Klasik Fıkıh Usulü Kitaplarının Farklı Meseleleri Ele Alarak Başlama Nedeni
Öz
Hz. Peygamber döneminde bütün İslâmî ilimlerin temeli atıldığı gibi fıkıh usulünün de temeli atılmıştır. Muaz hadisi olarak bilinen meşhur rivayette fıkıh usulünün en önemli delillerinin sırasıyla Kitap, Sünnet ve ictihad (kıyas, istihsan, maslahat vb.) olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Hz. Peygamber hayatta olduğundan bu rivayette icmâ söz konusu edilmemiştir. Hz. Peygamber, sahabe ve tabiin döneminde müctehidler şer’î delillerden şer’î hükümleri istinbat ederken bu yönde bir ihtiyaç hissedilmediği için fıkıh üretiminde kullandıkları usul kaidelerini zikretme gereği hissetmemişlerdir. Bu durum kabaca hicri ikinci asrın sonranı kadar devam etmiştir. İmam Şafiî; önce İmam Malik’e daha sonra da İmam Muhammed’e öğrencilik yapmak suretiyle Malikî ve Hanefî mezhebinin ictihad usulünü yakından tanıma fırsatı bulmuş hem kendi usul anlayışını ortaya koymak hem de söz konusu iki mezhebin usullerinde gördüğü önemli eksikleri ortaya koymak amacıyla birçok usulcü tarafından ilk usul kitabı olarak kabul edilen “Risale” adlı eserini kaleme almıştır. Risale ve daha sonraki dönemlerde klasik olma vasfını kazanmayı hak eden birçok fıkıh usûlü kitabının ilk ele aldığı meselelerin birbirinden farklı olduğu görülmektedir. Bu tercihte bazen usulcünün kitabının başına aldığı ilk meselenin kendi açısından fıkıh usulünün en önemli mevzusu olduğu görülmektedir. Bazen usul kitaplarında ilk seçilen mesele direk fıkıh usulüyle ilgili olmasa da yazara göre söz konusu meselenin kavranması ya usulcüye birçok konuda yardımcı olacak yada söz konusu mesele kavranmadan fıkıh usulü mevzularının gereği gibi kavranması mümkün olmayacaktır. Bu çalışmada özellikle klasik dönemde yaşayan ve birçok usulcü tarafından en önemli usul eserlerinin yazarları kabul edilen İmam Şafiî, Kerhî, Cessas, Bâkıllânî, Debusî, Cüveynî, ve Gazâlî’nin eserlerinde ele alınan ilk meselelerin neler olduğu belirtildikten sonra söz konusu meselelerin yazar ve ait olduğu mezhep için ne önem ifade ettiği ortaya konulmaya çalışılacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Why Classical Fiqh Usul Books Start by Addressing Different Issues
Öz
The science of fiqh consists of two parts: methodology and descendants. Füru fiqh deals with the provisions related to worship, transactions, munakâhat and ukubât, which are the parts of fiqh. While mujtahid extracts the provisions regarding the fields in question from the nas, he has to take into account some rules that must be followed, otherwise the conclusion he reaches will be likely to be erroneous. Here, the method of fiqh consists of some rules and principles that have been given to protect the mujtahid from the wrong situations he may fall into during the production of fiqh. While some of these rules are based on direct divine revelation, some of them were revealed by mujtahids through texts. Although there are disagreements on detailed issues about the sources determined by Naslar, there is agreement on the main issues. Of course, there are more obvious disagreements about the evidence and methods produced through ijtihad. Most of the uslists agreed on the generally accepted main evidences, which are the Book, Sunnah, Ijma and Qiyas, but the uslists disagreed on the secondary evidences, which are istihsan, maslahat, the opinion of the companions, istishab and custom. Hz. He both encouraged and trained the leading companions during the Prophet's period to make ijtihad. It outlines which evidence will be used when and how to obtain the verdict.
Hz. Just as the foundations of all Islamic sciences were laid during the period of the Prophet, the foundations of fiqh were also laid. In the famous narration known as the hadith of Muaz, it is revealed that the most important evidence of the fiqh procedure are the Book, the Sunnah and ijtihad (qiyas, istihsan, maslahat, etc.), respectively. Hz. Since the Prophet was alive, there was no ijma in this narration. Hz. While the mujtahids during the period of the Prophet, the companions and the tabiin were deducing the religious rules from the religious evidence, they did not feel the need to mention the procedural rules they used in the production of fiqh because there was no need in this direction. This situation continued until roughly the end of the second century of the Hijri calendar. Imam Shafii; He had the opportunity to get to know the ijtihad method of the Maliki and Hanafi sects closely by being a student first of Imam Malik and then of Imam Muhammad. He published the first method book by many scholars in order to reveal his own understanding of the method and to reveal the important deficiencies he saw in the methods of the two sects in question. He wrote his work called "Risale", which is considered as. It is seen that the issues that the treatise and many of the fiqh usûl books that deserve to be considered classics in later periods are different from each other.
In this choice, it can sometimes be seen that the first issue that the methodologist starts his book with is the most important issue of the method of fiqh from his point of view. Sometimes, although the first issue chosen in the procedural books is not directly related to the fiqh procedure, according to the author, understanding the issue in question will either help the usulist in many matters, or it will not be possible to properly comprehend the fiqh procedural issues without understanding the issue in question. In this study, after specifying the first issues discussed in the works of İmam Şafiî, Kerhî, Cessas, Bâkıllânî, Debusî, Cüveynî, and Gazâlî, who lived especially in the classical period and are considered the authors of the most important modular works by many usulists, it is stated that the issues in question belong to the author and to whom they belong. It will be tried to reveal what importance it means for the sect.
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