Saponins and Some Biological Effects

Abstract

Keywords

• -

Saponinler ve Bazı Biyolojik Etkileri

Öz

Birçok bitkinin içerdiği fitokimyasal maddelerin biyokimyasal ve fizyolojik aktiviteler, reaksiyonlar ve çevrimlerde önemli rol oynadığı bilinmektedir. Bu yüzden günümüzde, bitkilerin yapısında bulunan kimyasal maddeler daha spesifik olarak araştırılmakta ve bu maddelerin koruyucu, tedavi edici ve antioksidan özellikleri incelemektedir. Saponinler çeşitli bitkilerde doğal olarak bulunan, steroid veya triterpenoid yapıda lipofilik bir çekirdek ile bir veya daha fazla sayıda karbonhidrat yan zincirine sahip glikozidler olarak son yıllarda, insan ve hayvan sağlığı ile ilgili araştırmalarda giderek önem kazanmaktadır. Bu derlemede, saponinlerin kimyasal yapıları ve saponin içeren bitkilerin bazı biyolojik etkileri incelenmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• -

Kaynakça

1. Zinciroğlu M, Karadaş F, Sarıca Ş (1998) Etlik piliç karma yemlerinde enzim ve antibiyotiklerin birlikte kullanılmalarının performans üzerine etkileri. V. Ulusal Nükleer Tarım ve Hay. Kong. 20-22 Ekim 1998. Konya, Turkey, 159-169.
2. Teferedegne T (2000) New perspective on the use of tropical plants to improve ruminant nutrition. Proceed NutrSoc, 59: 209-214.
3. Dündar Y (2001) Fitokimyasallar ve sağlıklı yaşam. Kocatepe Tıp Derg, 2:131-138.
4. Ferket PR (2004) Alternatives to antibiotics in poultry production: responses, practical experience and recommendations. Proceedings of Alltech’s 20th Ann Symp, Alltech Technical Publications, Nottingham University Press. Nicholasville, KY, pages:57–67.
5. Jouany JP, Morgavi DR (2007) Use of ‘natural’ products as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives in ruminant production. Anima,. 1:1443-1446.
6. Kaya S (1995) Diğer Bitkisel Zehirler. Ed., Sezai Kaya, Veteriner Klinik Toksikoloji. Medisan Yayınevi, ANKARA ss:158-173.
7. Aslan R, Dündar Y, Eryavuz A, Bülbül A, Küçükkurt İ, Fidan AF, Akıncı Z (2005) Effects of Different Dietary Levels of Yucca Shidigera powder (deodorase) added to diets on performance, some hemotological and biochemical blood parameters and total antioxidant capacity of laying hens. Revue Méd Vét, 156 (6):350-355.
8. Fidan AF, Dündar Y (2007) Yucca schidigera ve İçerdiği Saponinler İle Fenolik Bileşiklerinin, Hipokolesterolemik ve Antioksidan Etkileri. Lalahan Hay Arast Ens Derg, 47 (2):31-39.

9. Yesilada E (1995) Heterozitler ve Saponinler. Ders notları. s:1-4. Gazi Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Farmakognazi Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
10. Oleszek W (2002) Chromatographic Determination Of Plant Saponins. Journal of Chromatography A, 967 (1):147-162.
11. Francis G (2001) Effects of low dietary levels of saponins on two common culture fish – common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis bin/dokserv?idn=966203879&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=966203879.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2008 (L.) PHD tehesis. Universität Hohenheim.
12. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi
13. Sparg SG, Light ME, Staden J.van (2004) Biological activities and distribution of plant saponins. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 94:219-243.
14. El Izzi A, Benie T, Thieulant ML, Le Men-Oliver L, Duval J (1992) Stimulation of LH release from cultured pituitary cells by saponins of Petersianthus macrocarpus: a permeabilising effect. Planta Medica, 58:229-233.
15. Sim JS, Kitts W D, Bragg DB (1984) Effect of dietary saponin on egg cholesterol level on laying hen performance. Can J Anim Sci, 64:977-984.
16. Osborn AE (2003) Saponin In Cereals Phytochemistry, 62:1-4.
17. Crombie WM, Crombie L (1986) Distrubition Of Avenacins A-1,A-2, B-1 and B-2 In Oat Roots; Their Fungicidal Activity Towards Take-All Fungus. Phytochemistry, 25:2069-2073.
18. Fenwick DE, Oakenfull D (1983) Saponin content of food plants and some prepared foods. J. Sci. Food Agric,. 34:186-191.
19. Kocaoğlu Güçlü B, Uyanık F, (2004) Saponinler ve Biyolojik Önemi, Erciyes Üniv. Vet Fak. Derg, 1(2):125-131.
20. Başer KHC (1995).Steroidal ilaçlara tarihsel bir bakış. TAB Bülteni,11: 9-14.
21. Cheeke PR (1999) Actual and potential applications of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria saponins in human and animal nutrition. Proceeding of the American Society of Animal Science, Pp:1-10.
22. Choi S, Jung SY, Kim CH, Kim HS, Rhim H, Kim S, Nah S (2001). Effect of Ginsenoides on voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel subtypes in bovine chromaffin cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 74:75-81.
23. Plock A, Sokolowska-Kohler W, Presber W (2001). Application of flow cytometry and microscopical methods to characterize the effect of herbal drugs on Leishmania spp. Experimental Parasitology, 97:141-153.
24. Francis G, Kerem Z, Makkar HPS, Becker K (2002) The biological action of saponins in animal systems. Br J Nutr, 88:587-605.
25. Milgate J, Roberts DCK (1995) The nutritional and biological significance of saponins. Nutr Research, 15 (8):1223-1249.
26. Gögelein H, Hüby A (1984) Interaction of saponin and digitonin with black lipid membranes and lipid monolayers.Biochimica et Biophy Act,773:32- 38.
27. Brain K, Hadgraft J, Al-Shatalebi M (1990) Membrane modification in activity of plant molluscicides. Planta Medica, 56:663.
28. Hu M, Konoki K, Tachibina K (1996) Cholesterol-indipendent membrane disruption caused by triterpenoid saponins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Lipid Metabolism, 1299:252-258.
29. Morehouse LA, Bangerter FW, DeNinno MP, Philip BI, McCarthy PA, Pettini JL, Savoy YE, Sugarman ED, Wilkins RW, Wilson TC, Woody HA, Zaccaro LM, Chandler CE (1999). Comparison of synthetic saponin cholesterol absorption inhibitors in rabbits; evidence for a non- stoichiometric, intestinal mechanism of action. J. Lipid Research.40:464-74.
30. Rao D, Kendall CW (1986) Dietary saponins and serum lipids. Fd Chem Toxic, 24 (5):441.
31. Fidan AF (2007) Deneysel Diyabet Oluşturulmuş Ratlarda Diyete Katılan Farklı Yapılardaki Saponin İçerikli Bitkilerin DNA Hasarı, Protein Oksidasyonu ve Lipid Peroksidasyonu ile Bazı Biyokimyasal Parametrelere Etkilerinin Araştırılması. Doktora Tezi (Tez No: 2007-1). AKÜ. Sağ. Bil. Enst. Afyonkarahisar.
32. Rao D, Kendall CW, (1986) Dietary saponins and serum lipids. Fd. Chem Toxic, 24 (5):441.
33. Sidhu GS, Oakenfull DG, (1986) A mechanism for the hypocholesterolaemic activity of saponins. Br J Nutr, 55:643-649.
34. Southon S, Johnson IT, Gee JM, Price KR (1988) The effect of gypsophila saponins in the diet on mineral status and plasma cholesterol concentration in the rat. Br J Nutr, 59:49-55.
35. Malinow MR, Connor WE, McLaughlin P, Stafford C, Lin D S, Livingston A L, Kohler G O, McNulty W P (1981) Cholesterol and bile acid balance in Macaca fascicularis. Effect of alfalfa saponins. J Clin Invest, 67 (1):156-162.
36. Bingham R, Haris DH, Laga T (1978) Yucca plant saponin in the treatment of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. J Appl Nutr, 30:127-136.
37. Whitehead CC, McNab JM, Griffin HD (1981) The effects of low dietary concentrations of saponin on liver lipid accumulation and performance in laying hens. Br Poult Sci, 22 (3):282-288.
38. Küçükkurt İ (2007) Diyete farklı miktarlarda Yucca schidigera tozu katılmasının sıçanlarda plazma leptin, insulin ve tiroid hormonları ile bazı kimyasal parametrelere etkilerinin araştırılması. Doktora Tezi (Tez No: 2007-4). AKÜ. Sağ. Bil. Enst. Afyonkarahisar.
39. Sim JS, Kitts W D, Bragg DB, (1984) Effect of dietary saponin on egg cholesterol level on laying hen performance. Can J Anim Sci, 64:977-984.
40. Güçlü KB, İşcan KM, Uyanık F, Eren M, Ağca AC, (2004) Effects of alfalfa meal added to diet of laying quail on performance egg quality and some serum parameters. Arch Anim Nutr, 58:225-263.
41. Kutlu HR, Görgülü M, Ünsal İ, (2001) Effects of dietary Yucca schidigera powder on performance and egg cholesterol content of laying hens. Appl Anim Res, 20:49-56.
42. Harwood HJ, Chandler CE, Pellarin LD, Bangerter FW, Wilkins RW Long CA, Cosgrove PG, Malinow MR, Marzetta CA, Pettini JL, Savoy YE, Mayne JT (1993) Pharmacological consequenses of cholesterol absorption inhibition: alteration in cholesterol metabolism and reduction in plasma cholesterol concentration induced by the synthetic saponin B-tigogenin cellobioside (CP-88818;Tiqueside). J Lipid Res, 34:377- 395.
43. Jenkins KJ, Atwal AS (1994) Effect of dietary saponins on fecal bile acids and neutral sterols, and availability of vitamins A and E in the chick. J Nutr Biochem, 5:134-137.
44. Dündar Y, Aslan R (2000) Hekimlikte Oksidatif Stres ve Antioksidanlar. T.C. A.K.Ü. Yayın no: 29. Uyum Ajans Ankara, 1. Basım. S:4-6.
45. Javanmardi J, Stushnoff C, Locke E, Vivanco JM (2003) Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Iranian Ocimum accesions. Food Chemistry, 83:547-550.
46. Olas B, Wachowicz B, Stochmal A, Oleszek W (2003) Inhibition of Oxidative Stress in Blood Platelets by Different Phenolics From Yucca schidigera Roezl. Bark. Basic Nutrition Investigation,19:633-640.
47. Enginar H, Avcı G, Eryavuz A, Kaya E, Küçükkurt İ, Fidan AF (2006) Effect of Y. schidigera extract on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity in rabbits expose gamma radiation. Revue Méd. Vét, 157 (8-9):415-19.
48. Sur P, Chaudhuri T, Vedasiromoni JR, Gomes A, Ganguly DK (2001). Antiinflammatory and antioxidant property of saponins of tea. Biol Pharm Bull, 24(3):209-213.
49. Serafini M, Ghiselli A, Ferro-Luzzi A (2000) In vivo antioxidant effect of green and black tea in man. Clin Chim Acta, 301(1-2):41-53.
50. Keum YS, Park KK, Lee JM, Chuna KS, Park JH, Lee SK, Kwon H, Surh YJ (2000). Antioxidant and anti-tumor promoting activities of the methanol extract of heat-processed ginseng. Cancer Letters, 150:41-48.
51. Kim SH, Park KS (2003) Effects of Panax ginseng extract on lipid metabolism in humans. Pharmacological Research. 48:511-513.
52. Fidan AF, Dündar Y (2008) The effects of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria on DNA damage, protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and some biochemical parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Complications. 22 (5):348-56.
53. Kucukkurt I, Ince S, Fidan AF, Ozdemir A (2008) The Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Different Amount of Yucca schidigera Powder (Sarsaponin 30®) on Blood and Tissue Antioxidant Defense Systems and Lipid Peroxidation in Rats. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 7 (11):1413-1417.
54. Rhiouani H, Settaf A, Lyoussi B, Cherrah Y, Lacaille-Dubois MA, Hassar M (1999) Effects of saponins from Herniaria glabra on blood pressure and renal function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Therapie, 54:735-739.
55. Zaoui A, Cherrah Y, Lacaille-Dubois MA, Settaf A, Amarouch H, Hassar M (2000) Diuretic and hypotensive effects of Nigella sativa in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Therapie, 55:379-382.
56. Jeon BH, Kim CS, Kim H S, Park J B, Nam KY, Chang SJ (2000) Effect of Korean red ginseng on blood pressure and nitric oxide production. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 21:1095-1100.
57. Jeon BH, Kim CS, Park KS, Lee JW, Park JB, Kim KJ, Kim SH, Chang SJ, Nam KY (2000) Effect of Korea red ginseng on the blood pressure in conscious hypertensive rats. Gen Pharmacol, 35:135-141.
58. Dongma AB, Kamanyi A, Franck U, Wagner H (2002) Vasodilating properties of extracts from the leaves of Musanga cecropioides (R. Brown). Phytother Res, 16:S6-S9.
59. Öztaşan N, Bülbül A, Eryavuz A, Avcı G, Küçükkurt I, Fidan AF, (2008) Effect of Yucca schidigera extract on blood pressure, antioxidant activity and some blood parameters in the L-name-induced hypertensive rats. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 55:149-153.
60. Tennant BC (1997) Hepatic Function. Koneko J.J., Harvey J.W., Bruss M.L. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. San Diego; Academic Pres. pp: 327-352.
61. Lacaille-Dubois MA, Wagner H (1997) A review of the biological and pharmacological activities of saponin. Phytomedicine, 2:363-386.
62. Koratkar R, Rao AV (1997) Effect of soya bean saponins on azoxymethane-induced preneoplastic lesions in the colon of mice. Nutr Cancer.27(2):206-209.
63. Erdoğan Z, Erdoğan S, Kaya Ş (2001) Yucca ekstraktının Bıldırcınlarda Besi Performansı ile Bazı Biyokimyasal ve Hematolojik Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisi. A.Ü. Veteriner Fak Derg, 48 (3):231-236.
64. Güçlü KB (2003) Bıldırcın rasyonlarına katılan Yucca ekstraktının yumurta verimi ve yumurta kalitesi ile bazı kan parametrelerine etkisi. Türk J Ve. Anim Sci, 27:567-574.
65. Avcı G, Küçükkurt l, Kontaş T, Eryavuz A, Fidan AF (2007) Tavşanlarda Rasyona İlave Edilen Farklı Miktarlardaki Yucca Schidigera Ekstraktının (De-Odorase®) Bazı Serum Makro ve Mikro Element Düzeylerine Etkisi. Fırat University Journal of Health Sciences (Veterinary), 21 (6):257 – 262.
66. Çalış İ, Yürüker A, Şatana ME, Tanker N, Alaçam R, Demirdamar R, Sticher O (1996) Cyclamen coum ve C. mirabile’den elde edilen saponozitler ve antimikrobiyal, uterokontraktif etkileri. XI. Bitkisel İlaç Hammaddeleri Toplantısı. A.Ü. Eczacılık Fak. 22-24 Mayıs 1996 Ankara. S:26- 41.
67. Quin GW, Xu RS (1998) Recent advances in bioactive natural products from Chinese medical plants. Medical Research Reviews, 18:375-382.
68. Benie T, El-Izzi A, Tahiri C, Duval J, Thieulant MLTI (1990) Combretodendron africanum bark extract as an antifertility agent. I:Estrogenic effects in vivo and LH release by cultured gonadotrope cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 29:13-23.
69. Tamura K, Honda H, Mimaki Y, Sashida Y, Kogo H (1997) Inhibitory effects of a new steroidal saponin, OSW-1, on ovarian function in rats. British Journal of Pharmacology, 121:1796-1802.
70. Dorsaz AC, Hostettmann M, Hostettmann K (1988) Molluscicidal saponins from Sesbania sesban. Planta Medica, 54:225-227.
71. Chen JC, Xu MX, Chen LD, Chen YN, Chiu TH (1998) Effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on sperm motility and progression in vitro. Phytomedicine, 5:289-292.
72. Arletti R, Benelli A, Cavazzuti E, Scarpetta G, Bertolini A (1999) Stimulating property of Turnera diffusa and Pfaffia paniculata extracts on the sexual behavior of male rats. Psychopharmacology, 143:15-19.
73. Punnonen R, Lukola A (1980) Oestrogen-like effect of ginseng. British Medical Journal, 281:1110.
74. Menzies GS, Howland K, Rae MT, Bramley TA (1999) Stimulation of spesific binding of [3H]-progesterone to bovine luteal cell-surface membranes: specificity of digitonin. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 153:57-59.
75. Liu WK, Xu SX, Che CT (2000) Anti-proliferative effect of ginseng saponins on human prostate cancer cell line. Life Sciences, 67:1297-1306.