Morphological and Histological Investigation of the Effects of Garlic Extract on the Intestine of Goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus)

Öz

Garlic (Allium sativum) has been widely recognized for its therapeutic properties and potential use as a feed additive in aquaculture. This study aimed to investigate the morphological and histological effects of garlic extract on the intestinal health and growth performance of goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus). Goldfish were fed diets supplemented with 5 and 10 mg/g of garlic extract for three months. Results indicated significant improvements in both weight gain and intestinal villus length, particularly in the 10 mg/g group, compared to the control group. The control group showed a decline of 21% in the overall metric between the two sampling periods, with intermediate percentage increases during the individual sampling intervals. In contrast, the groups receiving garlic supplementation demonstrated significant increases. The 5 mg/g garlic group exhibited a 37% total increase, while the 10 mg/g garlic group showed the highest overall increase of 53%. These findings suggest that garlic extract can enhance digestive efficiency and overall growth in goldfish, presenting a promising natural alternative for growth promoters in ornamental fish species. Further research is recommended to explore its long-term effects and efficacy across different fish species.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Allium sativum
• Garlic Extract
• Intestinal Histology

Sarımsak Ekstraktının Japon Balığının (Carassius auratus auratus) Bağırsağı Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Morfolojik ve Histolojik Olarak Araştırılması

Öz

Sarımsak (Allium sativum), terapötik özellikleri ve su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinde yem katkı maddesi olarak potansiyel kullanımıyla geniş çapta tanınmıştır. Bu çalışma, sarımsak ekstraktının Japon balığının (Carassius auratus auratus) bağırsak sağlığı ve büyüme performansı üzerindeki morfolojik ve histolojik etkilerini araştırmayı amaçlamıştır. Japon balıkları, üç ay boyunca 5 ve 10 mg/g sarımsak ekstraktı ile zenginleştirilmiş diyetlerle beslenmiştir. Sonuçlar, özellikle 10 mg/g grubunda, kontrol grubuna kıyasla hem kilo alımında hem de bağırsak villus uzunluğunda anlamlı iyileşmeler olduğunu göstermiştir. Kontrol grubunda, iki örnekleme dönemi arasında toplamda %21’lik bir azalma gözlenirken, bireysel örnekleme aralıklarında orta derecede artışlar kaydedilmiştir. Buna karşılık, sarımsak takviyesi alan gruplar önemli artışlar sergilemiştir. 5 mg/g sarımsak grubunda toplam %37’lik bir artış gözlemlenirken, 10 mg/g sarımsak grubunda %53 ile en yüksek toplam artış tespit edilmiştir. Bu bulgular, sarımsak ekstraktının Japon balıklarında sindirim verimliliğini ve genel büyümeyi artırabileceğini, süs balığı türleri için umut vadeden doğal bir büyüme teşvik edici alternatif sunduğunu göstermektedir. Uzun vadeli etkilerini ve farklı balık türlerindeki etkinliğini araştırmak üzere daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Allium sativum
• Bağırsak Histolojisi
• Sarımsak Ekstraktı

Kaynakça

1. Abdel-Latif, H. M., Soliman, A. A., Gewaily, M. S., Amer, A. A., Shukry, M., Khalil, R. H., & Shehata, A. I. (2024). Dietary effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Allium sativum on growth, antioxidant status, hepatic and intestinal histoarchitecture, expression of growth-and immune-related genes, and resistance of Oreochromis niloticus to Aeromonas sobria. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 148, 109493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109493
2. Abdel-Tawwab, M., Khalifa, E., Diab, A. M., Khallaf, M. A., Abdel-Razek, N., & Khalil, R. H. (2020). Dietary garlic anchitosan alleviated zearalenone toxic effects on performance, immunity, and challenge of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, to Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Aquac. Int., 28, 493–510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-020-00513
3. Adel, M., Dawood, M. A., Shafiei, S., Sakhaie, F., & Shekarabi, S. P. H. (2020). Dietary Polygonum minus extract ameliorated the growth performance, humoral immune parameters, immune-related gene expression, and resistance against Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 519, 734738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.734738
4. Adineh, H., Harsij, M., Jafaryan, H., & Asadi, M. (2020). The effects of microencapsulated garlic (Allium sativum) extract on growth performance, body composition, immune response, and antioxidant status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 48(1), 372–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2020.1764472
5. Agbebi, O., Ogunmuyiwa, T., & Herbert, S. (2013). Effect of dietary garlic source on feed utilization, growth, and histopathology of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). J. Agric. Sci., 5(5), 26. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v5n5p26
6. Ahmadifar, E., Moghadam, M. S., Dawood, M. A., & Hoseinifar, S. H. (2019). Lactobacillus fermentum and/or ferulic acid improved the immune responses, antioxidative defence, and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 94, 916–923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.015
7. Al-Salahy, M. B., & Mahmoud, A. (2003). Metabolic and histological studies on the effect of garlic administration on the carnivorous fish Chrysichthys auratus. Egypt. J. Biol., 5(1), 94–107. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejb.v5i1.29842
8. Büyükdeveci, M. E., Balcázar, J. L., Demirkale, İ., & Dikel, S. (2018). Effects of garlic-supplemented diet on growth performance and intestinal microbiota of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 486, 170–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.12.039

9. Dadgar, S., Seidgar, M., Nekuiefard, A., Valipour, A. R., Sharifian, M., & Hafezieh, M. (2019). Oral administration of garlic powder (Allium sativum) on growth performance and survival rate of Carassius auratus fingerlings. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 18(1), 71-82. https://doi: 10.22092/ijfs.2018.117478
10. Dawood, M. A., & Koshio, S. (2020). Application of fermentation strategy in aquafeed for sustainable aquaculture. Rev. Aquacult., 12(2), 987–1002. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12361
11. Dawood, M. A., Koshio, S., & Esteban, M. Á. (2018). Beneficial roles of feed additives as immunostimulants in aquaculture: A review. Rev. Aquacult., 10(4), 950–974. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12209
12. Duman, M., Satıcıoğlu, I. B., & Janda, J. M. (2024). A review of the industrial importance, common bacterial diseases, and zoonotic risks of freshwater aquarium fish. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis., 24(2), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2023.0057
13. El Basuini, M. F., Teiba, I. I., Zaki, M. A., Alabssawy, A. N., El-Hais, A. M., Gabr, A. A., Dawood, M. A., Zaineldin, A. I., Mzengereza, K., & Shadrack, R. S. (2020). Assessing the effectiveness of CoQ10 dietary supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzymes, blood health, immune response, and oxidative-related genes expression of Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 98, 420–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.021
14. Encarnação, P. (2016). Functional feed additives in aquaculture feeds. In Aquafeed Formulation (pp. 217–237). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800873-7.00009-4
15. Evers, H., Pinnegar, J. K., & Taylor, M. I. (2019). Where are they all from? Sources and sustainability in the ornamental freshwater fish trade. J. Fish Biol., 94(6), 909–916. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13965
16. Fernandes, I., Bastos, Y., Barreto, D., Lourenço, L., & Penha, J. (2016). The efficacy of clove oil as an anaesthetic and in euthanasia procedure for small-sized tropical fishes. Braz. J. Biol., 77(3), 444–450. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.14115
17. Guo, J., Kuo, C., Chuang, Y., Hong, J., Chou, R., & Chen, T. (2012). The effects of garlic-supplemented diets on antibacterial activity against Streptococcus iniae and on growth in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Aquaculture, 364, 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.07.012
18. Lee, D. Y., Li, H., Lim, H. J., Lee, H. J., Jeon, R., & Ryu, J. H. (2012). Anti-inflammatory activity of sulfur-containing compounds from garlic. J. Med. Food, 15(11), 992–999. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2011.0302
19. Lee, D. H., Lim, S. R., Han, J. J., Lee, S. W., Ra, C. S., & Kim, J. D. (2014). Effects of dietary garlic powder on growth, feed utilization and whole-body composition changes in fingerling sterlet sturgeon, Acipenser ruthenus. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci., 27(9), 1303. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2014.14045
20. Lugert, V., Thaller, G., Tetens, J., Schulz, C., & Krieter, J. (2016). A review on fish growth calculation: Multiple functions in fish production and their specific application. Rev. Aquacult., 8, 30–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12071
21. Martin, S. A., & Król, E. (2017). Nutrigenomics and immune function in fish: New insights from omics technologies. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 75, 86–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2017.02.024
22. Rhyne, A. L., Tlusty, M. F., Schofield, P. J., Kaufman, L., Morris, J. A. Jr, & Bruckner, A. W. (2012). Revealing the appetite of the marine aquarium fish trade: The volume and biodiversity of fish imported into the United States. PLoS ONE, 7(5), e35808. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035808
23. Rombout, J. H., Abelli, L., Picchietti, S., Scapigliati, G., & Kiron, V. (2011). Teleost intestinal immunology. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 31(5), 616–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2011.07.018
24. Saha, M., & Bandyopadhyay, P. (2017). Seasonal incidence of protozoan parasitic infestation in ornamental fishes of West Bengal, India. J. Parasitol. Dis., 41, 523–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-016-0834-2
25. Shang, A., Cao, S. Y., Xu, X. Y., Gan, R. Y., Tang, G. Y., Corke, H., Mavumengwana, V., & Li, H. B. (2019). Bioactive compounds and biological functions of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Foods, 8(7), 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8070246
26. Shekarabi, S. P. H., Omidi, A. H., Dawood, M. A., Adel, M., Avazeh, A., & Heidari, F. (2020). Effect of black mulberry (Morus nigra) powder on growth performance, biochemical parameters, blood carotenoid concentration, and fillet color of rainbow trout. Ann. Anim. Sci., 20(1), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2020-0003
27. Sotoudeh, A., & Yeganeh, S. (2017). Effects of supplementary fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) essential oil in diet on growth and reproductive performance of the ornamental fish, convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum). Aquacult. Res., 48(8), 4284–4291. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13261
28. Szychowski, K. A., Rybczynska-Tkaczyk, K., Gawel-Beben, K., Swieca, M., Karas, M., Jakuczyk, A., Matysiak, M., Binduga, U. E., & Gminski, J. (2018). Characterization of active compounds of different garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci., 68(1), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1515/pjfns-2017-0029
29. Tlusty, M. F., Rhyne, A. L., Kaufman, L., Hutchins, M., Reid, G. M., Andrews, C., Boyle, P., Hemdal, J., McGilvray, F., & Dowd, S. (2013). Opportunities for public aquariums to increase the sustainability of the aquatic animal trade. Zoo Biol., 32(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21020
30. Yun, H. M., Ban, J. O., Park, K. R., Lee, C. K., Jeong, H. S., Han, S. B., & Hong, J. T. (2014). Potential therapeutic effects of functionally active compounds isolated from garlic. Pharmacol. Ther., 142(2), 183–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.005