Türkiye’de Dijital Feminist Aktivizm: Uzun Süredir Beklenen Dördüncü Dalga Feminizm Geldi mi?

Öz

Kadınlar, farklı feminizm dalgaları süresince, farklı ülkelerdeki cinsiyetçi politik ve sosyal normlara dikkat çekmişlerdir. Birinci dalga feministlerin oy hakkı taleplerinden üçüncü dalganın kesişimsel feminist politikalarına kadar, kadın aktivistler farklı bağlamlarda toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğini sağlamak için mücadele etmişlerdir. Dijital feminizm olarak da adlandırılan dördüncü dalga feminizm, kesişimsel kimliklere vurgu yaparak, üçüncü dalga feminist hareketin kavramlarını, bloglar, web siteleri ve sosyal medya platformları aracılığıyla dijital alanda uygulamaya çalışmaktadırlar. Türkiye’de 2000’li yılların ikinci on yılında, kadınlar, ülkedeki siyasi fırsat yapıları doğrultusunda ataerkillik, özellikle kadına yönelik şiddet ve kadın cinayetleri ile mücadele etmek ve kadınlar arasındaki iletişim ve dayanışmayı artırmak amacıyla sosyal medyayı yoğun bir şekilde kullanmaya başlamışlardır. Dijital platformlar aracılığıyla kadınlar, cinsiyetçi söylemleri açığa çıkararak siyasal değişimi teşvik etmektedirler. Yalnız, siyasal iktidarın dijital alanlar üzerindeki artan kontrolü nedeniyle, aktivistlerin toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı yapıyı değiştirme kapasitesi sınırlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte, dijital alanlar, kadınlar gibi marjinalleştirilmiş gruplar için karşıt kamu oluşturmak adına hala büyük bir potansiyele sahiptir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• dijital feminist aktivizm
• dördüncü dalga feminism
• etiket
• toplumsal hareketler
• Türkiye.

Digital Feminist Activism in Turkey: Has Long-Awaited Fourth Wave Feminism Arrived?

Öz

Throughout different waves of feminisms, women have called attention to sexist political and social norms across countries. Starting from the first wave feminist demands of suffrage to third wave’s intersectional feminist politics, women activists have struggled to achieve gender equality in different contexts. With an emphasis on intersected identities, fourth wave feminism, also called digital feminism, endeavours to implement third wave’s concepts in the digital space, via blogs, websites, social media platforms. In Turkey, in the second decade of the 2000s, women have started to extensively use social media to combat patriarchy, particularly violence against women and femicide, and to increase communication and solidarity among women in line with the political opportunity structures in the country. Through digital platforms, women stimulate political change by exposing gendered discourses. However, due to government’s increased control on digital spaces, activists’ capacity to alter the social gendered structure has been limited. Nevertheless, digital spaces still have a great potential to work as counterpublics for marginalised groups, such as women.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• digital feminist activism
• fourth wave feminism
• hashtag
• social movements
• Turkey

Kaynakça

1. Abadan-Unat, N. (1981). ‘Social Change and Turkish Women’. In Abadan-Unat, N., ed. Women in Turkish Society. Leiden: E.J. Brill, pp. 5-37.
2. Acar, F. & Altunok, G. (2012). ‘Understanding Gender Equality Demands in Turkey: Foundations and Boundaries of Women’s Movements’. In Dedeoğlu, S. & Elveren, A. Y. eds. Gender and Society in Turkey: The Impact of Neoliberal Policies, Political Islam and EU Accession. London: I.B. Tauris, pp. 31-47.
3. Aksu, O. (2017). ‘Yeni Toplumsal Hareketler Bağlamında Sosyal Medya Kullanımı Analizi: Kadın Dernekleri’, Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3 (3): 146-159.
4. Aktaş, M. & Akçay, E. (2019). ‘Dijital Savunuculuk Örneği Olarak “Özgecan Yasası” Change.Org İmza Kampanyası’, Moment Dergi, 6 (2): 305-336.
5. Altunok, G. (2016). ‘Neo-conservatism, Sovereign Power and Bio-power: Female Subjectivity in Contemporary Turkey’, Research and Policy on Turkey, 1 (2), pp. 132-146.
6. Arat, Z. F. (2000). ‘Introduction: Politics of Representation and Identity’. In Arat, Z. F. ed. Deconstructing Images of ‘The Turkish Woman’. New York: Palgrave, pp. 1-37.
7. Baer, H. (2016). ‘Redoing feminism: digital activism, body politics, and neoliberalism’, Feminist Media Studies, 16 (1): 17-34.
8. Bakan, R. (2019). ‘#metoo’dan #whyididntreport’a: Dijital Eylemlerin İmkanları ve Sınırları Üzerine’, Kültür ve Siyasette Feminist Yaklaşımlar, 37-38: 18-34.

9. Bonila, Y. & Rosa, J. (2015). ‘#Ferguson: Digital Protest, Hashtag Ethnography, and the Racial Politics of Social Media in The United States’. American Ethnologist, 42 (1): 4-17.
10. Brimacombe, T.; Kant, R.; Finau, G.; Tarai, J. & Titifanue, J. (2018). ‘A New Frontier in Digital Activism: An Exploration of Digital Feminism in Fiji, Asia & The Pacific Policy Studies, 5: 508-521.
11. Cantek, F. Ş. & Bora, A. (2015). ‘Akacak Mecra Bulmak: 5Harfliler.com ve Reçel-blog.com’, In Bora, A. ed. İradenin İyimserliği. Ayizi Kitap: Ankara, pp. 215-245.
12. Change.org (2022). ‘Yasalar Kadınları Korusun!’, Retrieved at: https://www.change.org/p/yasalar-kadinlari-korusun-kad%C4%B1na-kar%C5%9F%C4%B1-i%C5%9Flenen-su%C3%A7larda-erkeklere-verilen-iyi-hal-ve-haks%C4%B1z-tahrik-indirimi-kalks%C4%B1n-p%C4%B1nargultekinicinadalet?source_location=topic_page on 3rd August 2022.
13. Chen, W. & Wellman, B. (2004). “The Global Digital Divide: Within and Between Countries”, IT and Society, 1 (7), 39-45.
14. Christensen, H. S. (2011). ‘Political Activities on the Internet: Slacktivism or political participation by other means?’ First Monday, 16 (2), 1-11.
15. Clark, R. (2016). ‘“Hope in a hashtag”: the discursive activism of #WhyIStayed’, Feminist Media Studies, 16 (5): 788-804.
16. Cobble, D. S.; Gordon, L. & Henry, A. (2015). Feminism Unfinished: A Short, Surprising History of American Women’s Movement. New York: Liveright.
17. Coskuntuncel, A. (2018). ‘Privatization of Governance, Delegated Censorship, and Hegemony in the Digital Era: The Case of Turkey’, Journalism Studies, 19 (5): 690-708.
18. Crenshaw, K. W. (1995). ‘Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color’. In Crenshaw, K. W., Gotanda, N.; Peller, G. & Thomas, K. eds. Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings that Formed the Movement. New York: The New Press, pp. 357-384.
19. Coşar, S. & Onbaşi, F. G. (2008). ‘Women’s Movement in Turkey at a Crossroads: From Women’s Rights Advocacy to Feminism’, South European Society and Politics, 13(3), pp. 325-344.
20. Darmon, K. (2014). ‘Framing SlutWalk London: How Does the Privilege of Feminist Activism in Social Media Travel into the Mass Media?, Feminist Media Studies, 14 (4): 700-704.
21. Davidson, H. (2015). ‘Rape and Murder of Young Woman Sparks Mass Protest in Turkey’. The Guardian. (Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/17/turkish-woman-ozgecan-aslans-sparks-anti-violence-campaign-sendeanlat?CMP=share_btn_tw on 3rd August 2022).
22. De Beauvoir, S. (1956). The Second Sex. London: Lowe and Brydone.
23. della Porta, D. (2013). ‘Political Opportunity/Political Opportunity Structures’, In Snow, D. A.; della Porta, D.; Klandermans, B.; McAdam, D. eds. Wiley Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Social and Political Movements. New York: Wiley, pp. 478-484.
24. Dey, A. (2020). ‘Sites of Exception: Gender Violence, Digital Activism, and Nirbhaya’s Zone of Anomie in India’, Violence Against Women, 26(11): 1423-1444.
25. Diner, C. & Toktaş, Ş. (2010). ‘Waves of Feminism in Turkey: Kemalist, Islamist and Kurdish Women’s Movements in an Era of Globalization’, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 12(1), pp. 41-57.
26. Durakbaşa, A. (2000). ‘Kemalism as Identity Politics in Turkey’. In Arat, Z. F. ed. Deconstructing Images of ‘The Turkish Woman’. New York: Palgrave, pp. 139-157.
27. Duvar English (2022). ‘Outrage in Turkey over Reduced Sentence Granted to Pınar Gültekin’s Murderer for “Unjust Provocation’. (Retrieved from: https://www.duvarenglish.com/outrage-in-turkey-over-reduced-sentence-granted-to-pinar-gultekins-murderer-for-unjust-provocation-news-60949 on 9th September 2022).
28. Erdem, B. K. & Karakoç, E. (2019). ‘Reklamlarda Kadının Ableist Temsilinden Dijital Feminist Perspektifin Aktivizmine: Erktolia.org Örneği’, Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 34: 144-164.
29. Erdoğan, Ş. B. (2022). ‘Türkiye’de Kadın Cinayetlerinin Gündem Oluşturma Etkisi ve Medyatik Bilinç Üretimi’, Turcology Research, 73: 275-286.
30. Eslen-Ziya, H. (2013). ‘Social Media and Turkish Feminism: New Resources for Social Activism’, Feminist Media Studies, 13 (5): 860-870.
31. Fraser, N. (1990). ‘Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy’, Social Text, 25/26, 56-80.
32. Friedan, B. (1977). Feminine Mystique. New York: Dell Publishing.
33. Gerbaudo, P. (2012). Tweets and the Streets: Social Media and Contemporary Activism. London: Pluto Press.
34. Goker, Z. G. (2019). ‘Memories, Stories and Deliberation: Digital Sisterhood on Feminist Websites in Turkey’, European Journal of Women’s Studies, 26 (3): 313-328.
35. hooks, b. (2000). Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics. Brooklyn: South End Press.
36. Ikizer, E. G.; Ramírez-Esperza, N. & Boyd, R. L. (2019). ‘#sendeanlat (#tellyourstory): The Text Analysis of Tweets About Sexual Assault Experiences’, Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 16: 463-475.
37. Jackson, S. J. & Banaszczyk, S. (2016). ‘Digital Standpoints: Debating Gendered Violence and Racial Exclusions in the Feminist Counterpublic’, Journal of Communication Inquiry, 40 (4): 391-407.
38. Kadın Cinayetlerini Durduracağız Platformu (2022). ‘Veriler’. (Retrived from: https://kadincinayetlerinidurduracagiz.net/kategori/veriler on 6th September 2022).
39. Kahn, R. & Kellner, D. (2004). ‘New media and internet activism: From the “Battle of Seattle” to blogging’. New Media & Society, 6 (1), 87-95.
40. Kandiyoti, D. (1987). ‘Emancipated but Unliberated? Reflections on the Turkish Case’, Feminist Studies, 3(2), pp. 317-338.
41. Kandiyoti, D. (2016). ‘Locating the Politics of Gender: Patriarchy, Neoliberal Governance and Violence in Turkey’, Research and Policy on Turkey, 1 (2), pp. 103-118.
42. Kaun, A. & Uldam, J. (2018). ‘Digital Activism: After the Hype’, New Media & Society, 20 (6): 2099-2106.
43. Lixian, H. (2020). ‘Rewriting “The Personal Is Political”: Young Women's Digital Activism and New Feminist Politics in China’, Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 21 (3): 337-355.
44. Lu, W. (2020). ‘Digitally Networked Feminist Activism in China: The Case of Weibo’, Kommunikation.medien, 12: 1-22.
45. Matich, M.; Ashman, R. & Parsons, E. (2019). ‘#freethenipple – digital activism and embodiment in the contemporary feminist movement’, Consumption Markets & Culture, 22 (4): 337-362.
46. Matos, C. (2017). ‘New Brazilian feminisms and online networks: Cyberfeminism, protest and the female “Arab Spring”’, International Sociology, 32 (3): 417-434.
47. McKernan, B. (2022). ‘Challenge Accepted: Turkish Feminists Spell Out Real Meaning of Hashtag’, The Guardian, (Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/31/challenge-accepted-turkish-feminists-spell-out-real-meaning-of-hashtag on 9th September 2022).
48. Messina, B. C. (2022). ‘Breaking the Silence on Femicide: How Women Challenge Epistemic Injustice and Male Violence’, The British Journal of Sociology, 73 (4): 859-884.
49. Meyer, D. S. (2004). ‘Protest and Political Opportunities’, Annual Review of Sociology, 30: 125-145.
50. Mohanty, C. T. (2003). Feminism without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
51. Morozov, E. (2011). The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom. New York: Public Affairs.
52. Munro, E. (2013). ‘Feminism: A Fourth Wave?’, Political Insight, 4 (2): 22-25.
53. Nicholson, L. (2008). Identity Before Identity Politics. Cambridge University Press.
54. Nisan, F. & Tuncel, I. (2020). ‘Kadına Yönelik Şiddet Olgusunun Haberlerde Sunumu: Emine Bulut Örneği’, International Journal of Cultural and Social Studies, 6 (1): 104-123.
55. Nacher, A. (2021). ‘#BlackProtest from the web to the streets and back: Feminist digital activism in Poland and narrative potential of the hashtag’, European Journal of Women’s Studies, 28 (2): 260-273.
56. Özdemir, Y. D. (2015). ‘Taciz Anlatılarında Cinsiyetçi Söylemlerin Yeniden İnşası: #sendeanlat’, Moment Dergi: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Kültürel Çalışmalar Dergisi, 2 (2): 80-103.
57. Sarıtaş, E. (2015). ‘Özgecan Aslan Eylemleri ve Feminist Hareket Üzerine Düşündürdükleri’, Mülkiye Dergisi, 39 (2): 273-281.
58. Schuster, J. (2013). ‘Invisible feminists? Social media and young women’s political participation’, Political Science, 65 (1): 8-24.
59. Şen, F. A. & Kök, H. (2017). ‘Sosyal Medya ve Feminist Aktivizm: Türkiye’deki Feminist Grupların Aktivizm Biçimleri’, Atatürk İletişim Dergisi, 13: 73-86.
60. Şeşen, E. (2019). ‘Kadın STK’larının Web Sitesi ve Facebook Paylaşımlarının Çerçeve Analizi’, OPUS: International Journal of Society Researches, 14 (20): 984-1010.
61. Tanczer, L. M. (2016). ‘Hacktivism and the male-only stereotype’, New Media & Society, 18 (8): 1599-1615.
62. Tekeli, Ş. (1990). ‘Women in the Changing Political Associations of the 1980s’. In Finkel, Andrew & Sirman, Nükhet eds. Turkish State, Turkish Society. London: Routledge, pp. 259-289.
63. Tekeli, Ş. (1995). ‘Introduction’, In Tekeli, Şirin ed. Women in Modern Turkish Society: A Reader. London: Zed Books, pp. 1-23.
64. Tekeli, Ş. (2004). ‘Yeni Dalga Kadın Hareketinde Örgütlenme’, Retrieved from: https://m.bianet.org/bianet/kadin/49886-yeni-dalga-kadin-hareketinde-orgutlenme on 22nd July 2022.
65. Timisi, N. & Gevrek, M. A. (2011). ‘1980’ler Türkiye’sinde Feminist Hareket: Ankara Çevresi’, Bora, Aksu & Günal, Asena (eds.), in: 90’larda Türkiye’de Feminizm. İstanbul: İletişim Publications, pp. 13-41.
66. Tufekci, Z. & Wilson, C. (2012). ‘Social Media and ahe Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations from Tahrir Square’, Journal of Communication, 62, 363–379.
67. van Deursen, A. & van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2009). “Improving Digital Skills for the Use of Online Public Information and Services”, Government Information Quarterly, 26 (2), 333-340.
68. van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2009). “Digital Divide in Europe”. In: Chadwick, A. & Howard, P. ed. The Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics. London & New York: Routledge, pp. 288-304.
69. Vegh, S. (2003). ‘Classifying Forms of Online Activism: The Case of Cyberprotests against the World Bank’. In: McCaughey, Martha & Ayers, Michael D. (Eds.): Cyberactivism: Online Activism in Theory and Practice, New York: Routledge, pp. 71-95.
70. Walby, S. (1994). ‘Is Citizenship Gendered?’, Sociology, 28 (2): 379-395.
71. Williams, S. (2016) ‘#SayHerName: using digital activism to document violence against black women’, Feminist Media Studies, 16 (5): 922-925.
72. Yüksel, M. (2006). ‘The Encounter of Kurdish Women with Nationalism in Turkey’, Middle Eastern Studies, 42(5), pp. 777-802.