Araştırma Makalesi
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Avrupa Ülkelerinde Kişi Başına Millî Geliri Etkileyen Faktörlerin Yatay Kesit Yöntemiyle Analizi

Yıl 2022, , 26 - 38, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.48066/kusob.987264

Öz

Kişi başına düşen gelir, ülkelerin refah düzeyini gösteren önemli ölçülerden biri olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Kişi başı milli gelirin yükselmesi ve gelir dağılımının çarpıklığının az olması, hem refah artışı sağlamakta hem de yoksulluğu azaltıcı etkide bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada 32 Avrupa ülkesinde kişi başı geliri etkileyen faktörlerin analizi yapılmıştır. Yatay kesit analizinin kullanıldığı çalışmada enflasyon oranındaki artışın kişi başı milli gelir üzerinde negatif etki yaptığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca dış ticaret açığının GSYH içindeki payının artışı da kişi başı geliri azaltıcı etki meydana getirmektedir. Buna karşılık özel sektör kredileri ile hizmet sektörü istihdamındaki artışın kişi başı gelirdeki etkileri pozitif bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, kurulan ekonometrik modelin sonuçları çerçevesinde politika önerileri geliştirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Abel, B. A. ve Bernanke, S. B. (2005). Macroeconomics. 5th Edition, Pearson Education Inc., Pearson Addison Wesley.
  • Ağır, H., Peker, O., & Kar, M. (2009). Finansal Gelişmenin Belirleyicileri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme: Literatür Taraması. Journal of BRSA Banking & Financial Markets, 3(2).
  • Atik, H. (2006), Beşeri Sermaye, Dış Ticaret ve Ekonomik Büyüme, Ekin Kitabevi, Bursa.
  • Aydın, A. (2021). Türkiye’de Bölgelere Göre Yoksulluk Oranlarının Sorgulayıcı Veri Çözümlemesi Teknikleri ile Analizi, Econharran, 5 (7) , 184-220 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/econharran/issue/60019/840523
  • Barro, R.J. (1995). Inflation and economic growth. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, 35, 166-176.
  • Becker, G. S., Murphy, M. K. ve Tamura R. (1990) “Human Capital, Fertility, and Economic Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 98, ss.12-37.
  • Becker, G.S. (1993), Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago
  • Bourdon, M., Mouél, C. ve Vıjıl, M. (2013). “The Relationship Between Trade Openness and Aconomic Growtrh: Some New Insights on The Openness Measurement Issue”, Hall- Archives, Ouvertes. Fr, Hal Id: 00729399, s.1-18.
  • Bove, V. ve Elia, L. (2017). Migration, Diversity and Economic Growth, World Development(89), 227-239.
  • Bruno, M. ve Easterly, W. (1996). Inflation and growth: in search of a stable relationship. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 78(3), 139-146.
  • Chowdhury, Anis, (2002), “Does Inflation Affect Economic Growth? The Relevance of The Debate for Indonesia”, Journal of Asia Pacific Economy, 7(1), 20-34.
  • Çakmak, E. ve S. Gümüş (2005), “Türkiye’de Beşeri Sermaye ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Ekonometrik Bir Analizi (1960-2002), Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, Cilt 60, Sayı 1, 59-72.
  • Çil, N. (2018), Finansal Ekonometri, Der Yayınevi, İstanbul
  • Dollar, D. ve Kraay, A. (2001). Growth is Good for the Poor., WB Policy Research Working Paper. Washington DC: World Bank.
  • Erçel, G. (1999), “Türkiye’de Enflasyon ve Büyüme İlişkisi: Genel Bir Değerlendirme”, http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/evds/konusma/tur/2000/enflasyon.html
  • Freire-Seren, M. J. (2002). On the Relationship between Human Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth. Applied Economic Letters, 9(12), 805-808.
  • Fryges ,H. (2006), “The Export-Growth Relationship: Estimating a DoseResponse Function”, ZEW Discussion Papers, No. 06-28, 2006.
  • Furlaretto, F. ve Robstad, O. (2019). Immigration and the macroeconomy: Some new emprical evidence. Review of Economics Dynamics(34), 1-19.
  • Gujarati, D.N., ve Porter, D.C. (2012), Temel Ekonometri, Çevirenler: Şenesen, Ü. ve Göktürk Şenesen, G., Literatür Yayıncılık, İstanbul
  • Halpern, L.,Koren, M., ve Szeidl, A. (2015), Imported Inputs and Productivity, American Economic Review
  • Hill, R., Griffiths, E. ve Guay, C. (2011), Principles of Econometrics, John Wiley and Sons, 4th. Ed.
  • Keynes, J.M. (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. In The Collected Writings of Vol. VII. London: St. Martin Press. 1973.
  • Li, M. (2006). Inflation and economic growth: threshold effects and transmission mechanisms. http://economics.ca/2006/papers/0176.pdf, Retrieved on June 25, 2018.
  • López-Villavicencio, A., & Mignon, V. (2011). On the Impact of Inflation on Output Growth: Does the Level of Inflation Matter? Journal of Macroeconomics, 33(3), 455–464.
  • Lucas, R.E. (1973), Some international evidence on output-inflation tradeoffs, The American Economic Review, 63(3), 326-334.
  • Malthus T. (1978) “An essay on the Principle of Population as it Affect the Future Improvement of Society” printed for J. Johnson, in St. Paul’sYard, London.
  • Mincer, J. (1991), “Education and Unemployment”, NBER Working Papers Series, (Working Paper No: 3838,).
  • Felipe, J., Abdon, A. ve Kumar, U. (2012). Tracking the middle-income trap: What is it, who is in it, and why?. Levy Economics Institute, Working Paper 715.
  • Grimes, A. (1991), “The Effects of Inflation on Growth: Some International Evidence”, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 127, 631-644.
  • Karaçor Z, Özer H. ve Saraç T.B. (2011), “Enflasyon Ve ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Ekonomisi Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Uygulama (1988-2007)”, Niğde Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 4(2):29-44.
  • Kenourgios, D. ve Samitas, A., (2007), “Financial Development and Economic Growth in a Transition Economy: Evidence for Poland”, Journal of Financial Decision Making, 3(1), 35-48
  • Keynes, J.M. (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. In The Collected Writings of Vol. VII. London: St. Martin Press. 1973.
  • Mazurek, J. (2017). On Determinants Of The Economic Growth Of European Countries During 2005-2015. Comparative Economic Reserach, 20(2), 21-33.
  • Obradović S ve Grbić M (2015) Causality Relationship between Financial Intermediation by Banks and Economic Growth: Evidence from Serbia. Prague Econ Pap 24: 60–72.
  • Pagano, M. ve Pica, G. (2012), “Finance and Employment”, Economic Policy, Vol: 27, No: 69, pp. 5-55.
  • Prochniak, M. (2011). Determinants of Economic Growth in Central and Eastern Europe: The Global Crisis Perspective. Post-Communist Economies, 23(4), 449-468.
  • Ricardo D. (1817), On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Ed. R. M. Hartwell (1971), Pelican Classics
  • Rodriguez, F. ve Rodric, D. (2000), Trade Policy And Economic Growth: A Skeptic’s Guide to The Cross-National Evidence.
  • Romer, C.D. (1996). Inflation and the growth rate of output. Working Paper, National Bureau of Economic Research, No: 5575.
  • Silajdzic, S. ve Mehic, E. (2017). “Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Emprical Evidence from Transisitons Economies”, Menagement International Conference, Italy, 24-27 May, s.581-594.
  • Soultaneva, A., (2011), “Financial Intermediation and Economic Growth: Evidence From the Baltic Countries”, Umea Economic Studies, 187, 1-11.
  • Stock, J.H. ve Watson, M.W. (2012), Introduction to Econometrics, Pearson
  • Şimşek, M. (2006), Beşeri Sermaye ve Beyin Göçü Kapsamında Türkiye: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz, Ekin Kitabevi, Bursa
  • Yapraklı, S. (2007). Enflasyon ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye İçin Eş-Bütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(2), 287–301.
  • Zhurauliou, A. (2015), ‘’ Current Account Deficit and the Economic Growth in Visegrad Countries’’, Institute of Public Policy, Faculty of Socialand Economic Science, Comenius University in Bratislava, p.133-134

Analysis of Factors Affecting National Income Per Capita in European Countries by Cross Section Method

Yıl 2022, , 26 - 38, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.48066/kusob.987264

Öz

Income per capita is considered as one of the important measures that show the welfare level of countries. The increase in national income per capita and the low inequality in income distribution both increase welfare and reduce poverty. In this study, the factors affecting per capita income in 32 European countries were analyzed. In the study, in which the cross-section analysis was used, it was concluded that the increase in the inflation rate had a negative effect on the per capita national income. In addition, the increase in the share of foreign trade deficit in GDP has a decreasing effect on per capita income. On the other hand, the effects of the increase in private sector loans and service sector employment on per capita income were found to be positive. In addition, policy recommendations were developed within the framework of the results of the established econometric model.

Kaynakça

  • Abel, B. A. ve Bernanke, S. B. (2005). Macroeconomics. 5th Edition, Pearson Education Inc., Pearson Addison Wesley.
  • Ağır, H., Peker, O., & Kar, M. (2009). Finansal Gelişmenin Belirleyicileri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme: Literatür Taraması. Journal of BRSA Banking & Financial Markets, 3(2).
  • Atik, H. (2006), Beşeri Sermaye, Dış Ticaret ve Ekonomik Büyüme, Ekin Kitabevi, Bursa.
  • Aydın, A. (2021). Türkiye’de Bölgelere Göre Yoksulluk Oranlarının Sorgulayıcı Veri Çözümlemesi Teknikleri ile Analizi, Econharran, 5 (7) , 184-220 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/econharran/issue/60019/840523
  • Barro, R.J. (1995). Inflation and economic growth. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, 35, 166-176.
  • Becker, G. S., Murphy, M. K. ve Tamura R. (1990) “Human Capital, Fertility, and Economic Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 98, ss.12-37.
  • Becker, G.S. (1993), Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago
  • Bourdon, M., Mouél, C. ve Vıjıl, M. (2013). “The Relationship Between Trade Openness and Aconomic Growtrh: Some New Insights on The Openness Measurement Issue”, Hall- Archives, Ouvertes. Fr, Hal Id: 00729399, s.1-18.
  • Bove, V. ve Elia, L. (2017). Migration, Diversity and Economic Growth, World Development(89), 227-239.
  • Bruno, M. ve Easterly, W. (1996). Inflation and growth: in search of a stable relationship. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 78(3), 139-146.
  • Chowdhury, Anis, (2002), “Does Inflation Affect Economic Growth? The Relevance of The Debate for Indonesia”, Journal of Asia Pacific Economy, 7(1), 20-34.
  • Çakmak, E. ve S. Gümüş (2005), “Türkiye’de Beşeri Sermaye ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Ekonometrik Bir Analizi (1960-2002), Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, Cilt 60, Sayı 1, 59-72.
  • Çil, N. (2018), Finansal Ekonometri, Der Yayınevi, İstanbul
  • Dollar, D. ve Kraay, A. (2001). Growth is Good for the Poor., WB Policy Research Working Paper. Washington DC: World Bank.
  • Erçel, G. (1999), “Türkiye’de Enflasyon ve Büyüme İlişkisi: Genel Bir Değerlendirme”, http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/evds/konusma/tur/2000/enflasyon.html
  • Freire-Seren, M. J. (2002). On the Relationship between Human Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth. Applied Economic Letters, 9(12), 805-808.
  • Fryges ,H. (2006), “The Export-Growth Relationship: Estimating a DoseResponse Function”, ZEW Discussion Papers, No. 06-28, 2006.
  • Furlaretto, F. ve Robstad, O. (2019). Immigration and the macroeconomy: Some new emprical evidence. Review of Economics Dynamics(34), 1-19.
  • Gujarati, D.N., ve Porter, D.C. (2012), Temel Ekonometri, Çevirenler: Şenesen, Ü. ve Göktürk Şenesen, G., Literatür Yayıncılık, İstanbul
  • Halpern, L.,Koren, M., ve Szeidl, A. (2015), Imported Inputs and Productivity, American Economic Review
  • Hill, R., Griffiths, E. ve Guay, C. (2011), Principles of Econometrics, John Wiley and Sons, 4th. Ed.
  • Keynes, J.M. (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. In The Collected Writings of Vol. VII. London: St. Martin Press. 1973.
  • Li, M. (2006). Inflation and economic growth: threshold effects and transmission mechanisms. http://economics.ca/2006/papers/0176.pdf, Retrieved on June 25, 2018.
  • López-Villavicencio, A., & Mignon, V. (2011). On the Impact of Inflation on Output Growth: Does the Level of Inflation Matter? Journal of Macroeconomics, 33(3), 455–464.
  • Lucas, R.E. (1973), Some international evidence on output-inflation tradeoffs, The American Economic Review, 63(3), 326-334.
  • Malthus T. (1978) “An essay on the Principle of Population as it Affect the Future Improvement of Society” printed for J. Johnson, in St. Paul’sYard, London.
  • Mincer, J. (1991), “Education and Unemployment”, NBER Working Papers Series, (Working Paper No: 3838,).
  • Felipe, J., Abdon, A. ve Kumar, U. (2012). Tracking the middle-income trap: What is it, who is in it, and why?. Levy Economics Institute, Working Paper 715.
  • Grimes, A. (1991), “The Effects of Inflation on Growth: Some International Evidence”, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 127, 631-644.
  • Karaçor Z, Özer H. ve Saraç T.B. (2011), “Enflasyon Ve ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Ekonomisi Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Uygulama (1988-2007)”, Niğde Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 4(2):29-44.
  • Kenourgios, D. ve Samitas, A., (2007), “Financial Development and Economic Growth in a Transition Economy: Evidence for Poland”, Journal of Financial Decision Making, 3(1), 35-48
  • Keynes, J.M. (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. In The Collected Writings of Vol. VII. London: St. Martin Press. 1973.
  • Mazurek, J. (2017). On Determinants Of The Economic Growth Of European Countries During 2005-2015. Comparative Economic Reserach, 20(2), 21-33.
  • Obradović S ve Grbić M (2015) Causality Relationship between Financial Intermediation by Banks and Economic Growth: Evidence from Serbia. Prague Econ Pap 24: 60–72.
  • Pagano, M. ve Pica, G. (2012), “Finance and Employment”, Economic Policy, Vol: 27, No: 69, pp. 5-55.
  • Prochniak, M. (2011). Determinants of Economic Growth in Central and Eastern Europe: The Global Crisis Perspective. Post-Communist Economies, 23(4), 449-468.
  • Ricardo D. (1817), On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Ed. R. M. Hartwell (1971), Pelican Classics
  • Rodriguez, F. ve Rodric, D. (2000), Trade Policy And Economic Growth: A Skeptic’s Guide to The Cross-National Evidence.
  • Romer, C.D. (1996). Inflation and the growth rate of output. Working Paper, National Bureau of Economic Research, No: 5575.
  • Silajdzic, S. ve Mehic, E. (2017). “Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Emprical Evidence from Transisitons Economies”, Menagement International Conference, Italy, 24-27 May, s.581-594.
  • Soultaneva, A., (2011), “Financial Intermediation and Economic Growth: Evidence From the Baltic Countries”, Umea Economic Studies, 187, 1-11.
  • Stock, J.H. ve Watson, M.W. (2012), Introduction to Econometrics, Pearson
  • Şimşek, M. (2006), Beşeri Sermaye ve Beyin Göçü Kapsamında Türkiye: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz, Ekin Kitabevi, Bursa
  • Yapraklı, S. (2007). Enflasyon ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye İçin Eş-Bütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(2), 287–301.
  • Zhurauliou, A. (2015), ‘’ Current Account Deficit and the Economic Growth in Visegrad Countries’’, Institute of Public Policy, Faculty of Socialand Economic Science, Comenius University in Bratislava, p.133-134
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Atilla Aydın 0000-0002-9265-5930

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Aydın, A. (2022). Avrupa Ülkelerinde Kişi Başına Millî Geliri Etkileyen Faktörlerin Yatay Kesit Yöntemiyle Analizi. Kuram Ve Uygulamada Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 26-38. https://doi.org/10.48066/kusob.987264

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