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The Impact of Disasters on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy: Nonlinear ARDL Model

Yıl 2020, , 65 - 87, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.35343/kosbed.820335

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Austin, Kelly F. and Laura A. McKinney (2016). Disaster Devastation in Poor Nations: The Direct and Indirect Effects of Gender Equality, Ecological Losses, and Development. Social Forces, 95(1), 355-380.
  • Akaike, H. (1979). “A Bayesian Extension of the Minimum AIC Procedure of Autoregressive Model Fitting”. Biometrika, 66(2), 237-242.
  • Berndt, V. K. (2018). “Gender, Disaster, and Women's Access to Contraception and Reproductive Health Care”. Sociology Compass, 12(12), 1-10.
  • Comfort, L., B. Wisner, S. Cutter, R. Pulwarty, K. Hewitt, A. Oliver-Smith, J. Wiener, M. Fordham, W. Peacock, and F. Krimgold (1999). “Reframing Disaster Policy: The Global Evolution of Vulnerable Communities”, Environmental Hazards, 1, 39–44.
  • Cutter, S. L., and C. Finch (2008). “Temporal and Spatial Changes in Social Vulnerability to Natural Hazards”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105 (7), 2301–2306.
  • Davis, Ian (2019). “Reflections on 40 Years of Disasters, 1977-2017”. Disasters, 43(S1), S61-S82.
  • De Silva, Kushani and R. Jayathilaka (2014). “Gender in the Context of Disaster Risk Reduction; A Case Study of a Flood Risk Reduction Project in the Gampaha District in Sri Lanka”. Procedia Economics and Finance, 18, 873 – 881.
  • Dhungel, R. and R. N. Ojha (2012). “Women’s Empowerment for Disaster Risk Reduction and Emergency Response in Nepal”. Gender & Development, 20(2), 309-321.
  • Dominey-Howes, Dale, A. Gorman-Murray and S. McKinnon (2014). “Queering Disasters: on the Need to Account for LGBTI Experiences in Natural Disaster Contexts”. Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 21(7), 905-918.
  • Eckstein, D., M. L. Hutfils and M. Winges (2018). Global Climate Risk Index 2019. Briefing Paper, Germanwatch.
  • Emrich, C.T. and S. L. Cutter (2011). “Social Vulnerability to Climate- Sensitive Hazards in the Southern United States”. American Meteorological Society, 3, 193–208.
  • Enarson, E. (1998). “Through Women’s Eyes: A Gendered Research Agenda for Disaster Social Science”. Disasters, 22(2), 157-173.
  • Enarson, E. and M. Fordham (2001). “From Women's Needs to Women's Rights in Disasters. Environmental Hazards, 3(3), 133-136.
  • Enarson, E. (2012). Women Confronting Natural Disaster: From Vulnerability to Resilience. Lynne Reinner: London.
  • Engle, R.F. and C. W. J. Granger (1987). “Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing”. Econometrica, 55(2), 251- 276.
  • Fatemi, F., A. Ardalan, B. Aguirre, N. Mansouri ve I. Mohammadfam (2017). “Social Vulnerability Indicators in Disasters: Findings from a Systematic Review”. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 22, 219–227.
  • Ferdous, Jannatul and D. Mallick (2019). “Norms, Practices, and Gendered Vulnerabilities in the Lower Teesta Basin, Bangladesh”. Environmental Development, 31, 88–96. Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena (2019). “Looking Forward: Disasters at 40”. Disasters, 43(S1), 36-60.
  • Gaillard, J.C., K. Sanz, B. C. Balgos, S. N. M. Dalisay, A. Gorman-Murray, F. Smith, and V. Toelupe (2017). “Beyond Men and Women: a Critical Perspective on Gender and Disaster”, Disasters, 41(3), 429−447.
  • Human Rights Watch (2019). World Report 2019. www.hrw.org (Erişim Tarihi: 29.08.2019)
  • IFRC-RCS (2018). World Disasters Report 2018. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2001 (2001), Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, James McCarthy, Osvaldo Caniziani, Neil Leary, David Dokken, and Kasey White (Eds.), Chapter 8, 451–486.
  • Johansen, S. (1991). “Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autogressive Models”. Econometrica, 59(6), 1551-1580.
  • Jung, Y.C., A. Das and A. McFarlane (2019). “The Asymmetric Relationship Between the Oil Price and the US-Canada Exchange Rate”. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2019.06.003.
  • Kabeer, N. (1994). Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought. Verso, London.
  • Kahn, Matthew E. (2005). “The Death Toll from Natural Disasters: The Role of Income, Geography, and Institutions”. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 87(2), 271–284.
  • Knight, Kyle and C. Welton-Mitchell (2013). “Gender Identity and Disaster Response in Nepal”. Forced Migration Review, 42, 57-58.
  • Liew, K. S. (2004). “Which Lag Length Selection Criteria Should We Employ?”. Economics Bulletin, 3(33), 1-9.
  • Morrow, B. H. and E. Enarson (2006). “Hurricane Andrew Through Women’s Eyes: Issues and Recommendations”. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 14(1), 5-22.
  • Moser, C. and A. Moser (2005). “Gender Mainstreaming since Beijing: a Review of Success and Limitations in International Institutions”. Gender and Development, 13(2), 11-21.
  • Neumayer, Eric and T. Plümper (2007). “The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on The Gender gap in Life Expectancy, 1981–2002”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97 (3), 551-566.
  • Norgaard, Kari and R. York (2005). “Gender Equality and State Environmentalism”. Gender & Society, 19(4), 506-522.
  • Oglethorpe, J. and N. Gelman (2008). “AIDS, Women, Land, and Natural Resources in Africa: Current Challenges”. Gender and Development, 16, 85–100.
  • O’Keefe, P., K. Westgate and B. Wisner (1976). “Taking the Naturalness out of Natural Disasters”. Nature, 260, 566-567.
  • Oxfam (2005). “The Tsunami’s Impact on Women”. Oxfam Briefing Note, March. Oxford: Oxfam International.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Y. Shin and R.J. Smith (2001). “Bound Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Phillips, B. D. (1993). “Cultural Diversity in Disasters: Sheltering, Housing, and Long-Term Recovery”. Int. J. Mass Emergencies Disasters, 11, 99– 110.
  • Raschky, Paul A. (2008). “Institutions and the Losses from Natural Disasters”. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 8(4), 627–34.
  • Shin, Y., B. Yu and M. Greenwood-Nimmo (2014). “Modelling Asymmetric Cointegration and Dynamic Multipliiers in a Nonlinear ARDL Framework”. Anonymous Festchrift in Honor of Peter Schmidt (pp.281-314), Springer.
  • Silva, V., M. Pagani, J. Schneider and P. Henshaw (2019). “Assessing Seismic Hazard and Risk Globally for an Earthquake Resilient World”. GAR19 Contributing Paper, UNDDR.
  • Sohrabizadeh, S., S. Tourani and H. R. Khankeh (2014). “The Gender Analysis Tools Applied in Natural Disasters Management: a Systematic Literature Review”, PLOS Current Disasters. http://currents.plos.org/disasters/index.html%3Fp=11889.html (Erişim Tarihi: 04 Ağustos 2019)
  • Tierney, Kathleen J. (2007). “From the Margins to the Mainstream? Disaster Research at the Crossroads”. Annual Review of Sociology, 33, 503–22.
  • ______ (2012). “Disaster Governance: Social, Political, and Economic Dimensions”. Annual Review of Environmental Resources, 37, 341–63.
  • UNAIDS (2019). UNAIDS Data 2019. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2019- UNAIDS-data_en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 29.08.2019)
  • UNDP (2019). Human Development Report 2019. Beyond Income, Beyond Average, Beyond Today: Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century. NewYork. http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2019 (Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2020)
  • Wisner, B., P. Blaikie, T. Cannon and I. Davis (1994). At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability, and Disasters. Routledge, London.
  • Yumarni, Tri, D. Amaratunga and R. Haigh (2014). “Assessing Gender Vulnerability within Post-Earthquake Reconstruction: Case Study from Indonesia”. Procedia Economics and Finance, 18: 763 – 771.

Yaşam Beklentisinde Afetlerin Toplumsal Cinsiyet Uçurumu Üzerine Etkisi: Doğrusal Olmayan ARDL Modeli

Yıl 2020, , 65 - 87, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.35343/kosbed.820335

Öz

Toplumsal araştırmalarda cinsiyet boyutları yaygın olarak tartışılsa da, birçok afet ve kurtarma programı cinsiyet gereksinimlerini görmezden gelmektedir. Afetlerin erkekler ve kadınlar üzerinde ortaya çıkardığı farklı etkiler, öncelikle toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı kadınların afetlerden kaynaklanan ölümler ve sonrasında maruz kaldıkları risk faktörlerini toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifinden analiz etmektir. Bu amaçla afetlerin sıklıkla yaşandığı ülkeler dikkate alınarak, doğumda beklenen ortalama yaşam süresi uçurumu üzerine afetlerdeki ölümler, kişi başına gelir ve insan hakları gibi değişkenlerin etkisi doğrusal olmayan ARDL (NARDL) yaklaşımı ile araştırılmaktadır. Çalışmanın temel bulgularına göre afetlerin kadınların doğumda yaşam beklentisini azaltacağı hipotezi dikkate alınan ülkeler arasında sadece Hindistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Filipinler ve ABD için kanıtlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın temel önerisi erken uyarı sistemleri ve afet yönetimi hakkında cinsiyete duyarlı toplumsal eğitimdir. Yanı sıra (genelde göz ardı edilen) afet riskinin azaltılmasında kadınların fiili ve potansiyel rollerinin dikkate alınması gerekmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Austin, Kelly F. and Laura A. McKinney (2016). Disaster Devastation in Poor Nations: The Direct and Indirect Effects of Gender Equality, Ecological Losses, and Development. Social Forces, 95(1), 355-380.
  • Akaike, H. (1979). “A Bayesian Extension of the Minimum AIC Procedure of Autoregressive Model Fitting”. Biometrika, 66(2), 237-242.
  • Berndt, V. K. (2018). “Gender, Disaster, and Women's Access to Contraception and Reproductive Health Care”. Sociology Compass, 12(12), 1-10.
  • Comfort, L., B. Wisner, S. Cutter, R. Pulwarty, K. Hewitt, A. Oliver-Smith, J. Wiener, M. Fordham, W. Peacock, and F. Krimgold (1999). “Reframing Disaster Policy: The Global Evolution of Vulnerable Communities”, Environmental Hazards, 1, 39–44.
  • Cutter, S. L., and C. Finch (2008). “Temporal and Spatial Changes in Social Vulnerability to Natural Hazards”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105 (7), 2301–2306.
  • Davis, Ian (2019). “Reflections on 40 Years of Disasters, 1977-2017”. Disasters, 43(S1), S61-S82.
  • De Silva, Kushani and R. Jayathilaka (2014). “Gender in the Context of Disaster Risk Reduction; A Case Study of a Flood Risk Reduction Project in the Gampaha District in Sri Lanka”. Procedia Economics and Finance, 18, 873 – 881.
  • Dhungel, R. and R. N. Ojha (2012). “Women’s Empowerment for Disaster Risk Reduction and Emergency Response in Nepal”. Gender & Development, 20(2), 309-321.
  • Dominey-Howes, Dale, A. Gorman-Murray and S. McKinnon (2014). “Queering Disasters: on the Need to Account for LGBTI Experiences in Natural Disaster Contexts”. Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 21(7), 905-918.
  • Eckstein, D., M. L. Hutfils and M. Winges (2018). Global Climate Risk Index 2019. Briefing Paper, Germanwatch.
  • Emrich, C.T. and S. L. Cutter (2011). “Social Vulnerability to Climate- Sensitive Hazards in the Southern United States”. American Meteorological Society, 3, 193–208.
  • Enarson, E. (1998). “Through Women’s Eyes: A Gendered Research Agenda for Disaster Social Science”. Disasters, 22(2), 157-173.
  • Enarson, E. and M. Fordham (2001). “From Women's Needs to Women's Rights in Disasters. Environmental Hazards, 3(3), 133-136.
  • Enarson, E. (2012). Women Confronting Natural Disaster: From Vulnerability to Resilience. Lynne Reinner: London.
  • Engle, R.F. and C. W. J. Granger (1987). “Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing”. Econometrica, 55(2), 251- 276.
  • Fatemi, F., A. Ardalan, B. Aguirre, N. Mansouri ve I. Mohammadfam (2017). “Social Vulnerability Indicators in Disasters: Findings from a Systematic Review”. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 22, 219–227.
  • Ferdous, Jannatul and D. Mallick (2019). “Norms, Practices, and Gendered Vulnerabilities in the Lower Teesta Basin, Bangladesh”. Environmental Development, 31, 88–96. Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena (2019). “Looking Forward: Disasters at 40”. Disasters, 43(S1), 36-60.
  • Gaillard, J.C., K. Sanz, B. C. Balgos, S. N. M. Dalisay, A. Gorman-Murray, F. Smith, and V. Toelupe (2017). “Beyond Men and Women: a Critical Perspective on Gender and Disaster”, Disasters, 41(3), 429−447.
  • Human Rights Watch (2019). World Report 2019. www.hrw.org (Erişim Tarihi: 29.08.2019)
  • IFRC-RCS (2018). World Disasters Report 2018. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2001 (2001), Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, James McCarthy, Osvaldo Caniziani, Neil Leary, David Dokken, and Kasey White (Eds.), Chapter 8, 451–486.
  • Johansen, S. (1991). “Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autogressive Models”. Econometrica, 59(6), 1551-1580.
  • Jung, Y.C., A. Das and A. McFarlane (2019). “The Asymmetric Relationship Between the Oil Price and the US-Canada Exchange Rate”. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2019.06.003.
  • Kabeer, N. (1994). Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought. Verso, London.
  • Kahn, Matthew E. (2005). “The Death Toll from Natural Disasters: The Role of Income, Geography, and Institutions”. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 87(2), 271–284.
  • Knight, Kyle and C. Welton-Mitchell (2013). “Gender Identity and Disaster Response in Nepal”. Forced Migration Review, 42, 57-58.
  • Liew, K. S. (2004). “Which Lag Length Selection Criteria Should We Employ?”. Economics Bulletin, 3(33), 1-9.
  • Morrow, B. H. and E. Enarson (2006). “Hurricane Andrew Through Women’s Eyes: Issues and Recommendations”. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 14(1), 5-22.
  • Moser, C. and A. Moser (2005). “Gender Mainstreaming since Beijing: a Review of Success and Limitations in International Institutions”. Gender and Development, 13(2), 11-21.
  • Neumayer, Eric and T. Plümper (2007). “The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on The Gender gap in Life Expectancy, 1981–2002”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97 (3), 551-566.
  • Norgaard, Kari and R. York (2005). “Gender Equality and State Environmentalism”. Gender & Society, 19(4), 506-522.
  • Oglethorpe, J. and N. Gelman (2008). “AIDS, Women, Land, and Natural Resources in Africa: Current Challenges”. Gender and Development, 16, 85–100.
  • O’Keefe, P., K. Westgate and B. Wisner (1976). “Taking the Naturalness out of Natural Disasters”. Nature, 260, 566-567.
  • Oxfam (2005). “The Tsunami’s Impact on Women”. Oxfam Briefing Note, March. Oxford: Oxfam International.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Y. Shin and R.J. Smith (2001). “Bound Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Phillips, B. D. (1993). “Cultural Diversity in Disasters: Sheltering, Housing, and Long-Term Recovery”. Int. J. Mass Emergencies Disasters, 11, 99– 110.
  • Raschky, Paul A. (2008). “Institutions and the Losses from Natural Disasters”. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 8(4), 627–34.
  • Shin, Y., B. Yu and M. Greenwood-Nimmo (2014). “Modelling Asymmetric Cointegration and Dynamic Multipliiers in a Nonlinear ARDL Framework”. Anonymous Festchrift in Honor of Peter Schmidt (pp.281-314), Springer.
  • Silva, V., M. Pagani, J. Schneider and P. Henshaw (2019). “Assessing Seismic Hazard and Risk Globally for an Earthquake Resilient World”. GAR19 Contributing Paper, UNDDR.
  • Sohrabizadeh, S., S. Tourani and H. R. Khankeh (2014). “The Gender Analysis Tools Applied in Natural Disasters Management: a Systematic Literature Review”, PLOS Current Disasters. http://currents.plos.org/disasters/index.html%3Fp=11889.html (Erişim Tarihi: 04 Ağustos 2019)
  • Tierney, Kathleen J. (2007). “From the Margins to the Mainstream? Disaster Research at the Crossroads”. Annual Review of Sociology, 33, 503–22.
  • ______ (2012). “Disaster Governance: Social, Political, and Economic Dimensions”. Annual Review of Environmental Resources, 37, 341–63.
  • UNAIDS (2019). UNAIDS Data 2019. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2019- UNAIDS-data_en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 29.08.2019)
  • UNDP (2019). Human Development Report 2019. Beyond Income, Beyond Average, Beyond Today: Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century. NewYork. http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2019 (Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2020)
  • Wisner, B., P. Blaikie, T. Cannon and I. Davis (1994). At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability, and Disasters. Routledge, London.
  • Yumarni, Tri, D. Amaratunga and R. Haigh (2014). “Assessing Gender Vulnerability within Post-Earthquake Reconstruction: Case Study from Indonesia”. Procedia Economics and Finance, 18: 763 – 771.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gülten Dursun 0000-0003-2430-3412

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

APA Dursun, G. (2020). Yaşam Beklentisinde Afetlerin Toplumsal Cinsiyet Uçurumu Üzerine Etkisi: Doğrusal Olmayan ARDL Modeli. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(40), 65-87. https://doi.org/10.35343/kosbed.820335

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