Çalışanların Haset ve Gıpta Duygularının Öznel İyi Oluş Üzerine Etkisi: Resmi ve Özel Kurum Karşılaştırması

Öz

Bu çalışmanın genel amacı haset ve gıpta duygularının öznel iyi oluş üzerinde etkisinin olup olmadığını belirlemektir. Ayrıca değişkenler üzerinde demografik özellikler ile kamu ve özel kurumlarda çalışma durumunun farklılık arz edip etmeyeceğinin araştırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu nedenle çalışma ilişkisel ve etkileşimsel model üzerine tasarlanmıştır. Araştrımanın teorik temelleri, ödomanik ve hedonik döngü kuramı, çok yönlü uyuşmazlık kuramı, uyum düzeyi kuramı, ekolojik kuram, sosyal karşılaştırma teorisi ve eşitlik kuramı gibi kuramlara dayandırılmıştır. Araştırma kısmında Osmaniye, Hatay ve Adana illerindeki resmi ve özel okullarda görev yapan 1.465 öğretmenden elde edilen veriler SPSS 27programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, haset ve gıpta duygusu arasında yüksek düzeyde pozitif yönlü bir ilişki olduğunu, öznel iyi oluşu oluşturan bağlılık ve yetkinlik arasında orta düzeyde pozitif yönlü bir ilişki olduğunu işaret etmektedir. Ancak gıpta ve haset duyguları ile öznel iyi oluş hali arasında etkileşim söz konusu değildir. Kamu ve resmi kurumlarda çalışma yönünde duygusal bir farklılık söz konusu değildir. Bazı demografik özellikler ise haset ve gıpta ile öznel iyi oluş üzerinde anlamlı farklılıklar ortaya çıkarabilmektedir. Elde edilen verilerin bir kısmı alan yazında daha önce yapılmış çalışmaların işaret ettiği sonuçları desteklerken bir kısmı tersine bir bulgu ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Öznel İyi Oluş
• Haset
• Gıpta
• Öğretmenler

The Effect of Employees' Feelings of Benign Envy and Malicious Envy on Subjective Well-Being: Comparison of Public and Private Institutions

Öz

The general purpose of this study is to determine whether benign envy and malicious envy have an effect on subjective well-being. In addition, it is aimed to investigate whether demographic characteristics and employment status in public and private institutions will make a difference in the variables. Therefore, the study was designed using a relational and interactional model. The study's theoretical foundations are based on oedomanic and hedonic cycle theory, multilateral mismatch theory, adaptation level theory, ecological theory, social comparison theory, and equity theory. The data from 1,465 teachers working in public and private schools in Osmaniye, Hatay, and Adana provinces were analyzed with the SPSS 27 program. The findings indicate a high positive relationship between benign envy and malicious envy, and a moderate positive relationship between commitment and competence, which constitute subjective well-being. However, there is no interaction between benign envy and malicious envy and subjective well-being. There is no emotional difference between working in public and governmental organizations. Some demographic characteristics may reveal significant differences between benign envy and malicious envy and subjective well-being. While some of the data obtained supports the results indicated by previous literature studies, some reveal a contrary finding.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Subjective Well-Being
• Malicious Envy
• Benign Envy
• Teachers

Kaynakça

1. Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 267-299). Academic press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60108-2
2. Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (2012). Social indicators of well-being: Americans' perceptions of life quality. Springer Science & Business Media.
3. Angner, E. (2010). Subjective well-being. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 39(3), 361-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2009.12.001
4. Bandura, A. (2008). An agentic perspective on positive psychology. Positive psychology: Exploring the best in people, 1, 167-196.
5. Berman, A. (2007). Envy at the crossroad between destruction, self-actualization, and avoidance. In Envy, competition and gender (pp. 15-29). Routledge.
6. Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (2004). Well-being over time in Britain and the USA. Journal of public economics, 88(7-8), 1359-1386. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00168-8
7. Brickman, P., Coates, D., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1978). Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative?. Journal of personality and social psychology, 36(8), 917-927. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.36.8.917
8. Bronfenbrenner, U. (2000). Ecological systems theory. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 129–133). Oxford University Press.

9. Budiman, A., & O’Cass, A. (2007). Studying the effects of materialism, religiosity and status consumption on subjective well-being: an Indonesian perspective. In Proceedings and Refereed Papers of the ANZMAC Conference, New Zealand (pp. 3-5).
10. Clanton, G. (2007). Handbook of the Sociology of Emotion. In J. E. Stets & J. H. Turner (Eds.), Jealousy And Envy. (pp. 410-442). NY: Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30715-2_19
11. Coombs, R. H. (1991). Marital status and personal well-being: A literature review. Family relations, 97-102 https://doi.org/10.2307/585665
12. Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (2000). Evolutionary psychology and the emotions. Handbook of Emotions, 2, 91-115.
13. Çırpan, Y., & Özdoğru, A. A. (2017). BeMaS Haset ve Gıpta Ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: Dilsel eşdeğerlik, güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 18(6), 577-585. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.256664
14. Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9018-1
15. Diener, E. D., & Suh, M. E. (1997). Subjective well-being and age: An international analysis. Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics, 17(1), 304-324. https://doi.org/10.1891/0198-8794.17.1.304
16. Duffy, M. K., Lee, K., & Adair, E. A. (2021). Workplace envy. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 8(1), 19-44. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055746
17. Ergün, E. ve Sezgin Nartgün, Ş. (2017). Öğretmen Öznel İyi Oluş Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 7(2), 385-397. https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.296824
18. Eryılmaz, A. (2011). Ergen öznel iyi oluşu ile olumlu gelecek beklentisi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Düşünen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi 24:209-215 https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2011240306
19. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human relations, 7(2), 117-140. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202
20. Fettahlıoğlu, Ö.O. (2025). Haset ve Gıpta Duygularının Öznel İyi Oluş Üzerine Etkisine Yönelik Ampirik Çalışma, Premium e-Journal of Social Sciences, 9(52), 240-249 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15134844
21. Filep, S. (2014). Moving beyond subjective well-being: A tourism critique. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 38(2), 266-274. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348012436609
22. Froh, J. J., Sefick, W. J., & Emmons, R. A. (2008). Counting blessings in early adolescents: An experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. Journal of School Psychology, 46, 213-233 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2007.03.005
23. Hampton, N. Z., & Marshall, A. (2000). Culture, gender, self-efficacy, and life satisfaction: A comparison between Americans and Chinese people with spinal cord injuries. Journal of Rehabilitation, 66(3), 21.
24. Haslam, N. & Bornstein, B. H. (1996). Envy and Jealousy as Discrete Emotions: A Taxometric Analysis. Motivation and Emotion, 20 (3), 255-272 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02251889
25. Helson, H. (1964). Adaptation-level theory. Harper & Row.
26. https://istatistik.meb.gov.tr/OgretmenSayisi/OkulTuruneGore, Accessed 10.01.2024
27. Irk, E. & Gürses, İ. (2024). “Haset ve Gıpta Duygusunun Dindarlık ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş ile İlişkisi Üzerine Nicel Bir Araştırma”. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi, 61(1):106-121. https://doi.org/10.29288/ilted.1414975
28. Izard, C. E., & Malatesta, C. Z. (1987). Perspectives on emotional development I: Differential emotions theory of early emotional development. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (pp. 494-554). John Wiley & Sons
29. Kahneman, D., Diener, E. and Schwarz, N. (Eds.). (1999). Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage Foundation.
30. Kashdan, T. B., Julian, T., Merritt, K. & Uswatte, G. (2006). Social anxiety and posttraumatic stress in combat veterans: relations to well-being and character strengths. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44(4), 561-583 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.010
31. Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (1999). Social functions of emotions at four levels of analysis. Cognition & Emotion, 13(5), 505-521. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379168
32. Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of personality and social psychology, 82(6), 1007-1022. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007
33. Khan, A. K., Peretti, J. M., & Quratulain, S. (2009). Envy and counterproductive work behaviors: Is more fairness always preferred. In 20th AGRH Conference (9th-11th Septembre 2009, Toulouse, France) of the French-speaking HR/OB Research Scholarly Association.
34. Klein, M. (2013). Envy and gratitude: A study of unconscious sources. Routledge.
35. Landiyanto, E.A., Ling, J., Puspitasari, M. & Irianti, S.E. (2011). Wealth and Happiness: Empirical Evidence from Indonesia. Published in: Chulalongkorn Journal of Economics, (23), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2063633
36. Lange, J., & Crusius, J. (2015). Dispositional envy revisited: Unraveling the motivational dynamics of benign and malicious envy. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 41(2), 284-294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214564959
37. Lee, J., & Gino, F. (2015). Envy and interpersonal corruption: Social comparison processes and unethical behavior in organizations. Edmond J. Safra Working Papers, (67). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2617013
38. Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?. Psychological bulletin, 131(6), 803-855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
39. Magnus, K., Diener, E., Fujita, F., & Pavot, W. (1993). Extraversion and neuroticism as predictors of objective life events: a longitudinal analysis. Journal of personality and social psychology, 65(5), 1046-1053. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.5.1046
40. Matud, M. P., López-Curbelo, M., & Fortes, D. (2019). Gender and psychological well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(19), 3531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193531
41. Michalos, A. C. (1985). Multiple discrepancies theory (MDT). Social indicators research, 16, 347-413. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1881
42. Morin, A., & Racy, F. (2021). Dynamic self-processes. The handbook of personality dynamics and processes (pp. 336-386). In J. Rauthmann (Ed.), Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813995-0.00015-7
43. Mujcic, R. & Oswald, A. J. (2018). Is envy Harmful to a Society's Psychological Health and Wellbeing? A Longitudinal Study of 18,000 Adults. Social Science & Medicine, 198, 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.12.030
44. Myers, D. & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy. American Psychological Society, 6 (1), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00298.x
45. Navarro, D., Montserrat, C., Malo, S., Gonzàlez, M., Casas, F. and Crous, G. (2017). Subjective well-being: What do adolescents say? Child and Family Social Work, 22 (1), 175-184. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12215
46. Ormel, J., Lindenberg, S., Steverink, N. and Verbrugge, L.M. (1999). Subjective well-being and social production functions. Social Indicators Research, 46 (1), 61-90. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006907811502
47. Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.164
48. Peseschkian, N. (2002). Positive family therapy (Trans. M. Naim). Beyaz Publications
49. Pomfret, G., Sand, M., & May, C. (2023). Conceptualising the power of outdoor adventure activities for subjective well-being: A systematic literature review. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2023.100641
50. Poulson, C. F. (2000). Shame and work. In N. M. Ashkanasy, W. Zerbe, & C. E. J. Härtel (Eds.), Emotions in the workplace: Research, theory, and practice: 490-541. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
51. Renshaw, T. L., Long, A. C., & Cook, C. R. (2015). Assessing teachers’ positive psychological functioning at work: Development and validation of the Teacher Subjective Wellbeing Questionnaire. School Psychology Quarterly, 30(2), 289-306. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000112
52. Ronen, T., Hamama, L., Rosenbaum, M., & Mishely-Yarlap, A. (2014). Subjective well-being in adolescence: The role of self-control, social support, age, gender, and familial crisis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17 (1), 81-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9585-5
53. Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological inquiry, 9(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0901_1
54. Seligman, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
55. Shu, C.Y., & Lazatkhan, J. (2017). Effect of leader-member exchange on employee envy and work behavior moderated by self-esteem and neuroticism. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 33(1), 69-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2016.12.002
56. Steinmayr, R., Wirthwein, L., Modler, L., & Barry, M. M. (2019). Development of subjective well-being in adolescence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(19), 3690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193690
57. Ussher, M. H., Owen, C. G., Cook, D. G., & Whincup, P. H. (2007). The relationship between physical activity, sedentary behaviour and psychological wellbeing among adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42 (10), 851-856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-007-0232-x
58. Van de Ven, N. (2016). Envy and Its Consequences: Why It Is Useful to Distinguish between Benign and Malicious Envy. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12253 Veenhoven, R. (2013). Conditions of happiness. Springer Science & Business Media.
59. Villani, D., Sorgente, A., Iannello, P., & Antonietti, A. (2019). The role of spirituality and religiosity in subjective well-being of individuals with different religious status. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1525. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01525
60. Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4), 678-691. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.678
61. Wood, A. M. & Johnson, J. (Eds.). (2016). The Wiley handbook of positive clinical psychology. John Wiley & Sons, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118468197
62. Zurriaga, R., González-Navarro, P., & Buunk, A. P. (2020). Envy in the workplace: a systematic review of the past five years. Revista Psicologia Organizações e Trabalho, 20(4), 1247-1256. https://doi.org/10.17652/rpot/2020.4.09