri, Samet. 2026. “Scale-Dependent Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic Approaches for the Multi-Drone En-Route Truck-Drone Delivery Problem”. Kocaeli Journal of Science and Engineering 2026 (17): 188-202. https://doi.org/10.34088/kojose.2041394.
EndNote
Diri S (01 Ekim 2026) Scale-Dependent Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic Approaches for the Multi-Drone En-Route Truck-Drone Delivery Problem. Kocaeli Journal of Science and Engineering 2026 17 188–202.
IEEE
[1]S. Diri, “Scale-Dependent Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic Approaches for the Multi-Drone En-Route Truck-Drone Delivery Problem”, KOJOSE, c. 2026, sy 17, ss. 188–202, Eki. 2026, doi: 10.34088/kojose.2041394.
ISNAD
Diri, Samet. “Scale-Dependent Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic Approaches for the Multi-Drone En-Route Truck-Drone Delivery Problem”. Kocaeli Journal of Science and Engineering 2026/17 (01 Ekim 2026): 188-202. https://doi.org/10.34088/kojose.2041394.
JAMA
1.Diri S. Scale-Dependent Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic Approaches for the Multi-Drone En-Route Truck-Drone Delivery Problem. KOJOSE. 2026;2026:188–202.
MLA
Diri, Samet. “Scale-Dependent Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic Approaches for the Multi-Drone En-Route Truck-Drone Delivery Problem”. Kocaeli Journal of Science and Engineering, c. 2026, sy 17, Ekim 2026, ss. 188-02, doi:10.34088/kojose.2041394.
Vancouver
1.Samet Diri. Scale-Dependent Performance Analysis of Metaheuristic Approaches for the Multi-Drone En-Route Truck-Drone Delivery Problem. KOJOSE. 01 Ekim 2026;2026(17):188-202. doi:10.34088/kojose.2041394