Covid-19 (Koronavirüs) Salgınının Turist Rehberleri Üzerindeki Etkileri: Ankara Turist Rehberleri Odası Örneği

Öz

Çin’in Wuhan kentinde ortaya çıkıp, tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan yeni tip Koronavirüs salgınından turizm sektörü olumsuz etkilenmiştir. Sektörün en önemli aktörlerinden turist rehberleri de bu süreçte olumsuzluklar yaşamışlardır. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın amacı pandemi sürecinin rehberler üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemeye çalışmak olmuştur. Araştırmada Ankara Turist Rehberleri Odası’na bağlı, eylemli 16 turist rehberi ile çevrimiçi ve telefon aracılığıyla yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Görüşmelerden elde edilen veriler betimsel analiz tekniği ile çözümlenmiş ve ekonomik, güven ve gelecek planlamaları şeklinde gruplandırma yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarında, rehberlerin bu süreçte ekonomik anlamda ciddi sıkıntılar yaşadığı ve kendilerine sunulan maddi destekten çok düşük miktarlarda yararlanabildiği ortaya çıkmıştır. Güven konusunda ise rehberler, çalışma ortamında gerekli tüm önlemleri almalarına rağmen yine de kendilerini güvensiz hissettiklerini belirtmişlerdir. Gelecek planlamasında birçok turist rehberinin, mesleklerinin haricindeki alternatif seçeneklere, özellikle akademik kariyere yöneldikleri görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Koronavirüs
• COVID-19
• Turist Rehberi
• Pandemi
• Turizm

The Effects of Covid-19 (Coronavirus) Epidemic on Tourist Guides: The Case of Ankara Tourist Guides Chamber

Öz

The tourism sector has been adversely affected by the new type of coronavirus epidemic that emerged in Wuhan, China and affected the whole world. Tourist guides, one of the most important actors of the tourism sector, also experienced negativity during this period. The aim of the study is to try to determine the effects of the pandemic process on tourist guides. In this context, semi-structured interviews were held with 16 active tourist guides affiliated to the Ankara Chamber of Tourist Guides, online or via phone. The data obtained from the interviews were analyzed with the descriptive analysis technique and grouped as economic, trust and future planning. According to the results of the study, it was revealed that the tourist guides had serious economic difficulties during this period and were able to benefit from the financial support offered to them in very low amounts. As for trust, tourist guides stated that they still feel unsafe despite taking all necessary precautions in the working environment. In planning the future, it has been observed that many tourist guides have turned to alternative options, especially academic careers, apart from their professions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Coronavirus
• COVID 19
• Pandemic
• Tourism
• Tourist Guide

Kaynakça

1. AHLA (2020). COVID-19 Devastating Hotel Industry: Low To Zero Hotel Revenue Driving Unprecedented Job Loss, American Hotel & Lodging Association. https://www.ahla.com/sites/default/files/FACT%20SHEET_COVID19%20Impact%20on%20Hotel%20Industry_4.22.20.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 09.07.2020)
2. Alaeddinoğlu, F. ve Rol, S. (2020). Covid-19 Pandemisi ve Turizm Üzerindeki Etkileri. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (Salgın Hastalıklar Özel Sayısı), 233-258.
3. Aydın, B. ve Doğan, M. (2020). Yeni Koronavirüs (COVID-19) Pandemisinin Turistik Tüketici Davranışları ve Türkiye Turizmi Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Pazarlama Teorisi ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 6(1), 93-115.
4. Bahar, O. ve Çelik İlal, N. (2020). Coronavirüsün (COVİD-19) Turizm Sektörü Üzerindeki Ekonomik Etkileri, The, International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 6(1), 125-139.
5. Bakar, N. A. ve Rosbi, S. (2020). Effect of Coronavirus Disease (COVİD-19) to Tourism Industry, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 7(4), 189-193.
6. Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N. ve
7. Rubin, G. J. (2020). The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How To Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920.
8. Butler, B. (2020). Outrageous’: Qantas Criticised for Standing Down 20,000 Workers Without Pay. The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/mar/19/coronavirus-qantas-and-jetstar-to-suspend-international-flights-and-stand-down-20000-workers

9. Business Insider. (2020). UK Airline Flybe Declares Bankruptcy as Coronavirus Dooms The Already Struggling Carrier. https://www.businessinsider.com/uk-airline-flybe-declares-bankruptcy-flights-grounded-2020-3 (Erişim tarihi: 11.07.2020)
10. Chang, C.L., McAleer, M. ve Ramos, V. (2020). A Charter for Sustainable Tourism after COVID-19. Sustainability 12(9), 3671.
11. Demir, M., Günaydın, Y. ve Demir, Ş.Ş. (2020). Coronavirüs (Covid-19)'ün Türkiye'de Turizm Üzerindeki Öncüllerinin, Etkilerinin ve Sonuçlarının Değerlendirilmesi. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 6(1), 80-107.
12. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). (2020). COVID-19 Situation Update Worldwide. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/geographical-distribution-2019-ncov-cases (Erişim tarihi: 12.06.2020)
13. FCO (The Foreign & Commonwealth Office). (2020). Foreign Secretary advises all British travelers to return to the UK now. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-advises-all-british-travellers-to-return-to-the-uk-now (Erişim tarihi: 12.06.2020)
14. Gössling, S., Scott, D. ve Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, Tourism and Global Change: A Rapid Assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-20.
15. Haryanto, T. (2020). Covid-19 Pandemic and International Tourism Demand. JDE (Journal of Developing Economies), 5(1), 1-5.
16. Hawryluck, L., Gold, W. L., Robinson, S., Pogorski, S., Galea, S. ve Styra, R. (2004). SARS Control and Psychological Effects of Quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1206–1212.
17. Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., ... ve Cheng, Z. (2020). Clinical Features of Patients İnfected With 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506.
18. IATA. (2020). COVID-19 Impact on Asia-Pacific Aviation Worsens, International Air Transport Association. https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/pr/2020-04-24-01/ (09.07.2020)
19. İbiş, S. (2020). Covid-19 Salgınının Seyahat Acentaları Üzerine Etkisi. Safran Kültür ve Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 85-98.
20. Jeong, H., Yim, H. W., Song, Y.-J., Ki, M., Min, J.-A., Cho, J. ve Chae, J.-H. (2016). Mental Health Status of People Isolated due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Epidemiology and Health, 38.
21. Karasar, N. (1995). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. Ankara: 3A Araştırma Eğitim Danışmanlık.
22. Karim, W., Haque, A., Anis, Z. ve Ulfy, M. A. (2020). The Movement Control Order (MCO) for COVID-19 Crisis and Its Impact on Tourism and Hospitality Sector in Malaysia. International Tourism and Hospitality Journal, 3(2), 1-7.
23. Khadka, D., Pokhrel, G. P., Thakur, M. S., Magar, P. R., Bhatta, S., Dhamala, M. K. ve Bhuju, D.R. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry in Nepal. Asian Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Studies, 3(1), 40-48.
24. Khan, M., Chelliah, S. ve Ahmed, S. (2017). Factors Influencing Destination Image and Visit Intention Among Young Women Travellers: Role of Travel Motivation, Perceived Risks, And Travel Constraints, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(11), 1139-1155.
25. Kıvılcım, B. (2020). COVİD-19 (Yeni Koronavirüs) Salgınının Turizm Sektörüne Muhtemel Etkileri. USOBED Uluslararası Batı Karadeniz Sosyal ve Beşerî Bilimler Dergisi, 4(1), 17-27.
26. Kiper, V. O., Saraç, Ö., Çolak, O. ve Batman, O. (2020). Covıd-19 Salgınıyla Oluşan Krizlerin Turizm Faaliyetleri Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Turizm Akademisyenleri Tarafından Değerlendirilmesi. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23(43), 527-551.
27. Kock, F., Josiassen, A. ve Assaf, A. G. (2019b). The Xenophobic Tourist. Annals of Tourism Research, 74, 155-166.
28. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı (2020). Turist Rehberliği Hizmetinde COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Uyulması Gereken Kurallara İlişkin Genelge (95420461-010.06.02-E.385761) (Erişim tarihi: 17.07.2020)
29. Lee, C.-C., ve Chen, C.-J. (2011). The Reaction of Elderly Asian Tourists to Avian Influenza and SARS. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1421–1422.
30. Liu, X., Kakade, M., Fuller, C. J., Fan, B., Fang, Y., Kong, J., Guan, Z. ve Wu, P. (2012). Depression after Exposure to Stressful Events: Lessons Learned from The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Epidemic. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53(1), 15–23.
31. Loureiro, S. ve Jesus, S. (2019). How Perceived Risk And Animosity Towards A Destination May Influence Destination Image and Intention To Revisit: The Case of Rio De Janeiro, Anatolia, 30(4), 497-512.
32. Lyall, L. M., Wyse, C. A., Graham, N., Ferguson, A., Lyall, D. M., Cullen, B., Celis Morales, C. A., Biello, S. M., Mackay, D., Ward, J., Strawbridge, R. J., Gill, J. M. R., Bailey, M. E. S.,
33. Pell, J. P. ve Smith, D. J. (2018). Association of Disrupted Circadian Rhythmicity With Mood Disorders, Subjective Wellbeing, and Cognitive Function: A Cross-Sectional Study Of 91 105 Participants from the UK Biobank. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(6), 507–514.
34. Makwana, N. (2019). Disaster and İts İmpact On Mental Health: A Narrative Review. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 8(10), 3090.
35. McKercher, B., ve Chon, K. (2004). The Over-Reaction to SARS and The Collapse of Asian Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 716–719.
36. Mert, G. ve Alan, T. (2020). Girişimcilerin Kriz Algısı ve Kriz ile Başa Çıkma Stratejileri, International Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal, (Issn:2630-631X) 6(32): 1047-1064.
37. Nazneen, S., Hong, X. ve Ud Din, N. (2020). COVID-19 Crises and Tourist Travel Risk Perceptions. SSRN. Erişim: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3592321
38. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
39. Patton, M. Q. (2005). Qualitative Research. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Ranasinghe, R., Damunupola, A., Wijesundara, S., Karunarathna, C., Nawarathna, D.,
40. Gamage, S., Ranaweera, A. ve Idroos, A. A. (2020). Tourism After Corona: Impacts of Covid 19 Pandemıc and Way Forward for Tourism, Hotel And Mice Industry in Sri Lanka, 1-19.
41. Rico-Uribe, L. A., Caballero, F. F., Martín-María, N., Cabello, M., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L. ve Miret, M. (2018). Association of Loneliness With All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis. PloS one, 13(1), e0190033.
42. Rona, R. J., Fear, N. T., Hull, L., Greenberg, N., Earnshaw, M., Hotopf, M. ve Wessely, S. (2007). Mental Health Consequences of Overstretch in The UK Armed Forces: First Phase of A Cohort Study. BMJ, 335(7620), 603.
43. Russy, D. ve Smith, R. (2013) The Economic Impact of H1N1 on Mexico’s Tourist and Pork Sectors. Health Economics, 22(7).
44. Sezen Doğancılı, O. (2020). COVİD-19 Salgını Sonrası Turizm Destekleri, Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(3): 2808-2820.
45. Sheresheva, M. Y. (2020). Coronavirus and Tourism, Population and Economics, 4(2), 72-76.
46. Siu, A. ve Wong, Y. R. (2004). Economic Impact of SARS: The Case of Hong Kong. Asian Economic Papers, 3(1), 62–83.
47. Sood, S. (2020). Psychological Effects of the Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic. Research & Humanities in Medical Education, 7, 23-26.
48. STR (2020). COVID-19- A Global İnsight on Travel and Tourism İmpacts UNWTO & Data Partners, Smith Travel Research. https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2020-03/21_4_Tourism_COVID19_Data_Coalitionpptx.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 09.07.2020)
49. UNWTO. (2020a). COVID-19: UNWTO Calls on Tourism to Be Part Of Recovery Plans. https://www.unwto.org/news/covid-19-unwto-calls-on-tourism-to-be-part-of-recovery-plans (Erişim tarihi: 12.06.2020)
50. UNWTO. (2020b). International Tourist Arrivals Could Fall by 20-30% in 2020. https:// www.unwto.org/news/international-tourism-arrivals-could-fall-in-2020 (Erişim tarihi: 12.06.2020)
51. Viboud, C. ve Simonsen, L. (2012). Global Mortality of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A H1N1. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 12(9), 651–653.
52. Wang, I. M. ve Ackerman, J. M. (2019). The Infectiousness of Crowds: Crowding Experiences Are Amplified By Pathogen Threats. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(1), 120-132.
53. Washington Post. (2020). US Intelligence Reports From January and February Warned About A Likely Pandemic. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/us-intelligence-reports-from-januaryand-february-warned-about-a-likely-pandemic/2020/03/20/299d8cda-6ad5-11ea-b5f1-a5a804158597_story.html (Erişim tarihi: 14.06.2020)
54. Wen, J., Kozak, M., Yang, S. ve Liu, F. (2020). COVID-19: Potential Effects on Chinese Citizens’ Lifestyle and Travel. Tourism Review.
55. World Bank. (2020a). Air Transport, Passengers Carried. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/is.air.psgr (Erişim tarihi: 12.06.2020)
56. World Bank. (2020b). International Tourism, Number of Arrivals. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL (Erişim tarihi: 12.06.2020)
57. Şimşek, H. ve Yıldırım, A. (2011). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
58. Yenişehirlioğlu E. ve Salha H. (2020). Covid 19 Pandemisinin Türkiye İç Turizmine Yansımaları: Değişen Talep Üzerine Bir Araştırma, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi COVİD-19 Sosyal Bilimler Özel Sayısı, 19 (37), 355-368.
59. Zengin, Y., Topçuoğlu, E. ve Kaygın, E. (2020). Covid-19 Salgınının Aşçıların Çalışma Hayatına Etkisi: Kars İli Örneği. Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 11(1), 1-17.
60. Zhang, W., Gu, H. ve Raphael, R. (2005). The Impacts of SARS on The Consumer Behaviour of Chinese Domestic Tourists. Current Issues in Tourism, 8(1), 22-38.