Validity and Reliability of the Self-Objectification Beliefs and Behaviors Scale into Young Women

Öz

Self-objectification is a frequently studied concept in women's studies. In this study, adaptation of the Self-Objectification Beliefs and Behaviors Scale (SOBBS) to Turkish and to examining its psychometric properties were aimed at. The scale consists of 14 items and two sub-dimensions (observer’s perspective, body as self). The participants of the study consisted of 309 (M = 21.79, SD = 1.95) young women. Body Perception Scale and Beck Depression Inventory were used to determine the criterion validity of the scale. The construct validity was investigated using confirmatory factor analysis and the two-factor structure was confirmed. According to the results of the criterion validity analysis of the scale, a relationship was found between SOBBS, Body Perception Scale and Beck Depression Inventory. In addition, internal consistency coefficient, composite reliability, split-half reliability, and test-retest were calculated to evaluate the scale's reliability. The internal consistency coefficient was .89, composite reliability was .92, split-half reliability was .74, and the test-retest validity coefficient was .76. According to these findings, the Turkish version of the SOBBS is a valid and reliable tool to use with young women. The findings are discussed within the framework of the scale validity and reliability literature and women's studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Self-objectification
• validity
• reliability
• scale adaptation

Kendini Nesneleştirme İnanç ve Davranışları Ölçeğinin Genç Kadınlar Üzerinde Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Öz

Kendini nesneleştirme, kadın araştırmalarında oldukça sık çalışılan bir kavramdır. Bu çalışmada, Kendini Nesneleştirme İnanç ve Davranışları Ölçeğinin (KNİDÖ) Türkçeye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesini amaçlanmaktadır. Ölçek 14 maddeden ve iki alt boyuttan (başkalarının bakış açısı, benlik olarak beden) oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın katılımcıları 309 (Ort = 21.79, SS = 1.95) genç kadından oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin ölçüt geçerliğini belirlemek amacıyla Vücut Algısı Ölçeği ile Beck Depresyon Envanteri kullanılmıştır. Yapı geçerliliği doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile yapılarak iki faktörlü yapı doğrulanmıştır. Ölçeğin ölçüt geçerliği analizi sonucuna göre, Vücut Algısı Ölçeği ve Beck Depresyon Envanteri ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin güvenirliğini değerlendirmek amacıyla ise test-tekrar test, yapı güvenirlik, iki yarı güvenilirlik ve iç tutarlılık katsayıları incelenmiş ve iç tutarlılık katsayısı .89, yapı güvenirlik .92, iki yarı güvenirlik .74 ve test-tekrar test katsayısı .76 olarak bulunmuştur. Bulgulara göre KNİDÖ’nün Türkçe versiyonu genç kadınlar için geçerli ve güvenilir bir araçtır. Bulgular ölçek geçerlik ve güvenirlik alanyazını ile kadın araştırmaları alanyazını kapsamında tartışılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kendini nesneleştirme
• geçerlik
• güvenirlik
• ölçek uyarlama

Kaynakça

1. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6), 561–571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
2. Breines, J. G., Crocker, J., & Garcia, J. A. (2008). Self-objectification and well-being in women's daily lives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(5), 583–598. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207313727
3. Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford Publications.
4. Buss, D. M. (1996). Paternity uncertainity and the complex repertoire of human mating strategies. American Psychologist, 51, 161–162. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.51.2.161
5. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık.
6. Calogero, R. M. (2009). Objectification processes and disordered eating in British women and men. Journal of Health Psychology, 14, 394–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105309102192
7. Calogero, R. M. (2011). Operationalizing self-objectification: Assessment and related methodological issues. In R. M. Calogero, S. Tantleff-Dunn, & J. K. Thompson (Eds.), Self-objectification in women: Causes, consequences, and counteractions (pp. 23–49). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12304-002
8. Calogero, R. M. (2012). Objectification theory, self-objectification, and body image. In: T. F. Cash (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance (pp. 574–580). San Diego: Academic Press.

9. Cascalheira, C. J., Nelson, J., & Kalkbrenner, M. T. (2022). Factorial Invariance of Scores on the Self-Objectification Beliefs and Behaviors Scale (SOBBS) Among Transgender and Nonbinary People. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2022.2032758
10. Chen, F. F., & Russo, N. F. (2010). Measurement invariance and the role of body consciousness in depressive symptoms. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 405–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j1471.6402. 2010.01585.x
11. Chen, F. F., & Russo, N. F. (2010). Measurement invariance and the role of body consciousness in depressive symptoms. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 405–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j1471.6402. 2010.01585.x
12. Doğan, G. (2013). Üniversite öğrencilerinde kendini nesneleştirme ve bazı değişkenlerle ilişkisi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
13. Doğan, G. (2016). Bir sistemi meşrulaştırma pratiği olarak kendini nesneleştirme. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 19(37), 35–45.
14. Fergusson, D. M., Swain-Campbell, N. R., & Horwood, L. J. (2002). Does sexual violence contribute to elevated rates of anxiety and depression in females?. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 991–996.
15. Lozano Fernández, L. M., Valor Segura, I., Sáez Díaz, G., & Expósito Jiménez, F. (2015). The Spanish adaptation of the interpersonal sexual objectification scale (ISOS). Psicothema, 27(2), 134–140.
16. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th). London: Sage Publications Ltd.
17. Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2015). How to design and evaluate research in education (9th edition). New York: Mc Graw Hill Education.
18. Fredrickson, B. L., Hendler, L. M., Nilsen, S., O’Barr, J. F., & Roberts, T. A. (2011). Bringing back the body: A retrospective on the development of objectification theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35, 689–696. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684311426690
19. Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108x
20. Geschwind, N., Peeters, F., Drukker, M., van Os, J., & Wichers, M. (2011). Mindfulness training increases momentary positive emotions and reward experience in adults vulnerable to depression: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(5), 618-628. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024595
21. Grabe, S., Hyde, J. S., & Lindberg, S. M. (2007). Body objectification and depression in adolescents: The role of gender, shame, and rumination. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(2), 164–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00350.x
22. Harrison, K., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2003). Women's sports media, self-objectification, and mental health in black and white adolescent females. Journal of Communication, 53(2), 216–232. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb02587.x
23. Hill, M. S., & Fischer, A. R. (2008). Examining objectification theory: Lesbian and heterosexual women’s experiences with self- and self-objectification. The Counseling Psychologist, 36, 745–776. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000007301669
24. Hisli, N. (1988). Beck Depresyon Envanteri’nin geçerliği üzerine bir çalışma. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 6, 118–126.
25. Hovardaoğlu, S. (1993). Vücut algısı ölçeği. Psikiyatri, Psikoloji, Psikofarmakoloji (3P) Dergisi, 1(1), 26.
26. Jones, B. A., & Griffiths, K. M. (2015). Self-objectification and depression: An integrative systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 171, 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.011
27. Kalaycı, Ş. (2009). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayınevi.
28. Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.
29. Kopp, K. J. (2009). "Mirror, mirror on the wall... who's the saddest of them all?": Exploring the link between self-objectification and depression in mothers. ProQuest Information & Learning.
30. Lang, M., & Ye, Y. (2021). Validation of the Chinese Version of the Self-Objectification Beliefs and Behaviors Scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724187
31. Liberman, T. J., & Burke, N. L. (2022). The development and validation of the Conscious Objectification Questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 55(8), 1162–1168. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23759
32. Lindberg, S. M., Hyde, J. S., & McKinley, N. M. (2006). A measure of objectified body consciousness for preadolescent and adolescent youth. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(1), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00263.x
33. Lindner, D., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (2017). The development and psychometric evaluation of the Self-Objectification Beliefs and Behaviors Scale. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 41(2), 254–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684317692109
34. McKinley, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1996). The objectified body consciousness scale: Development and validation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 181–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996. tb00467.x
35. Moradi, B. (2010). Addressing gender and cultural diversity in body image: Objectification theory as a framework for integrating theories and grounding research. Sex Roles, 63, 138–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9824-0
36. Moradi, B., Dirks, D., & Matteson, A. V. (2005). Roles of sexual objectification experiences and internalization of standards of beauty in eating disorder symptomatology: A test and extension of objectification theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 420–428. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.420
37. Moradi, B., & Varnes, J. R. (2017). Structure of the objectified body consciousness scale: Reevaluated 20 years later. Sex Roles, 77(5), 325–337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0731-x
38. Noll, S. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). A mediational model linking self-objectification, body shame and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22, 623–636. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1471-6402.1998.tb00181.x
39. Özgüngör, S., & Arıcıoğlu, A. (2020). Nesneleştirilmiş Beden Bilinci Ölçeği-Genç Formunun Türkçeye uyarlanarak kendini nesneleştirmenin sosyal medya kullanımı ve beğenilme arzusu arasındaki ilişkide aracı rolünün incelenmesi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 50, 23–49. https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.544809
40. Peat, C. M., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2011). Self-objectification, disordered eating, and depression: A test of mediational pathways. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(3), 441–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684311400389
41. Prichard, I., McLachlan, A. C., Lavis, T., & Tiggemann, M. (2018). The impact of different forms of fitspiration imagery on body image, mood, and self-objectification among young women. Sex Roles, 78(11), 789–798. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0830-3
42. Secord, P. F., & Jourard, S. M. (1953). The appraisal of body-cathexis: body-cathexis and the self. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 17(5), 343-347. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0060689
43. Sicilia, A., Alcaraz-Ibáñez, M., Granero-Gallegos, A., Lirola, M. J., & Burgueño, R. (2020). Psychometric properties of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS) in Spanish preadolescents. Sex Roles, 82(3), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01043-x
44. Szymanski, D. M., & Henning, S. L. (2007). The role of self-objectification in women’s depression: A test of objectification theory. Sex Roles, 56, 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199- 006-9147-3
45. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2014). Using multivariate statistics (6th). London: Pearson Education Limited.
46. Talmon, A., & Ginzburg, K. (2016). The nullifying experience of self-objectification: The development and psychometric evaluation of the Self-Objectification Scale. Child Abuse & Neglect, 60, 46–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.09.007
47. Tiggemann, M., & Kuring, J. K. (2004). The role of body objectification in disordered eating and depressed mood. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(3), 299–311. https://doi.org/10.1348/0144665031752925
48. Tylka, T. L. (2004). The relation between body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptomatology: An analysis of moderating variables. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(2), 178–191. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.2.178
49. Watt, A. D., & Konnert, C. A. (2020). Body satisfaction and self-esteem among middle-aged and older women: The mediating roles of social and temporal comparisons and self-objectification. Aging & Mental Health, 24(5), 797–804. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1544222
50. Wollast, R., Klein, O., VanLeeuwen, D. M., Gervais, S. J., & Bernard, P. (2021). Does self-objectification entail an opposition between appearance and competence? The Likert version of the Self-Objectification Questionnaire (LSOQ). Psychologica Belgica, 61(1), 33-45. https://doi.org/ 10.5334/pb.481
51. Wu, M., & Lang, M. (2019). Female questionnaire of trait self-objectification: Initial development and validation in China. Sex Roles, 80(11), 758–769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0972-y
52. Yağmurcu, Y., & Tosun, L. P. (2018). Nesneleştirilmiş Beden Bilinci Ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 6(13), 225–255. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-06-13-01
53. Yilmaz, T., & Bozo, O. (2019). Turkish adaptation of the objectified body consciousness scale and the self-objectification questionnaire. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 32(3), 214. https://doi.org/10.14744/DAJPNS.2019.00031