Smart Cities and Urban Geopolitics in the Context of Critical Geopolitics
Yıl 2020,
, 417 - 433, 28.12.2020
Mehmet Cem Oğultürk
,
Güngör Şahin
Öz
The subject of the study is the concept of “urban geopolitics”, one of the new approaches that develops in the face of new security risks and threats emerging with the rapidly increasing urban population and urbanization at both national and international levels. The importance of this research study; The diversification of today’s security issues, which is called the expansion of security, the deepening of security stems from the need for a new approach to the risks and threats that may arise with the increase in the number of actors that even an individual can create global impact. This study, as a result of the increase in urban population and the area covered by cities; It aims to use the “urban geopolitics” approach to reveal and prevent the problems that lead to structural violence in cities that are at the center of human security issues such as war, terrorism and acts of violence. The theoretical framework of this study; In the face of the geopolitical approach that develops in the context of the current force-time-space relationship, it creates a critical geopolitics that brings alternatives and strategic approaches in the fight against newly emerging security problems. Findings of the research; the city geopolitics is used as a tool in order to clearly define the actors and their areas of responsibility related to the protection and ensuring the security of the city and the livability of the city in all respects and to create a common language that will develop the awareness of cooperation between these actors.
Kaynakça
- Agnew, J. (2003). Geopolitics- Re-visioning World Politics. Routledge.
- Akdamar, E. (2017). Akıllı Kent İdealine Ulaşmada Büyük Verinin Rolü. Kent Kültürü ve Yönetimi Hakemli Elektronik Dergi, 10(2).
- Atmaca, A.Ö. (2011) “Yeni Dünyada Eski Oyun: Eleştirel Perspektiften Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri”. Ortadoğu Etütleri, 3(1).
- Balbim, R. (2016). Prolegomena: The Hope in The Cities. The Geopolitics of Cities: Old Challenges, New İssues, Institute for Applied Economic Research.
- Cox, R.W., (1981). Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations. Millennium - Journal of International Studies, 10 (2), 126-155.
- Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. (2019). https://www.akillisehirler.gov.tr/akilli-sehir-nedir/ (Erişim tarihi: 29.10.2020).
- Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. (2017). Şehircilik Şurası Komisyon Raporları. Ankara.
- Dierwechter, Y. (2008). Urban Growth Management and Its Discontents-Promises, Practices, and Geopolitics in U.S. City-Regions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Dodds, K.J. (2005). Global Geopolitics, A Critical Introduction. Routledge.
- Evans, M. (2016). Future war in cities: Urbanization’s challenge to strategic studies in the 21st century. International Review of the Red Cross. 98 (1), 37-51.
- Fregonese, S. (2012). Urban Geopolitics 8 Years on Hybrid Sovereignties, the Everyday, and Geographies of Peace. Geography Compass 6/5. Blackwell Publishing, 290-303.
- Graham, S. (1998). Global Grids of Glass: On Global Cities, Telecommunications and Planetary Urban Networks. Urban Studies, 36.
- Graham, S. (2004). Cities as Strategic Sites: Place Annihilation and Urban Geopolitics. Cities, War and Terrorism: Towards an Urban Geopolitics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
- Graham, S. (2010). When Infrastructures Fail. Disrupted Cities When Infrastructure Fails. New York: Routledge.
- Graham, S. (2011). War Re-enters the City. Cities Under Siege: The New Military Urbanism. London: Verso.
- Ingram, A. ve Dodds, K. (2016). Spaces of Security and Insecurity: Geographies of the War on Terror. Routledge.
International Telecommunication Union, “Internet of Things Global Standards Initiative”, https://tinyurl.com/y3sz9r6d (Erişim tarihi: 29.10.2020).
- İbn Haldun (2007). Mukaddime. Çev. Süleyman Uludağ, İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları.
- Kayapınar Y.E. (2017). Akıllı Şehirler ve Uygulama Örnekleri. İTÜ Vakfı Dergisi. 77.
- Küçükay, A. (2019). Suç Önleme Stratejileri ve Güvenlik Politikalarına Psikolojik Bir Bakış. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, 38.
- Mcloud, S. (2020). Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html (Erişim tarihi: 15.12.2020).
- Gordon, K. ve Dion, M. (2008). Protection of ‘Critical Infrastructure’ and the Role of Investment Policies Relating to National Security”. Investment Division, Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Paris.
- Pickett, N. (2019). “Emergent Stateness: Critical Urban Geopolitics in Slavutych. East/West”. Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 6 (11-31).
- Robb, J. (2004). Cascading System Failure, https://globalguerrillas.typepad.com/ globalguerrillas/ 2004/ 05/cascading_syste.html (Erişim tarihi: 15.12.2020).
- Rokem, J. ve Boano, C. (2018) Urban Geopolitics: Rethinking Planning in Contested Cities, Routledge, New York.
- Sassen, S. (2012). An Emergent Urban Geopolitics, http://www.saskiasassen.com/pdfs/london/an-emergent-urban-geopolitics.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 15.12.2020)
- Siami, Q. ve Abadi, H.K. (2008). Urban Geopolitics and Violence to Iranian cites, Critical theory of urban destruction in Iraq war with Iran”, https://scholar.google.com.tr/scholar?q=Urban+Geopolitics+and+Violence+to+Iranian+cites&hl=tr&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart (Erişim tarihi: 29.10.2020)
- Svitková, K. (2014). Contemporary Security from The Urban Standpoint: Cities in The Face of Risks and Strategic Threats for Spain. Journal of the Spanisch Institute of Strategic Studies. 3.
- Terzi, F. ve Ocakçı, M. (2017). Kentlerin Geleceği: Akıllı Kentler. İTÜ Vakfı Dergisi, 77.
- Tuathail, G.Ó. (2000). The Postmodern Geopolitical Condition: States, Statecraft, and Security at the Millennium. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 90 (1).
- Wilkinson, D. (1985). Spykman and Geopolitics. C.E. Zoppo and C. Zorgbibe (ed.), On Geopolitics: Classical and Nuclear. NATO ASI Series, Vol 20, Dordrecht: Springer.
- Wolfers, A. (1952) National Security As An Ambiguous Symbol. Political Science Quarterly. 67 (4).
- UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision - Highlights. New York.
- United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). (2007). Enhancing Urban Safety And Security Global Report On Human Settlements 2007. London: Earthscan.
Eleştirel Jeopolitik Çerçevesinde Akıllı Şehirler ve Şehir Jeopolitiği
Yıl 2020,
, 417 - 433, 28.12.2020
Mehmet Cem Oğultürk
,
Güngör Şahin
Öz
Çalışmanın konusunu hem ulusal hem de uluslararası seviyede hızla artan şehir nüfusu ve şehirleşme ile ortaya çıkan yeni güvenlik risk ve tehditleri karşısında gelişen yeni yaklaşımlardan “şehir jeopolitiği” kavramı oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın önemi; güvenliğin genişlemesi olarak adlandırılan günümüzdeki güvenlik konularının çeşitlenmesi, güvenliğin derinleşmesi olarak adlandırılan artık bir bireyin bile küresel etki yaratabileceği aktör sayısının artması ile ortaya çıkabilecek risk ve tehditler karşısındaki yeni yaklaşım ihtiyacından kaynaklanmaktadır. Çalışma, şehir nüfusunun ve şehirlerin kapsadığı alanın artması sonucu; savaş, terör ve şiddet eylemleri gibi insan güvenliği konularının merkezinde yer alan şehirlerdeki yapısal şiddete yol açan problemlerin ortaya çıkarılması ve önlenmesi için “şehir jeopolitiği” yaklaşımını kullanmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın kuramsal çerçevesini; mevcut kuvvet-zaman-mekân ilişkisi bağlamında gelişen jeopolitik yaklaşım karşısında yeni ortaya çıkan güvenlik sorunlarıyla mücadelede alternatifler ve stratejik yaklaşımlar getiren eleştirel jeopolitik oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın bulguları; şehir jeopolitiğinin, şehirde güvenliğinin korunması ve sağlanması ile beraber şehrin her bakımdan yaşanabilir olmasında, ilgili aktörleri ve sorumluluk alanlarını net bir şekilde tanımlamak ve bu aktörler arasında iş birliği bilincini geliştirecek ortak dil yaratmak için araç olarak kullandığını belirtmektedir.
Kaynakça
- Agnew, J. (2003). Geopolitics- Re-visioning World Politics. Routledge.
- Akdamar, E. (2017). Akıllı Kent İdealine Ulaşmada Büyük Verinin Rolü. Kent Kültürü ve Yönetimi Hakemli Elektronik Dergi, 10(2).
- Atmaca, A.Ö. (2011) “Yeni Dünyada Eski Oyun: Eleştirel Perspektiften Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri”. Ortadoğu Etütleri, 3(1).
- Balbim, R. (2016). Prolegomena: The Hope in The Cities. The Geopolitics of Cities: Old Challenges, New İssues, Institute for Applied Economic Research.
- Cox, R.W., (1981). Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations. Millennium - Journal of International Studies, 10 (2), 126-155.
- Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. (2019). https://www.akillisehirler.gov.tr/akilli-sehir-nedir/ (Erişim tarihi: 29.10.2020).
- Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. (2017). Şehircilik Şurası Komisyon Raporları. Ankara.
- Dierwechter, Y. (2008). Urban Growth Management and Its Discontents-Promises, Practices, and Geopolitics in U.S. City-Regions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Dodds, K.J. (2005). Global Geopolitics, A Critical Introduction. Routledge.
- Evans, M. (2016). Future war in cities: Urbanization’s challenge to strategic studies in the 21st century. International Review of the Red Cross. 98 (1), 37-51.
- Fregonese, S. (2012). Urban Geopolitics 8 Years on Hybrid Sovereignties, the Everyday, and Geographies of Peace. Geography Compass 6/5. Blackwell Publishing, 290-303.
- Graham, S. (1998). Global Grids of Glass: On Global Cities, Telecommunications and Planetary Urban Networks. Urban Studies, 36.
- Graham, S. (2004). Cities as Strategic Sites: Place Annihilation and Urban Geopolitics. Cities, War and Terrorism: Towards an Urban Geopolitics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
- Graham, S. (2010). When Infrastructures Fail. Disrupted Cities When Infrastructure Fails. New York: Routledge.
- Graham, S. (2011). War Re-enters the City. Cities Under Siege: The New Military Urbanism. London: Verso.
- Ingram, A. ve Dodds, K. (2016). Spaces of Security and Insecurity: Geographies of the War on Terror. Routledge.
International Telecommunication Union, “Internet of Things Global Standards Initiative”, https://tinyurl.com/y3sz9r6d (Erişim tarihi: 29.10.2020).
- İbn Haldun (2007). Mukaddime. Çev. Süleyman Uludağ, İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları.
- Kayapınar Y.E. (2017). Akıllı Şehirler ve Uygulama Örnekleri. İTÜ Vakfı Dergisi. 77.
- Küçükay, A. (2019). Suç Önleme Stratejileri ve Güvenlik Politikalarına Psikolojik Bir Bakış. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, 38.
- Mcloud, S. (2020). Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html (Erişim tarihi: 15.12.2020).
- Gordon, K. ve Dion, M. (2008). Protection of ‘Critical Infrastructure’ and the Role of Investment Policies Relating to National Security”. Investment Division, Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Paris.
- Pickett, N. (2019). “Emergent Stateness: Critical Urban Geopolitics in Slavutych. East/West”. Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 6 (11-31).
- Robb, J. (2004). Cascading System Failure, https://globalguerrillas.typepad.com/ globalguerrillas/ 2004/ 05/cascading_syste.html (Erişim tarihi: 15.12.2020).
- Rokem, J. ve Boano, C. (2018) Urban Geopolitics: Rethinking Planning in Contested Cities, Routledge, New York.
- Sassen, S. (2012). An Emergent Urban Geopolitics, http://www.saskiasassen.com/pdfs/london/an-emergent-urban-geopolitics.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 15.12.2020)
- Siami, Q. ve Abadi, H.K. (2008). Urban Geopolitics and Violence to Iranian cites, Critical theory of urban destruction in Iraq war with Iran”, https://scholar.google.com.tr/scholar?q=Urban+Geopolitics+and+Violence+to+Iranian+cites&hl=tr&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart (Erişim tarihi: 29.10.2020)
- Svitková, K. (2014). Contemporary Security from The Urban Standpoint: Cities in The Face of Risks and Strategic Threats for Spain. Journal of the Spanisch Institute of Strategic Studies. 3.
- Terzi, F. ve Ocakçı, M. (2017). Kentlerin Geleceği: Akıllı Kentler. İTÜ Vakfı Dergisi, 77.
- Tuathail, G.Ó. (2000). The Postmodern Geopolitical Condition: States, Statecraft, and Security at the Millennium. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 90 (1).
- Wilkinson, D. (1985). Spykman and Geopolitics. C.E. Zoppo and C. Zorgbibe (ed.), On Geopolitics: Classical and Nuclear. NATO ASI Series, Vol 20, Dordrecht: Springer.
- Wolfers, A. (1952) National Security As An Ambiguous Symbol. Political Science Quarterly. 67 (4).
- UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision - Highlights. New York.
- United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). (2007). Enhancing Urban Safety And Security Global Report On Human Settlements 2007. London: Earthscan.