Place and Importance of Mycotoxins in Dairy Cattle Nutrition

Abstract

Fungi are filamentous (fuzzy or dusty looking) fungus which have more cellular compounds than yeasts that occur in many feedstuffs; including roughages and concentrates; molds can infect dairy cattle when they are immune suppressed especially during stressful periods. Molds cause a disease referred to as mycosis (Whitlow and Hagler, 2005). Fungi also produce poisons called mycotoxins that affect animals when they consume mycotoxin contaminated feeds. This disorder is called mycotoxicosis (Whitlow and Hagler, 2005). It has been estimated that 25% of the world’s crops are affected by mould or fungal growth. These fungal toxins range in molecular weight from ca. 200 to 500 (Whitlow and Hagler, 2013). The complex diet of ruminants, consisting of forages, concentrates, and preserved feeds, can be a source of very diverse mycotoxins that contaminate individual feed components. A number of mycotoxins are successfully inactivated by the rumen flora, whereas others pass unchanged or are converted into metabolites that retain biological activity. Thus, the barrier function of the rumen largely determines the susceptibility of dairy cows and other ruminant species towards individual mycotoxins (FinkGremmels, 2008). Usually, exposure is through consumption of contaminated feedstuffs or foods. Mycotoxicoses are diseases caused by exposure to foods or feeds contaminated with mycotoxins (Nelson et al.,1993). Mycotoxins exhibit a variety of biological effects in animals such as: liver and kidney toxicity, central nervous system abnormalities, estrogenic responses and others (Whitlow and Hagler, 2013)

Keywords

• Transmission Mycotoxins Rumen

Mikotoksinlerin Süt Sığırlarının Beslenmesindeki Yeri ve Önemi

Öz

Mantarlar; kaba ve konsantre yemleri içeren bir çok yem hammaddesinde görülen, mayalarla karşılaştırıldığında çok hücreli koloniler şeklinde gelişen ipliksi (bulanık ve tozlu görünümlü)mikroorganizmalardır ve süt sığırlarında özellikle stres gibi nedenlerle immun sistemin baskılandığı dönemlerde mikozis diye bilinen hastalığa yol açarlar (Whitlow ve Hagler, 2005). Mantarlar aynı zamanda mikotoksin denilen toksinler üretirler ve bu toksinlerle kontamine yemler alındığında hayvanı etkiler. Bu etkileme sonucunda oluşun bozukluğa mikotoksikozis denir (Whitlow ve Hagler, 2005). Dünya bitkilerinin 4 de birinin mantarlar tarafından etkilendiği bildirilmektedir (Bryden 2007). Mikotoksinlerin molekül ağırlıkları 200 ile 500 (ca.) arasında farklılıklar gösterir (Whitlow ve Hagler, 2013). Ruminantların kompleks diyetlerini oluşturan; Mera, Konsantre ve Konserve yemler bir çok mikotoksin için kaynak olabilirler. Birçok mikotoksin rumen florası tarafından inaktive edilirken diğerleri sindirim kanalını ya değişmeden geçerler yada biyolojik aktivitesini devam ettirebilen metabolitlere dönüşürler. Bu yüzden rumenin bariyer fonksiyonu süt sığırlarının ve diğer sığırların mikotoksine duyarlılığını geniş ölçüde belirler (FinkGremmels, 2008). Genellikle mikotoksinlere maruz kalma kontamine yem hammaddelerinin veya gıdaların tüketilmesi yoluyla şekillenir. Mikotoksinle kontamine yemlere veya gıdalara maruz kalma sonucu şekillenen hastalığa ise mikotoksikozis denir (Nelson ve ark., 1993). Mikotoksinler ; böbrek ve karaciğer toksisitesi, Merkezi sinir sistemi bozuklukları, östrojenik cevaplar, karsinojenik, teratojenik ve mutojenik etkileri içeren çeşitli biyolojik etkiler ortaya çıkarırlar (Whitlow ve Hagler, 2013)

Anahtar Kelimeler

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Kaynakça

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