The Efficacy of Oral Administration of Clinoptilolite Against Naturally Occuring Giardiasis in Calves

Öz

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of clinoptilolite against naturally occurring giardiasis in calves. A total of twelve calves naturally infected with G. duodenalis at the age of 16 to 34 days, of both sexes were enrolled into the study from two different farms of Aydin province. Calves were randomly assigned into two groups (n=6). Group I received orally clinoptilolite at a dosage of 1 g/kg for ten days whereas calves in Group II were left as control and received no drugs. Efficacy of clinoptilolite was determined by microscopically examination of faecal samples on days 0, 7 and 14. The percentage reduction in cyst excretion after clinoptilolite treatment was 74% on day 7 and 84% on day 14. Geometric means of the number of excreted cysts were not reduced significantly in control group between day 0 (26344) and 14 (22775). In conclusion, it may be concluded that oral administration of clinoptilolite for ten days may help to reduce the excretion of cysts in calves with giardiasis.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Calf,Giardiasis,Clinoptilolite

Buzağılarda Oral Yolla Klinoptilolit Uygulamasının Doğal Yolla Oluşan Giardiazis’e Karşı Etkinliği

Öz

Bu çalışmada klinoptilolitin buzağılarda doğal yolla oluşan giardiazise karşı etkinliğinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Aydın ili sınırları içerisinde iki farklı süt sıg ırı is letmesinde ishal anamnezi bulunan G. duodenalis ile doğal enfekte her iki cinsiyetten ve 16-34 günlük 12 buzag ı çalışma kapsamına alındı. Buzag ılar her grupta n=6 olacak s ekilde randomize olarak 2 ayrı gruba ayrılarak I. gruba 1 g/kg dozda 10 gün oral yolla klinoptilolit (Natmin-9000) uygulanırken, II. gruptaki olgulara hiçbir ilaç uygulaması yapılmayarak kontrol grubu olarak bırakıldı. Buzag ılarda klinoptilolit sag altımının etkinliği 0., 7. ve 14. günlerde toplanan dıs kı örneklerinin mikroskobik muayenesiyle değerlendirildi. Gram dışkıda kist atılımındaki azalma değerlendirildiğinde klinoptilolit giardiazise karşı 7. günde % 74, 14. günde % 84 etkinlik sağladı. Buna karşın kontrol grubunda 0. gün ile (26344) 14. günlerde (22775) kist atılımının geometrik ortalamalarındaki azalmanın belirgin olmadığı görüldü. Sonuç olarak giardiazisli buzağılarda oral yolla 10 gün uygulanan klinoptilolitin kist atılımının azaltılmasına yardımcı olabileceği söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Buzağı,Giardiasis,Klinoptilolit

Kaynakça

1. Atay UA. Amasya Doğan Tepe zeoliti kullanılarak atık sudan amonyak giderilebilirliğinin araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sivas, 2002, 82s.
2. Bosi P, Creston D, Casini L. Production performance of dairy cows after the dietary addition of clinoptilolite. Ital J Anim Sci. 2002; 1: 187-185
3. Corwin RM. Economics of gastrointestinal parasitism of cattle. Vet Parasitol. 1997; 72 (3-4): 451-460.
4. Deligiannis K, Lainas TH, Arsenos G, Papadopoulos E, Fortomaris P, Kufidis D, Stamataris C, Zygoyiannis D. The effect of feeding clinoptilolite on food intake and performance of growing lambs infected or not with gastrointestinal nematodes. Livest Pro Sci. 2005; 96: 195-203.
5. Demirci S, Ustaoǧlu Z, Yilmazer GA, Sahin F, Baç N. Antimicrobial properties of zeolite-X and zeolite-A ion-exchanged with silver, copper, and zinc against a broad range of microorganisms. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2014; 172 (3): 1652-1662.
6. Dschaak CM, Eun JS, Young AJ, Stott RD, Peterson S. Effects of supplementation of natural zeolite on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation and lactational performance of dairy cows. Prof Anim Sci. 2010; 26: 647-654.
7. Filippidis A, Godelitsas A, Charistos D, Misaelides P, Kassoli-Fournaraki A. The chemical behavior of natural zeolites in aqueous environments: Interactions between low-silica zeolites and 1 M NaCl solutions of different initial pH-values. Appl Clay Sci. 1996; 11: 199-209.
8. Geurden T, Claerebout E, Dursin L, Deflandre A, Bernay F, Kaltsatos V, Vercruysse J. The efficacy of an oral treatment with paromomycin against an experimental infection with Giardia in calves. Vet Parasitol. 2006; 135 (3-4), 241-247. 292

9. Geurden T, Vandenhoute E, Pohle H, Casaert S, De Wilde N, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E. The effect of a fenbendazole treatment on cyst excretion and weight gain in calves experimentally infected with Giardia duodenalis. Vet Parasitol. 2010; 169(1-2): 18-23.
10. Gvozdic D, Aleksic J, Fratric N, Stojic JD, Pavlovic V, Pavlovic M, Vakanjac S. Blood serum free amino acids pattern in newborn calves on colostral diet and orally treated with zeolite. Acta Vet-Beograd. 2010; 60, 411–423.
11. Gvozdic D, Stojic V, Samanc H, Fratric N, Dacovic A. Apparent efficiency of immunoglobulin absorption in newborn calves orally treated with zeolite. Acta Vet-Beograd. 2008; 58, 345–355.
12. Henderson CF, Tilton EW. Tests with acaricides against the brow wheat mite. J Econ Entomol. 1955; 48: 157-161.
13. Huetink RE, van der Giessen JW, Noordhuizen JP, Ploeger HW. Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis on a dairy farm. Vet Parasitol. 2001; 102(1-2): 53–67.
14. Ilic Z, Petrovic MP, Pesev S, Stojkovic J, Ristanovic B. Zeolite as a factor in the improvement of some production traits of dairy cattle. Biotech Anim Husb. 2011; 27: 1001-1007.
15. Karadeniz RB. Doğal zeolitle (klinoptilolit) atık sulardan amonyak giderimi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Haccettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2003.
16. Karahallı C, Ural K. Giardia duodenalis ile Doğal İnfekte Köpeklerde Tek Doz Seknidazol’ün Sağaltım Etkinliğinin Araştırılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Aydın, 2014.
17. Mcleod RS. Costs of major parasites to the Australian livestock industries. Int J Parasitol. 1995; 25 (11): 1363-1367.
18. Moralı N. Investigation of zinc and lead removal from aqueous solutions using clinoptilolite. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara, 2006.
19. Mumpton FA, Fishman PH. The application of natural zeolites in animal science and aquaculture. J Anim Sci. 1977; 45: 1188-1203.
20. Mumpton FA. La roca magica: uses of natural zeolites in agriculture and industry. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1999; 96: 3463–3470.
21. O’Handley R, Cockwill C, McAllister TA, Buret AG, Jelinski M, Olson ME. Duration of naturally acquired giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves and their association with diarrhoea. JAVMA. 1999; 214: 391–396.
22. O’Handley RM, Cockwill C, Jelinski M, McAllister TA, Olson ME. Effects of repeat fenbendazole treatment in dairy calves with giardiosis on cyst excretion, clinical signs and production. Vet Parasitol. 2000; 89(3): 209-218.
23. Olson ME, McAllister TA, Deselliers L. Effects of giardiasis on production in a domestic ruminant (lamb) model. Am J Vet Res. 1995; 56: 1470–1474.
24. Olson ME, O'Handley R, Ralston B, Thompson RCA. Emerging issues of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in cattle. Trends Parasitol. 2004; 20: 185–191.
25. Omid A, Mohamadi A, Nori A, Yarinejad F. The use of zeolite fort he reduction of risk of milk fever in dairy cows. Iran International Zeolite Conference, Tehran, Iran, 2008.
26. Ozaydin S, Kocar G, Hepbasli A. Natural zeolites in energy applications. Energe Source. 2006; 28: 1425-1431.
27. Papaioannou D, Katsoulos PD, Panousis N, Karatzias H. The role of natural and synthetic zeolites as feed additives on the prevention and/or the treatment of certain farm animal diseases: a review. Micropor Mesopor Mater. 2005; 84, 161–170.
28. Ragbetli C, Tanritanir P, Yilmaz H, Yoruk I, Ozdemir H. Effect on biochemical parameters in naturally infected calves with giardiasis after treatment with albendazole in Van Province, Turkey. Indian J Anim Sci. 2014; 48 (1), 38-44.
29. Roeber F, Jex AR, Gasser RB. Impact of gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes of sheep, and the role of advanced molecular tools for exploring epidemiology and drug resistance - An Australian perspective. Parasit Vectors. 2013; 6 (1): 153.
30. Sackett D, Holmes P. Assesing the economic cost of endemic disease on the profitability of australian beef cattle and sheep producers. Meat and Livestock (MLA) Limited: Sydney, Australia, 2006.
31. Sadeghi AA, Shawrang P. The effect of natural zeolite on nutrient digestibility, carcass traits and performance of Holstein steers given a diet containing urea. Anim Sci. 2006; 82: 163-167.
32. Saengmee-anupharb S, Srikhirin T, Thaweboon B, Thaweboon S, Amornsakchai T, Dechkunakorn S, Suddhasthira T. Antimicrobial effects of silver zeolite, silver zirconium phosphate silicate and silver zirconium phosphate against oral microorganisms. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013; 3 (1): 47-52.
33. Stojic V, Samanc H, Fratric N. The effect of a clinoptilolite based mineral adsorber on colostral immunoglobulin G adsorption in newborn calves. Acta Vet-Beograd. 1995; 45, 67–74.
34. Sykes AR, Coop RL. Interaction between nutrition and gastrointestinal parasitism in sheep. N Z Vet J. 2001; 49 (6): 222-226.
35. Toledano-Magaña Y, Flores-Santos L, Montes De Oca G, González-Montiel A, Laclette JP, Carrero JC. Effect of clinoptilolite and sepiolite nanoclays on human and parasitic highly phagocytic cells. BioMed Res Int. 2015; 164980.
36. Tsitsishvili GV, Andronikashvili TG, Kirov GN, Filizova LD. Natural zeolites. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, UK, 1992.
37. Ural DA, Cengiz O, Ural K, Ozaydin S. Dietary clinoptilolite addition as a factor for the ımprovement of milk yield in dairy cows. J Anim Vet Adv. 2013; 12 (1): 85-87.
38. Wells PD, McHugh M. Effect of dietary zeolite on host and parasite in rats infected with the nematode, Nippostrongylus brosiliensis. Zeolites. 1983; 3: 353-359.
39. Xiao L, Herd R. Infection Pattem of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Calves. Vet Parasitol. 1994; 55: 257-262.