Mavi Calopo (Calopogonium caeruleum) Tohumlarının Çimlenmesinin İyileştirilmesi

Öz

Calopogonium caeruleum, Endonezya’daki plantasyonlarda yaygın olarak yem bitkisi ve toprak örtüsü olarak kullanılan baklagil bir bitkidir. Ayrıca, verimsiz (marjinal) arazilerde toprak örtüsü olarak kullanılabilecek umut verici bir seçenek olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Ancak, bu bitkinin yetiştirilmesi, çimlenmeyi engelleyen sert bir tohum kabuğuna sahip olması nedeniyle bazı zorluklar içermektedir. Bu nedenle, çimlenmeyi artırmak amacıyla çeşitli skarifikasyon (tohum kabuğunu yumuşatma) yöntemleri uygulanmıştır. Uygulanan ön işlemler arasında; (i) %95–98 sülfürik asitle 5, 10, 15 ve 20 dakika süreyle muamele, (ii) ortam sıcaklığında %0.3 KNO₃ çözeltisinde 12, 24, 36 ve 48 saat bekletme, (iii) 70 °C sıcaklıkta gliserin ile 30, 60, 90 ve 120 dakika işlem görme, (iv) zımpara kâğıdı ile 2 ve 4 kez fiziksel aşındırma yer almaktadır. Bu işlemler arasında, 70 °C’de 120 dakika boyunca gliserin ile yapılan uygulama, C. caeruleum tohumlarında en yüksek çimlenme oranı ve tohum canlılığı sonucunu vermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• yem
• baklagil
• skarifikasyon
• tohum
• çimlenme

Optimizing Seed Sprouting of Blue Calopo (Calopogonium caeruleum)

Öz

Calopogonium caeruleum is a leguminous plant commonly used as forage and as ground cover in Indonesian plantations. It is also regarded as a promising option for ground cover on marginal lands. However, its cultivation faces challenges due to the presence of a hard seed coat, which hinders germination. Various scarification methods were treated to seeds to enhance germination. It is used pre-treatment are (i) using 95-98 % of sulfuric acid for 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes, (ii) using 0.3 % of KNO3 in ambient temperature for 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours, (iii) using glycerine at 70oC for 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes, (iv) using sandpaper with 2 and 4 times of scratch. The treatment using glycerine at 60°C for 120 minutes showed the best result of germination percentage and seed vigor on C. caeruleum seeds.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• forage
• legume
• scarification
• seed
• sprouting

Kaynakça

1. Acevedo-Rodríguez P (2005). Vines and climbing plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, 51:1-483
2. Ali R M, Elfeky S S, Abbas H (2008). Response of salt stressed Ricinus communis L. to exogenous application of glycerol and/or aspartic acid. Journal of Biological Sciences 8:171-175
3. Asra R (2014). Pengaruh hormon giberelin (GA3) terhadap daya kecambah dan vigoritas Calopogonium caeruleum. Biospecies 7(1): 29-33
4. Atalay E, Yetim E, Soylu S, Sade B, Yorgancılar M. (2011). Farklı priming uygulamalarının ekmeklik buğday çeşitlerinde çimlenmenin başlangıç dönemdeki etkinliği. Türkiye IV. Tohumculuk Kongresi, Samsun, Turkiye, 535-539
5. Bewley J D ve Black M (1994). Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination. Plenum Press, New York Bewley J D, Bradford K J, Hilhorst H W M, Nonogaki H (2013). Seeds: Physiology of Development, Germination and Dormancy (3rd ed.). Springer, New York
6. Bonner F T (2008). Storage of seeds. The woody plant seed manual, In: F T Bonner, R P Karrfalt & R G Nisley (Eds.), 727, USDA, New York, pp. 86-95.
7. Chai J, Ma M, Li L, Du Y (1998). Optimum moisture contents of seeds stored at ambient temperatures. Journal of Seed Science Research Supplement 1: 23-28
8. Chen C P ve Chee Y K (1992). Calopogonium caeruleum (Benth.) Sauv. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 4: Forages. In: Mannetje, L.'t and Jones, R.M. (Eds.), PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Erişim tarihi: Eylül, 3, 2025 https://prosea.prota4u.org/view.aspx?id=1850

9. Cook B G, Pengelly B C, Brown S D, Donnelly J L, Eagles D A, Franco M A, Hanson J, Partridge I J, Peter M, Schultze-Kraft R (2005). Tropical Forages: an interactive selection tool. Brisbane, Australia: CSIRO, DPI&F, CIAT, ILRI. http://www.tropicalforages.info/
10. de Morais L F, Almeida C C, Deminicis B B, Padua F T, Moren M J F, Abreul J B R, Araujo R P, Nepomuceno D D (2014). Methods for breaking dormancy of seeds of tropical forage legumes. American Journal of Plant Sciences 5(13): 1831-1835
11. Duan X H, Luo F C, Zhong S, Li Q X, Xue S M, Yang G R, Huang B Z (2015). A preliminary study on causes of seed dormancy of Brachiaria decumbens. Grassl. Turf. 35: 49-52
12. Elçi G (1988). Ziraatte baklagiller. Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, Ankara. (Türkçeye Çeviren)
13. Gashi B, Abdullai K, Mata V, Kongjika E (2012). Effect of gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate on seed germination of the resurrection plants Ramonda serbica and Ramonda nathaliae. African Journal of Biotechnology 11(20): 4537-4542
14. Ghive D V, Barabde N P, Pote S R (2007). Seed viability and factors affecting seed storage. Asian Journal of Bio Science 2(1/2): 205-208
15. Gupta P C (1993). Seed Vigour Testing, Handbook of Seed Testing. In: P K Agrawal (Ed.), Ministry of Agriculture, India, 242-249
16. Hassen A, Pieterse P P, Rethman N F G (2004). Effect of pre-planting seed treatment on dormancy breaking and germination of Indigofera accessions. Tropical Grasslands 38(3):154-157
17. ISTA (1966). International Rules for Seed Testing. Proceedings for International Seed Testing Association 31: 1-152
18. ISTA (2003). International Rules for Seed Testing. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich
19. ISTA (2007). International Rules for Seed Testing. International Seed Testing Association, Bassersdorf, Switzerland
20. Jarrar H, El‐Keblawy A, Albawab M, Ghenai C ve Sheteiwy M (2024). Seed priming as a promising technique for sustainable restoration of dryland. Restoration Ecology 32(6): e14182.
21. Magar B N, Chapagaee P ve Bohora A (2025). Evaluating the efficacy of organic and inorganic seed priming methods in promoting cucumber germination and growth. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology 13(2): 406-412
22. Maguire J D (1962). Speed of germination-aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Science 2: 176-177.
23. Middleton C H and Mellor W (1982). Grazing assessment of the tropical legume Calopogonium caeruleum. Tropical Grasslands 16(4): 213-216
24. Missanjo E, Maya C, Kapira D, Banda H, Thole G K (2013). Effect of seed size and pretreatment method on germination of Albizia lebbeck. International Scholarly Research Notices 2013(1): 969026
25. Olatunji D, Maku O J, Odumefun O P (2013). The effect of pre-treatment on germination and early seedling growth of Acacia auriculiformis Cunn Ex. Benth. African Journal of Plant Science 7(8): 325-330
26. Rao I M and Northup B K (2009). Potential for legume cover crops in tropical agriculture. In M R Jahn and A M Driessen (Eds.), Tropical Agroecosystem, CABI Publishing, pp. 149-168
27. Rusdy M (2015). Enhancing germination in seeds of Centrosema pubescens. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 5(10): 1-4
28. Sarihan E O, Ipek A, Khawar K M, Atak M, Grubuz M (2005). Role of GA3 and KNO3 inimproving the frequency of seed germination in Plantago lanceolata L. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 37(4), 883-887
29. USDA-ARS (2014). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Erişim tarihi: Eylül 2, 2024 https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx
30. Waidyanatha U D S ve Ariyaratne W A (1976). Breaking dormancy in seed of cover legumes. The Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka 53: 8-16
31. Wang Y, Zhou E, Yao M, Xue D, Zhao N, Zhou Y, Li B, Wang K, Miao Y, Gu C, Wang X ve Wei L (2023). PEG-6000 priming improves aged soybean seed vigor via carbon metabolism, ros scavenging, hormone signaling, and lignin synthesis regulation. Agronomy 13(12):1-21.
32. Welbaum G E and Bradford K J (1991). Water relation of seed development and germination in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.). VI. Influence of priming on germination responses to temperature and water potential during seed development. Journal of Experimental Botany 42(3): 393-399
33. Wycherley P R (1960). Seed germination of some tropical legumes. Journal of Rubber Research Institute of Malaya 16(2): 99-117