Giardia spp. İle Doğal İnfekte Buzağılarda Hipomagnezemi

Öz

Magnezyum enerji metabolizmasında birçok enzimin aktivasyonuna katılan makromineraldir. Diyetle alımının ve absorbsiyonunun azalması veya konjenital metabolik hastalıklar sonucu Mg eksikliği şekillenebilmektedir. Bu olgu sunumunda 2 aylık yaştan küçük, doğal olarak giardiazisli 11 ishalli buzağıda Mg düzeyleri araştırıldı. Hasta başı hızlı test kitleriyle Giardia duodenalis pozitif saptananlarda, tanının kesinleştirilmesi amacıyla dışkı örnekleri çinko sülfat flotasyon/Giemsa boyama ile incelendi. Mg seviyeleri Vet Photometer 700 DP cihazı ile enzimatik-kolorimetrik yöntemle belirlendi. Hasta buzağılarda Mg seviyeleri (min-maks) 0.15-0.41 mmol/L arasında bulundu. Elde ettiğimiz bulgular literatürlerdeki sağlıklı referans grubu ve aynı yaştaki buzağılar (0,8-1,6 mmol/L) ile hipomagnezemili ancak giardiazisi bulunmayanlarda (0,4-0,5 mmol/L) saptanan referans aralıklarına göre daha düşük seviyelerde Mg tespit edildiğini göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak Giardia spp. ile doğal infekte buzağılarda, malabsorpsiyon ve diyarenin magnezyum emilimini bozarak hipomagnezemiye sebep olabileceği söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Buzağı,Giardiazis,Magnezyum

Hypomagnesemia In Naturally Infected Calves With Giardia spp.

Öz

Magnesium is macro mineral contributed to activation of many enzymes in energy metabolism. Magnesium deficiency is formed as a result of inadequate diet intake, reduction of absorption or congenital metabolic disease. In the present report, Mg levels were analyzed in 11 diarrheic calves, less than 2 months of ages and naturally infected with giardiasis. Diagnosis was made on rapid test kits against G. duedenalis, and confirmed by zinc sulphate flotation or Giemsa staining. Mg levels determined by Vet Photometer 700 DP device with enzymatic-colorimetric method. Mg levels were found between the ranges of (min-max) 0.15-0.41 mmol/L in naturally infected calves. Our findings indicated lower Mg levels when compared with literaturally indicated healthy and age-matched calves (0,8-1,6 mmol/L) and hypomagnesemic calves without giardiasis (0,4-0,5 mmol/L). Consequently, it may be concluded that malabsorption and diarrhea might cause hypomagnesemia by blocking intestinal Mg absorption in naturally infected calves with Giardia spp,

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Calf,Giardiasis,Magnesium

Kaynakça

1. Aikawa JK. Magnesium: its biologic significance. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 1981; pp. 185.
2. Arbabi M, Esmaili N, Parastouei K. levels of zinc, copper, magnesium elements, and vitamin b12, in sera of schoolchildren with giardiasis and entrobiosis in Kashan, Iran. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 2015; 17 (11): 47-53.
3. Averill CM, Heaton FW. The renal handling of magnesium. Clin Sci. 1966; 31: 353–360.
4. Blaxter KI. The Magnesium Content of Bone in Hypomagnesaemic Disorders of Livestock. In: Bone Structure and Metabolism, Ed., Wolstenholme WEB, O'Connor C, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, England. 1956; pp. 117-134.
5. Buret AG. Mechanisms of epithelial dysfunction in giardiasis. Gut. 2007; 56: 328–335.
6. Cynthia MK, Scott L. The Merck Veterinary Manual. 10th Ed., Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse station, NJ, USA. 2010; pp. 1331-1333.
7. Çulha G, Sangün MK. Serum levels of zinc, copper, iron, cobalt, magnesium, and selenium elements in children diagnosed with Giardia intestinalis and Enterobiosis vermicularis in Hatay, Turkey. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2007; 118(1): 21-26.
8. De Rouffignac C, Quamme GA. Renal magnesium handling and its hormonal control. Physiol Rev. 1994; 74: 305–322.

9. Dirks JH, Quamme GA. Renal handling of magnesium. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1978; 103: 51–64.
10. Duncan CW, Huffman CF, Robinson CS. Magnesium studies in calves. I. Tetany produced by ration of milk or milk with various supplements. Biol. Chem. 1935; 108: 35-44.
11. Efstratıadıs G, Sarigianni M, Gougourelas I. Hypomagnesemia and cardiovascular system. Hippokratia. 2006; 10: 147.
12. Gaschen F. Protein-Losing Enteropathy: The Beginning of the End? Critical GI Updates 2013 NAVC/WVC Proceedings, 2013; pp. 1-8.
13. Groutides CP, Michell R. Changes in plasma composition in calves surviving or dying from diarrhea. Br Vet J. 1990; 146: 205- 210.
14. Haggard DL, Whitehair CK, Langham RF. Tetany associated with magnesium deficiency in suckling beef calves. AVMA. 1978; 172(4): 495-497.
15. Hays VW, Swenson MJ. Minerals and bones. In: Physiolgy of domestic animals, Ed; Swenson MJ, Reece WO, 11th Ed., Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 1993; pp. 449-466.
16. Huffman CF, Conley CL, Lightfoot CC. Magnesium studies in calves. II. Effect of magnesium salts and various natural feeds upon the magnesium content of the blood plasma. J Nutr. 1941; 22: 609-620.
17. Lehninger A. Role of metal ions in enzyme systems. Physiol Rev. 1950; 30: 393–429.
18. Martens H, Gäbel G. Physiological aspects of the pathogenesis and prophylaxis of grass tetany. DTW. 1986; 93: 170–177.
19. Martens H, Schwigel M. Pathophysiology of gross tetany and other hypomagnesiumias Implication for clinical management. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1988; 16(2): 339-368.
20. Martens H, Schweigel M. Pathophysiology of grass tetany and other hypomagnesemias: implications for clinical management. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2000; 16: 339-368.
21. Michell AR, Brooks HW, White DG. The comparative effectiveness of three commercial oral solutions in correcting fluid, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances caused by calf diarrhoea. Brit Vet J. 1992; 148(6): 507-522.
22. Nadler JL, Rude RK. Disorders of magnesium metabolism. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 1995; 24: pp. 623–641.
23. O’Handley R, Cockwill C, McAllister TA. Duration of naturally acquired giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves and their association with diarrhoea. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999; 214: 391–396.
24. Quamme GA, Cole DEC. Physiology and pathophysiology of renal magnesium handling. In: Advances in magnesium research: nutrition and health, Ed., Rayssiguier Y, Mazur A, Durlach J, John Libbey & Company Ltd, Eastleigh, England. 2001; pp. 155-156.
25. Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW. Diseases associated with protozoa. In: Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of Diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, and goats, Ed, Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD, 10th Ed., WB. Saunders, Philadelphia. 2008; pp. 1483-1540.
26. Ralston BJ, McAllister TA, Olson ME. Prevalence and infection pattern of naturally acquired giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in range beef calves and their dams. Vet Parasitol. 2003; 114: 113–122.
27. Rook JAF, Storry JE. Magnesium in the nutrition of farm animals. Nutr Abstr Rev. 1962; 32: 1055–1077.
28. Ryan MF. The role of magnesium in clinical biochemistry: an overview. Annal Clin Biochem. 1991; 28: 19–26.
29. Ryan U, Cacciò SM. Zoonotic potential of Giardia. Int J Parasitol. 2013; 43 (12): 943-956.
30. Sastry GA, Rama RP. Veterinary Pathology. 7th Ed., CBS Publishers and Distributers, New Delhi. 2001; pp. 120.
31. Shills ME. Magnesium. In: Handbook of nutritionally essential mineral elements, Ed; O’Dell BL, Sunde RA, 1st Ed., CRC press, Marcel Dekker; NY. 1997; pp. 121-152.
32. Smith RH. Calcium and magnesium metabolism in calves. Plasma levels and retention in milk-fed calves. Biochem J. 1957; 67 (3): 472-481.
33. Soni AK, Shukla PC. Hypomagnesemic tetany in cow calves: a case study. Envol Ecol. 2012; 30 (4): 1601-1602.
34. Tajik J, Nazifi S. A Preliminary study of the correlations of serum concentrations of electrolytes and trace elements with clinical signs in diarrheic dairy calves. Pak Vet J. 2013; 33 (1): 5-8.
35. Troeger H, Epple HJ, Schneider T. Effect of chronic Giardia lamblia infection on epithelial transport and barrier function in human duodenum. Gut. 2007; 56: 316–317.
36. Tsau YK, Tsai WY, Lu FL, Tsai WS, Chen CH. Symptomatic hypomagnesemia in children. Zhonghua Minguo xiao er ke yi xue hui. 1997; 39: 393-397.
37. Wise GH, Petersen, WE, Gullickson TW. Inadequacy of a whole-milk ration for dairy calves as manifested in changes of blood composition and in other physiological disorders. J Dairy Sci. 1939; 22: 559-572.